语言学复习总结重点 5页

一.Antonymy（反义词）：（书本P70）1.Gradableantonyms（分程度反义词）：amatterofdegree.eg.Old—middle-aged—younghol-warm-cold2.complementaryantonyms（互补关系）：amatterofdegreebetweentwoextremes.eg.Alive―ead;male一female3.relationalopposites（关系反义词）：pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.eg.father-son;teacher-pupil;doctor-patient；buy-sell；above-below二、PaulGrice（保罗•格莱斯）提出的两个概念（书本P86）1.conventionalimplicature（规约含意，约定俗成的）：isbasedontheconventionalmeaningofcertainwordsinthelanguage・eg.Heisrichblitheisnotgreedy.2.particularizedconversationalimplicature（特殊规约隐涵）：isinferredbythehearerwithreferencetothecontextofcommunication.eg.A：Whereisthesteak?B:Thedoglooksveryhappy.三、CharlesHockett（霍凯特）提出的人类语言的识别特征之一（书本P8）Arbitrariness（I膛总:t生）：Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds・eg.Rumble,crash,cackle,bang四.Freemorpheme（可独立存在的）：amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitself.eg.boy（书本P33）五、新构词（书本P99）1.blending（拼缀，紧缩法）：ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords,eg.Smog-一smoke+fog;motel——motor+hotel2.acronyms（首字母缩写，词首字母缩略法）：arewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwordseg.IT-——informationtechnology;CPI——consumerpriceindex六.Languageaptitude（语言能力倾向，语言学能）：thenaturalabilityforlearningasecondlanguage.（书本P164）七、SemanticChanges（语意变化）：（书本P102）1.semanticbroadening（扩展，意思越来越广，语义扩大化）2.semanticnarrowing（意思变小）3.semanticshift（转换）\n八.indirectspeechact（间接言语行动）：whichaimedtoexplainindirectlanguageinthelightofthespeechacttheory.（书本P84-85）1.Theprimaryspeechactisthespeaker'sgoalofcommunicationwhilethesecondaryspeechactisthemeansbywhichheachievesgoal.2・eg.A：Let'sgotothemoviestonight.B：Ihavetostudyforanexam.（冋答问题或者名词解释）九、Sapir-WhorfHypotheis（假说）：1.AtheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorfwhichstatesthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage・（书本P128）2・Nowtherearemainlytwodifferentinterpretationsaboutthehypothesis:astrongversionandaweakone.Whilethestrongversionbelievesthatlanguagepatternsdeterminepeople'sthinkingandbehavior,theweakoneholdsthatformerinfluencesthelatter.（全背）3・eg.English-speakingculturetendstoteachitspeopletonamewhatispractical.usefulandimportant.1.AgoodillustrationofthispointisthewordsnowinEskimoandEnglish.十.Strategiesforlearningasecondlanguage?（书本P165）1.Findtheirownway,takingchargeoftheirlearning・2.Organizeinformationaboutlanguage・3.Arecreative,developinga"fbcTforthelanguagebyexperimentingwithitsgrammarandwords.4.Maketheirownopportunitiesforpracticeinusingthelanguageinsideandoutsidetheclassroom.5・Learntolivewithuncertainlybynotgettingflutteredandbycontinuingtotalkorlistenwithoutunderstandingeveryword.6.Usemnemonicsandothermemorystrategiestorecallwhathadbeenlearned・7.Makeerrorsworkforthemandnotagainstforthem.8.Uselinguisticknowledge,includingknowledgeoftheirfirstlanguage,inlearningasecondlanguage.9.Usecontextualcuestohelpthemincomprehension.10.Learntomakeintelligentguesses.11.Learnchunksoflanguageaswholesandformalizedroutinestohelpthemperform"beyondtheircompetence^・\n6.Learncertaintricksthathelptokeepconversationsgoing.7.Learncertainproductionstrategiestofillingapsintheirowncompetence・8.Learndifferentstyleofspeechandwritingandlearntovarytheirlanguageaccordingtotheformalityofthesituatiori・H—>Howtodetermineaword^scategory?（书本P44）三个标准及分别的例子：1.Meaning2.infleclion3.distribution十二.Q：when^conversationimplicatureoccur?（书本P87）A：Onlywhenamaximisflouted（公然违抗）.Floutingamaxinmeansviolatingblatantly・十三、Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit・Itisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.（书本P23）十四.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy・（书本P4）十五、Krashen^inputHypothesis（书本P163）（课本黑体字）Comprehensiveinput（全lif白勺输入）：i+1：irepresentslearners5currentstateofknowledge,thenextstageisthei+1十六、whatismorphologicalrules?（形态学规则）（书本P36）Theyarerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.十七、whatisinterlanguage?（语际语，人工辅助语言，中介语）（书本P160）ProposedbyS.PitCorderandLarrySeiinker,theconceptofinterlanguagewasestablishedaslearner'sindependentsystemofthesecondlanguage,whichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromoneextremeofhisnativelanguagetotheotherofthesecondlanguage・十八、Whatisacculturation^（语言文化移入，文化适应）（书本P135）Aprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity.（可能考单词acculturation）interculturalcommunication（单词跨文化交际）十九、whatisinflectionalmorphemes?（曲折语素；屈折词素；屈折性语素）（书本P36）Whichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.???\neg."Johnhasnoticedthechangeinhisfriend.”Herethe-edendingsaremorphemeswhichdonotaddanylexicalmeaningbutrepresenttheconceptoftenseandaspect.二十、whatisroots?（词根）（书本P34）Therootconstitutesthecoreofthewordandcarriesthemajorcomponentofitsmeaning.Rootstypicallybelongtoalexicalcategory・二—、whatisphrases?（短语）（书本P44）Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategory・二十二-whatisWhMovement?（特殊疑问句）（书本P56）二十三、Senserelationsbetweensentences（书本P71-72）（选择题一题）1.XissynonymouswithY同义2.XisinconsistentwithY彳：一致3.XentailsY（YisanentailmentofY）包括4.XpresupposesY（YisaprerequisiteofX）先提条件5.Xisacontradiction矛盾6.Xissemanticallyanomalous反常的二十四、Pragmatics（ig用学），和语义学的最大区别？Context（书本P77-78）1.区别：Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered・2.总结最大区别：context二十五.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.（书本P7）二十六、CriticalPeriodHypothesis（CPH）关键期假说的主要思想（书本P147）（选择）Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone'slifeextendingfromabouttwotopuberty.（Whilethestrongonesuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposuretheweakholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.）二十七、whatisabehavioristviewoflanguageacquisition?（语言习得的行为主义主要观点是什么？）（书本P141）Traditionalbehavioristsviewlanguageasakindofbehaviorandbelievethatlanguagelearningissimplyamatterofimitationandhabitformation.[Aninnatistviewoflanguageacquisition:Chomskyproposedthathumanbeingsarebom\nwithaninnateabilityknownasLanguageAcquisitionDevice,orLAD.UniversalGrammar（UG）Aninteractionistviewoflanguageacquisition]二十八、whatisbilingualism?（双语能力）（书本P122）Abilitytospeaktwolanguagesequallywell.二十九、WhatisSpoonerism?（斯本内现象，首音互换）（书本P186）Transpositionofinitialconsonantsinapairofwords.eg.Wrongroad―longroad三十、WhatisGardenpathsentences?（径句）（书本P186）Agardenpathsentenceisanawkwardsentencethatmisleadsthesyntacticparserandtakesitdownthegardenpathtothewronganalysis.eg.Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.