语言学样题及答案 17页

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof____C___.A.aparticularlanguageB.theEnglishlanguageC.humanlanguagesingeneralD.thesystemofaparticularlanguage2.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:___B____.A.voiceless,bilabial,stopB.voiceless清音,labiodental唇齿音,fricative摩擦音C.voiced,bilabial双唇音,stop闭塞音D.voiced浊音,labiodental,fricative3.Therearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix"ed"intheword"learned"isknownasa(n)___C____.A.derivationalmorpheme派生词素B.freemorpheme自由词素C.inflectionalmorpheme屈折词素D.freeform自由形态5."Iboughtsomeroses"____A___"Iboughtsomeflowers".A.entailsB.presupposesC.isinconsistentwith不符合D.issynonymouswith与同义6.Y'sutterance说话方式inthefollowingconversationexchangeviolates违犯冒犯themaximof___C_____.X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?A.quality\nB.quantityC.relationD.manner7.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,____C___,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed外来词,added,lostoraltered改变.A.phrases短语B.sentencesC.morphemes词素D.utterances话语8.Predicationanalysis预测分析isawaytoanalyze___D__meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence9.AccordingtoSearle，thoseillocutionaryacts言外行为whosepointistocommit承诺thespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionarecalled__A__.A.commisives承诺类B.directives指令类C.expressives表达类D.declaratives宣告类18.ThefamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuliet”‘Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’wellillustrates__A_.A.theconventional传统性natureoflanguageB.thecreativenatureoflanguageC.theuniversalityoflanguage普遍性D.thearbitrarinessoflanguage\n19.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations，only___A____ispermissible可允许的accordingtothesequentialrulesinEnglish.A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk20.Syntax句法学isthestudyof___B_____。A.languagefunctionsB.sentencestructureC.textualorganizationD.wordformation21.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeature区别性特征ofhumanlanguage?DA.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivityC.CulturaltransmissionD.Finiteness有限性22.Thespeechacttheory言语行为理论wasfirstputforwardbyBA.JohnSearleB.JohnAustinC.NoamChomskyD.M.A.KHalliday23.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotion概念观念ofDA.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context\n24.Thewords“kid,child,offspring后代、子孙”areexamplesofBA.dialectalsynonyms方言的同义词B.stylisticsynonymsC.emotivesynonyms情绪化的同义词D.collocationalsynonyms25.Thedistinctionbetweenparole言语andlangue语言wasmadebyDA.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure26._____referstothestudyoftheinternal内在的、本质structureofwordsandtherulesofthewordformation.A.PhonologyB.MorphologyC.SemanticsD.Sociolinguistics27.Thedistinctivefeaturesofaspeechvariety言语变体maybeallthefollowingEXCEPTA.lexicalB.syntacticC.phonologicalD.Psycholinguistic心理语言学28.Thewordtailoncereferredtothe“thetailofahorse马尾”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal”.ThisisanexampleofA.wideningofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaningC.meaningshiftD.lossofmeaning\n29.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.Displacement.C.DualityD.Diachronicity30.Whattypeofsentenceis“Marklikesfiction,butTimisinterestedinpoetry.”?A.AsimplesentenceB.Acoordinatesentence并列句C.AcomplexsentenceD,Noneoftheabove31.ThephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalledA.hyponymyB.synonymyC.polysemyD.homonymy32.Thestudyofthementalprocessesoflanguagecomprehensionandproductionis______.A.corpuslinguistics语料库语言学B.sociolinguisticsC.theoreticallinguistics理论语言学D.Psycholinguistics33.Aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixeslanguages混合语言andisusedbyspeakersofdifferentlanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled____.A.dialect方言B.idiolect个人语型C.pidginD.Register语域\n34.Whenaspeakerexpresseshisintentionofspeaking,suchasaskingsomeonetoopenthewindow,heisperforming_____.A.anillocutionaryact言外行为B.aperlocutionaryact言后行为C.alocutionaryact言内行为D.noneoftheabove35.________referstothelearninganddevelopmentofalanguage.A.Languageacquisition语言习得B.Languagecomprehension语言理解C.Languageproduction语言生成D.Languageinstruction语言教学36.Theword“Motel”comesfrom“motor+hotel”.Thisisanexampleof________inmorphology.A.backformation逆生词法B.conversion转换法C.blending混拼词D.acronym首字母缩略词37.Languageisttoolofcommunication.Thesymbol“HighwayClosed”onahighwayservesA.anexpressivefunction表达功能B.aninformativefunction.信息功能C.aperformativefunction表演功能D.apersuasivefunction有说服力的功能38.＿＿isdefinedasthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmind.A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.cognitivelinguistics认知语言学D.sociolinguistics\n39.Avowelisdifferentfromaconsonant辅音inEnglishbecauseofA.absenceofobstruction没有阻塞B.presenceofobstruction存在梗塞C.mannerofarticulation发音方法D.placeofarticulation发音部位40.Thedefinition“theactofusing,orpromotingtheuseof,severallanguages,eitherbyanindividualspeakerorbyacommunityofspeakers”referstoA.PidginB.Creole克里奥尔语C.Multilingualism多语制D.Bilingualism习用两种语言41.InEnglishifawordbeginswitha［l］ora［r］,thentheneatsoundmustbeavowel.Thisisa(n)A.assimilationrule通化规则B.sequentialrule序列规则C.deletionrule省略规则D.grammarrule42.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofclipping?A.APEC.B.Motel.C.Xerox.D.Disco.43.ThetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetoaparticulartypeofsituationiscalledA.registerB.dialectC.slangD.variety\nⅡ.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrue(T)orFalse(F).(20points,1pointeach)1.Historicallinguisticsisasynochronicstudyoflanguage.F2.Thephatic交流感情的functioncanoftenbeentirely完全地personalandtotallywithoutanyimplication含意ofcommunicationtoothers.F3."Deal"isphoneticallytranscribed转录as[di:?].T4.Phonologyisconcernedwithspeechproductionandspeechperception领悟认识能力.F5.Theword"bridge"tomeanamethodofplayingcardsisaloanshift词变异fromItalian.T6.TheEnglishsyllable音节mayhaveasmanyasfourconsonantsinthecodaposition结尾位置.T7.Intheexample:“Hecouldn’topenthedoor.Itwaslockedtight”,therelationbetween“thedoor”and“It”isthatofreference.T8.Positionalrelationsareamanifestation证明ofoneaspectof“PARADIGMATICRELATIONS聚合关系”observedbyF.deSaussure.Insomeelementary基本的linguistictextbooks,theyarealsocalledHORIZONTALRELATIONS横向关系orsimplyCHAINRELATIONS链关系.F9.OgdenandRichardsarguethattherelationbetweenawordandthingitreferstoisnotdirect.T10.Gradableantonymy层级性反义词isthesenserelationbetweentwoantonymswhichdifferintermsofdegreewhilecomplementary\nantonymyisthesenserelationbetweentwoantonymswhicharecomplementary互补性toeachother.T11.Speechacttheory言语行为理论isinfactatheoryoftheillocutionaryact言外行为.T12.Aspeakerflouts轻视theMaximofQuantity数量规则whenhiscontributionstotheconversationarenottruthful.F13.Alotofissuesinpsycholinguisticsarecontroversial有争议性的.T14.WhenMr.Goodellsaid'I'vehadenoughdumbbells哑铃inmyoffice'(p.168),hemeanthehadsomeweightsinhisofficeforpracticingstrength练习强度.F15.'Foregrounding'前台操作前台设制referstospecificlinguisticdevices,i.e.,deviation偏差andparallelism平行类似,whichareusedinliterarytexts.T16.CALLreferstotheuseofacomputerintheteachingorlearningofasecondorforeignlanguage.T17.Inhisstandardtheory标准理论,N.Chomskygaveupthetermsof"deepstructure"and"surfacestructure".F18.Nowadaysintheliterature,theterm“contrastiveanalysis对比分析”isgraduallybeenreplacedby“thestudyofcross-linguisticinfluences跨语言的影响”.T19.Incross-culturalcommunication跨文化交际,whenpeoplehavetroubleanddonotknowhowtobehavecorrectly,theytendtoturntotheirsourcecultureforhelp.Thisisastrategy策略oftenusedbycommunicators传播者inanewculturalsetting,whileitmaynotalways\nwork.T20.Itisindeednecessarytoreconsider重新讨论howmuchwe,ashumanbeings,reallyunderstandaboutthenatureoflanguageanditsroleinourlife.T21.Historicallinguistics历史语言学isasynochronicstudyoflanguage.F22.OgdenandRichardsarguethattherelationbetweenawordandthingitreferstoisnotdirect.T23.Gradableantonymyisthesenserelationbetweentwoantonymswhichdifferintermsofdegreewhilecomplementaryantonymyisthesenserelationbetweentwoantonymswhicharecomplementarytoeachother.T24.AspeakerfloutstheMaximofQuantitywhenhiscontributionstotheconversationarenottruthful.F25.Thereisonlyoneargumentinthesentence“Childrenplaybasketball.”F26.Oftheviewsconcerningthestudyofsemantics,thecontextualview,whichplacesthestudyofmeaninginthecontextinwhichlanguageisused,isoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.T27.Languageistheunique独特的possession所有物财产ofhumanbeings.F28.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.F29.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningful\nsentences.F30.Traditionalgrammarlaysemphasisoncorrectness正确性,linguisticexcellence,theuseofLatinmodelsandthepriority优先性ofthespokenlanguage.TⅢ.Brieflyanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?Canyoulistthemainfeatures?P8Itreferstothedefiningproperties性质ofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Productivity多产性Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.Duality双重性Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Displacement移位性Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Culturaltransmission文化传递2.Whatarethefourmaxims格言ofthecooperativeprinciple合作原则?Howdoestheviolationofthesemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures?P87(1)themaximofquantity(数量准则)\na)makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forcurrentpurposeoftheexchange)b)donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Example:A:WhenisJerry’sbirthdayparty?B:Sometimenextmonth.So,Bdoesn’twishtotellyouwhenJerry’sbirthdaypartyisgoingtobeheld.(2)themaximofquality（质量准则）a)donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalseb)donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidenceExample:A:Wouldyouliketoattendourtravelingatweekend?B:I’mafraidIhavegotaninvitationatweekend.So,Bdoesn’twanttoattendyourtraveling.(3)themaximofrelation(关系准则)a)berelavantExample:A:howdidthemathexamgotoday,susan?\nB:wehadabasketballmatchwiththeotherclassandwebeatthem.So,Bdoesn’twishtotalkaboutthemathexam.(4)themaximofmanner（方式准则）a)avoidobscurityofexpression避免隐晦b)avoidambiguity避免歧义c)bebrief简短d)beorderlyExample:A：Shallwegetsomethingforthekids?B：yes,butIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Implicature:Idonotwantthekidstoknowwhatwearetalkingaboutgettingsomeice-cream3.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?P54Deepstructure（D-structure）深层结构oFormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorization此类划分properties,iscalleddeepstructure.Surfacestructure（S-structure）表层结构oCorrespondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformation,iscalledsurfacestructure.4.Explainwithexamples“homonymy同音异义同形异义”“polysemy一词多义”“hyponymy上下位关系”.P68-69\n答：(1)Homonymy同音异义referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones同音字.(piece\peace)Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs同形异义字.(bowv.\bown.)Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms完整的同音字(scalen.\scalev.)(2)Polysemy多义词meansthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethatonemeaning.Forexample:“table”,hasatleastsevenmeanings.(3)Hyponymymeansthatthesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Forexample:“furniture”issuper-ordinate,itshyponymsarebed,table,desk,dresser,wardrobe衣橱,settee长靠椅……5.Whatarethefivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts言外语言行为Searlehasspecified明确说明?Whatistheillocutionarypointofeachtype？P82JohnSearle\n(1)Representatives(阐述类)--statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue.e.g:IswearIhaveneverseenthemanbefore.（2）directives(指令类)----tryingtogetthehearertodosomethinge.g:Openthewindow!(3)commissives(承诺类)-----committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofactionE.g:Ipromisetocome.(4)expressives(表达类)----expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.e.g:I’msorryforthemessIhavemade.(5)declaration(宣布类)----bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomethinge.g:Ifireyou!Inowdeclarethemeetingopen.6.Trytomakesenseofthefollowingwittydialogandtoidentifythecohesivetiesandexplainbriefly.SpeakerA:Timeflies.我和时光飞逝SpeakerB:Youcan’t;theyflytooquickly.你不能，时间飞得太快SpeakerAmeansthattimefliesquickly.Timeisameanandflyisaverb.However,inB’sunderstanding,hethinksthattimeisaverbandflyisanoun.SohesaythatAcannotmeasureflies’flyingspeed,becausetheyflytooquickly.avoidambiguity避免歧义mannermaxim\n7.Thefollowingconversationalfragmentistosomedegreeodd.TowhatextentcantheoddnessbeexplainedbyreferencetoGrice’sCPandmaxims?A:HaveyouseenPetertoday?P86（manner）B:Well,ifIdidn’tdenyseeinghimIwouldn’tbetellingalie.SpeakerBusesalongandprolix冗长的waytoexpressthemeaningof“yes,Ihave”,thusviolatingthemannermaximof“Bebrief(avoidprolixity冗长)”8.Describethestagesoffirstlanguageacquisition.Firstlanguageacquisitionreferstoachild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue.i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.①phonologicaldevelopment②vocabularydevelopment③grammaticaldevelopment④pragmaticdevelopmentⅣ.DiscussaminimumofTWOofthefollowingquestions.1.Whydomodernlinguistsputthepriorityofsynchronicstudyoverthediachronicstudyinlinguistics?P4Itisbelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfulstudies,itwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.Synchronicdescriptionsareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence,andmostlinguisticstudiesareofthistype.\n2.Whyshouldlanguageteachersandlearnerslearnsomeknowledgeoflinguistics?Someknowledgeoflinguisticswillnotonlyhelplanguageteacherstobetterunderstandthenatureoflanguage,butalsohelpsthembetterunderstandhowtoteachlanguage.Theoreticalviewsoflanguageexplicitly明确地、明白地orimplicitly含蓄地、暗示地informtheapproachesandmethodsadoptedinlanguageteaching.Languageteachersdoneedtheoriesoflanguageinordertoteachlanguageeffectively有效地,andtheyneedtoknowatleasthowthelanguagetheyteachworks.Todiscoverthereallanguageandtoobtainsomeunderstandingofit,languageteachersmaywellturntolinguistics.Manylanguagelearningtheoriesareproposedbasedoncertainlinguistictheories.Infact,knowledgeinlinguisticsliesattherootofunderstandingwhatlanguagelearnerscanlearn,howtheyactuallylearnandwhattheylearnultimately最终地.Therefore,linguisticshasalwaysplayedanimportantroleinthestudiesoflanguageacquisitionandlearning.V.Drawatreestructureforeachsentencetakinginflectionasitshead.P501.Theboyfoundabookonthetable.2.Mr.Smithdeclarestheclassisover.