英语语言学function of language 20页

FunctionsoflanguageTeammember:皮锦筠李玮李思垚李秀秀裴治东\nJakobsonourgroupHallidaydifferentviewsonfunctionoflanguage\nJakobson’sviewanguageisaboveall,asanysemioticsystem,forcommunication.Westudylanguageasasciencesowementionitsfunctionaccordingtoaprinciple.Herethefunctionisnotthesocialfunctiononly.Sixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent:speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact.Jakobson’swell-knownframeworkoflanguagefunctionsbasedonthesixkeyelementsofcommunication:\nReferential:toconveymessageandinformationPoetic:toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsakeEmotive:toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotionsConative:topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties)Phatic:toestablishcommunionwithothersMetalingualfunction:toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.eg.Wesaymakeisaverbandheisapronoun.\nFunctionsoflanguageContextreferentialAddresserEmotivee.g.intonationshowingangerMessagePoetice.g.poetryAddresseeConativee.g.ImperativesandvocativesContactPhaticHello,didyouhearme?CodeMetalinguale.g.Letmemakeitbrief.\n指示功能（传达信息）诗学功能（完全就语言而语言)，感情功能（表达态度、感觉和感情），意动功能（通过命令和请求去说服和影响他人），交感功能（与他人建立交流）元语言功能（弄清意图、词语和意义）。\nHalliday’sviewFromearlyoninhisaccountoflanguage,Hallidayhasarguedthatitisinherentlyfunctional.HisearlypapersonthegrammarofEnglishmakereferencetothe"functionalcomponents"oflanguage,as"generalizedusesoflanguage,which,sincetheyseemtodeterminethenatureofthelanguagesystem,requiretobeincorporatedintoouraccountofthatsystem."Hallidayarguesthatthisfunctionalorganizationoflanguage"determinestheformtakenbygrammaticalstructure".\nIdeationalmetafunctionTheideationalfunctionislanguageconcernedwithbuildingandmaintainingatheoryofexperience.Itincludestheexperientialfunctionandthelogicalfunction.1.语言是对存在于主客观世界的过程和事物的反映，这是“经验”（experiential）功能，或者说关于所说的“内容”的功能。在语言中还有“逻辑（logical）功能，即以表现为并列关系和从属关系的线性的循环结构的形式出现，由于两者都是建立于说话人对外部世界和内心世界的经验，与其功能相比较是中性的，因而可统称为“概念”（ideational）功能。\nHalliday’sviewInterpersonalmetafunctionTheinterpersonalfunctionreferstothegrammaticalchoicesthatenablespeakerstoenacttheircomplexanddiverseinterpersonalrelations.2.语言是社会人的有意义的活动，是做事的手段，是动作，因此它的功能之一必须是反映人与人间的关系。这个纯理功能称为“人际”（interpersonal）功能。\nHalliday’sviewTextualmetafunctionHallidayarguesthatbothexperientialandinterpersonalfunctionsareintricatelyorganized,butthatbetweenthetwo“thereiscomparativelyverylittleconstraint”.Thismeansthat“byandlarge,youcanputanyinteractional‘spin’onanyrepresentationalcontent”.Whatallowsmeaningsfromthesetwomodestofreelycombineistheintercessionofathird,distinctmodeofmeaningthatHallidayreferstoasthetextualfunction.\nTextualmetafunctionHallidayarguesthatbothexperientialandinterpersonalfunctionsareintricatelyorganized,butthatbetweenthetwo“thereiscomparativelyverylittleconstraint”.Thismeansthat“byandlarge,youcanputanyinteractional‘spin’onanyrepresentationalcontent”.Whatallowsmeaningsfromthesetwomodestofreelycombineistheintercessionofathird,distinctmodeofmeaningthatHallidayreferstoasthetextualfunction.3.实际使用中的语言基本单位不是词或句，而是表达相对的来说是完整思想的“语篇”（text），上述两种功能部分最后要由说话人把它们组织成语篇才能实现。这就是语篇（textual）功能。语篇功能使语言和语境发生联系，是说话人只产生与语境相一致的语篇。\nmygroupmember'sviewphaticfunctiondirectivefunctioninformativefunctioninterrogativefunctionexpressivefunctionevocativefunctionperformativefunction\nPhatic:establishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact.Directive:getthehearertodosomething.Informative:giveinformationaboutfacts.Interrogative:getinformationfromothers.Expressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Evocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,startle,soothe,worryorplease)Performative:languageisusedtodothings,toperformactions.\n亲，这种背景的图片是备注The“phaticfunction”referstolanguagebeingusedforsettingupacertainatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontacts(ratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas).Greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherinEnglishandonclothinginChineseallservethisfunction.Muchofthephaticlanguage(e.g.“Howareyou?”“Fine,thanks.”)isinsincereiftakenliterally,butitisimportant.Ifyoudon'tsay“Hello”toafriendyoumeet,orifyoudon’tanswerhis“Hi”,youruinyourfriendship.\n好The“directivefunction”meansthatlanguagemaybeusedtogetthehearertodosomething.Mostimperativesentencesperformthisfunction,e.g.,“Tellmetheresultwhenyoufinish.”Othersyntacticstructuresorsentencesofothersortscan,accordingtoJ.AustinandJ.Searle’s“indrectspeechacttheory”(seeHuZhuanglinetal.,pp271-278)atleast,servethepurposeofdirectiontoo,e.g.,“IfIwereyou,Iwouldhaveblushedtothebottomofmyears!”\nLanguageservesan“informationalfunction”whenusedtotellsomething,characterizedbytheuseofdeclarativesentences.Informativestatementsareoftenlabelledastrue(truth)orfalse(falsehood).AccordingtoP.Grice’s“CooperativePrinciple”(seeHuZhuanglinetal.,pp282-283),oneoughtnottoviolatethe“MaximofQuality”,whenheisinformingatall.\nWhenlanguageisusedtoobtaininformation,itservesan“interrogativefunction”.Thisincludesallquestionsthatexpectreplies,statements,imperativesetc.,accordingtothe“indirectspeechacttheory”,mayhavethisfunctionaswell,e.g.,“I’dliketoknowyoubetter.”Thismaybringforthalotofpersonalinformation.Notethatrhetoricalquestionsmakeanexception,sincetheydemandnoanswer,atleastnotthereader’s/listener’sanswer.\nThe“expressivefunction”istheuseoflanguagetorevealsomethingaboutthefeelingsorattitudesofthespeaker.Subconsciousemotionalejaculationsaregoodexamples,like“Goodheavens!”“MyGod!”Sentenceslike“I’msorryaboutthedelay”canserveasgoodexamplestoo,thoughinasubtleway.Whilelanguageisusedfortheinformativefunctiontopassjudgementonthetruthorfalsehoodofstatements,languageusedfortheexpressivefunctionevaluates,appraisesorassertsthespeaker’sownattitudes.\nThe“evocativefunction”istheuseoflanguagetocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearer.Itsaimis,forexample,toamuse,startle,antagonize,soothe,worryorplease.Jokes(notpracticaljokes,though)aresupposedtoamuseorentertainthelistener;advertisingtourgecustomerstopurchasecertaincommodities;propagandatoinfluencepublicopinion.Obviously,theexpressiveandtheevocativefunctionsoftengotogether,i.e.,youmayexpress,forexample,yourpersonalfeelingsaboutapoliticalissuebutendupbyevokingthesamefeelingin,orimposingiton,yourlistener.That’salsothecasewiththeotherwayround.\nThismeanspeoplespeakto“dothings”orperformactions.Oncertainoccasionstheutteranceitselfasanactionismoreimportantthanwhatwordsorsoundsconstitutetheutteredsentence.WhenaskedifathirdYangtzebridgeoughttobebuiltinWuhan,themayormaysay“OK”,whichmeansmorethanspeech,andmorethananaveragesocialindividualmaydofortheconstruction.Thejudge’simprisonmentsentence,thepresident’swarorindependencedeclaration,etc.,areperformativesaswell(seeJ.Austin’sspeechActTheory,HuZhuanglin,ecal.,pp271-278).