语言学导论术语汉译.. 21页

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  • 2022-08-11 发布

语言学导论术语汉译..

  • 21页
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A-barmovement(A-棒儿移位)306Ablaut(元音交替)164Abney,S.(人名,阿伯尼)360accent(seephrasalstress)(重读)accusativecase(宾格)248,251,265–6,356,360–1accusativepossessorsinChildEnglish(儿童英语中宾格性领属者)359–61accusativesubjects(儿童英语中宾格性主语)inChildEnglish355–8ininfinitiveclauses(非定式小句)251acquiredlanguagedisorders(获得性语言错乱)13,213acquisitionoflanguage(语言的获得)(seealsodevelopmentallinguistics(发展语言学))408acrolect(上层方言)234activationinpsycholinguistics(心理语言学中的激活作用)202,209activearticulator(主动性发音器官)31activevoice(主动语态)137additionsinspeecherrors(言语失误中的追加)115Adger,D.(人名,阿杰尔)267adjacencypairs(邻接对)401adjectives(形容词)130comparativeformof((形容词)的比较级形式)130andderivationalmorphology((形容词)和派生形态学)144dimensional(程度(形容词))175–6,177,179incorporation((形容词)并入)161inlanguageacquisition((语言习中的)形容词)187superlativeformof(形容词的最高级)130adjuncts(附加语)249,331adverbs(副词)130,144AffectedObject(蒙受性宾语)334–5affix(词缀)140AffixAttachment(词缀附接)273,319affricates(塞擦音)29AfricanAmericanVernacularEnglish(AAVE)(非裔美国人英语方言土语)agreementin(AAVE的一致关系)233,237doublenegationin(AAVE的双重否定)297emptyTin(AAVE中的空语类T)271–2inversionin(AAVE中的倒装)311–13possessivesin(AAVE中的所有格或属格)237ageandvariationinlanguageuse(年龄与语言运用中的变异)235–6age-gradedsociolinguisticvariables(与年龄段相关的社会语言学变量)16Agent(施事)305,333,334–5agglutinatinglanguages(黏着语)156–7agrammatism(语法缺失)(seealsoBroca’saphasia(布洛卡失语症))214–17,377–82,385,408comprehensionerrorsin(语法缺失中的理解错误)215,216–17,378–80productionerrorsin(语法缺失中的发音错误)215–16,378agreement(一致关系)135,137,144–5,233,248inAAVE(AAVE中的一致关系)233,237incomplementclauses(补语小句中的一致关系)251inEastAnglianEnglish(东央格鲁英语中的一致关系)233inEME(EME中的一致关系)320operationsinsyntax(句法中一致关系演算或操作)264–5,267–8,306,345,407inSLI(SLI中的一致关系)219,385insouthwesternEnglish(东南部英语中的一致关系)233allomorphs(语素变体)152allomorphy(语素音位变化)151–2lexicallyconditioned(词汇制约的语素音位变化)152phonologicallyconditioned(音系制约的语素音位变化)152,220plural(复数的语素音位变化)188–9\nthirdpersonsingularpresent(第三人称单数现在时的语素音位变化)220allophones(音位变体)77allophonicvariation(音位的变化)77allophony(音位变化)77alternationinphonology(音系(学)中的交替)26,83–5,90,152alveolars(齿龈音)30,109alveopalatals(齿龈硬腭音)(seepalato-alveolars)ambiguity(歧义)(seealsostructuralambiguity(结构歧义))5,232ameliorationinsemanticchange(语义变化中的改进现象)231AmericanEnglish(美国英语)55,63,71,227A-movement(论元移位)306AncientEgyptian(古埃及人)119Antecedent(先行语)277localforreflexives(约束反身代词的局部先行语)277–8anteriorasphonologicalfeature(作为音系特征的前部性)86,413anticipationsinspeecherrors(言语错失中的先兆)115,117antonyms(反义词)176,208,209antonymy(反义关系,反义现象)176,177–8aphasia(失语症)11–13,213–19selectiveimpairmentin(失语症中的缺陷或障碍选择性)213apophony(元音交替,元音弱化)(seeablaut)apparent-timemethod(视时方法后手段)16,66approximantasphonologicalfeature(无擦通音作为音系特征)412approximants(无擦通音)33inchildphonology(儿童音系中的无擦通音)100–4Arabic(阿拉伯语)81,224arbitrarinessofthelinguisticsign(语言符号的任意性)205argumentmovement(论元移位)(seeA-movement)arguments(论元)130,247Armenianalphabet(亚美尼亚字母或文字)119Articles(冠词)(seealsodeterminers(限定语))130,133Ash,S.(人名,阿施)237aspect(体)252perfect(完成(体))252,261progressive(进行(体))252aspiratedasphonologicalfeature(送气作为音系特征)87,413aspiration(送气音)35,75–7,87–90,90–1assimilation(同化现象)(seealsoharmony(和谐发音))5inFarsi(Farsi中的同化现象)49partial(部分同化)100targetof(同化对象)100total(整体同化)100triggerfor(同化的触发者)100audiencedesign((面向受众的设计))53–4,409Austin,J.L.(人名,奥斯汀)394AustralianEnglish(澳大利亚英语)62,64,71,227auxiliarycopyinginchildren(儿童语言中的助动词拷贝)295auxiliaryinversion(助动词倒装)294–6auxiliaryverbs(助动词)133difficultieswithinSLI(特定语言障碍中助动词使用上的困难)219,385dummy(假性助动词)319errorsinSLI(SLI中助动词的错失)385asfiniteT(助动词作为定式的T)259,261andgapping(助动词和空位)272perfect(完成体)136progressive(进行体)136babbling(婴儿发出的咿哑声)96backasphonologicalfeature(后部(音)作为音系特征)413backtrackinginparsing(切分中的回溯法)373backvowels(后元音)36,109–10Bailey(贝利),B.313\nBantu(班图语)156barenominals(光杆名词性成分)284–5inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的光杆名词型成分)358–9baseformofverbs(动词的基础形式/基式)147basiclevelofcategorisation((范畴化的基本层级)194–6,226,232inWernicke’saphasia(维尼克失语症中范畴化的基本层级)217–18basilect(下层方言)235behaviourism(行为主义)115Belfast(贝尔法斯特)51BelfastEnglish(贝尔法斯特英语)300Bell(贝尔),A.53Bengali(孟加拉人(的),孟加拉语(的))71–2,87Berko(拨库),J.189Bidialectalism(双方言现象)409Bilabials(双唇音)30Bilingualism(双语现象)409Binarity(二分性)ofparametricvalues(参数值的二分性)314,317,320,321,325,349,351ofphonologicalfeatures(音系特征的二分性)85blends(融合)207–8,209inparagrammatism(语法倒错性言语障碍中融合现象)382Bloom(布龙姆),L.355bodyoftongue(舌面)(seedorsum)borrowing(借用)224–5boundmorphemes(粘着语素)140inaphasia(失语症者话语中的)216inSLI(特定语言损伤中的)219–21boundvariableinterpretationofpronouns(约束代词阐释的变量)342–4boundword(粘着词)150Bradford(布莱德福德)47–8Braine,M.(人名)351Bresnan,J.(人名)246BritishEnglish(英国英语seealsoContemporaryStandardEnglish)62,69–70,71,227–8,230broadtranscription(宽式标音)76Broca,P.(人名)12Broca’saphasia(布洛卡失语症seealsoagrammatism)214–17,377–82Broca’sarea(布洛卡区)12Brown,R.(人名)189Bucholtz,M.(人名)51Bulgarian(保加利亚语)85calque(仿造,语义转借)225Cambodian(柬埔寨语)38CanadianEnglish(加拿大英语)227–8Cantonese(广东话,粤语)79,81Cardiff(加迪夫,地名)53CaribbeanEnglish(加勒比式英语)66case(格seealsogenitivecase(属格),nominativecase(主格),objectivecase(宾格))248assignmentof(格指派)264,265–6,267–8,345,356–8,360–1errorsinagrammatism(语法缺失中的格错误)216errorsinSLI(特定语言损伤中的格错误)385(拉丁语中的格)inLatin158markinginChildEnglish(儿童英语中的格标记)355–8structural(结构格)356inTurkish(土耳其语中格)158categoricalperception(范畴感知)113causativeverb(致使动词)274–5Celticlanguages(凯饵特语族语言)164centralvowels(央元音)36centre-embedding(中心内嵌现象)370,373–4cerebralcortex(大脑皮层)11cerebralhemispheres(大脑半球)11,214chainshift(链移)66–7Chambers,J.(人名)227childgrammar(儿童语法)349–61childphonology(儿童音系)96–106Cherokee(切罗基语)119Chicago(芝加哥)66Chinese(汉语)43,119,156,224Chomsky,N.(人名,乔姆斯基)1,2,7,\n11,213,245–6,314,325,377,407Chukchee(楚克其人[语])160–1circumfix(框架式词缀seeconfix)citationform(引用形式,基础形式,原形)134clauses(小句)247bareinfinitive(光杆不定试小句)275–6complement(小句补语)250–2,275,276asCPs(充任CPs的小句)279,280,282,283,293,304,349,356,361declarative(陈述小句)279,280finiteinGermanSLI(德语SLI小句中的限定性)385finiteverbin(小句中的限定动词)251,265–6forceof(小句的语力)279functionof(小句的功能)253inGerman(德语中的小句)321–4infinitive(不定式小句)275,276–8interrogative(疑问小句)279main(主要小句,主句)250,280–1non-finiteverbin(小句中的非定式动词)251,281–2v.phrases(小句和短语)261–2relative(关系小句)253,367insentenceperception(句子感知过程中的小句)367,368tensed(v.untensed)(时态小句和非时态小句)251asTPs(小句作为TPs)273,274,275–6,278clickstudies(点击调查)367–8cliticisation(附着化)274–6andcopies(附着化和拷贝)296,298–9clitics(附着成分)150–1inSpanish(西班牙语中的附着成分)151cluster(seeconsonantcluster)音丛(参见辅音丛)codasofsyllables(音节的节尾(音))79–82inchildlanguage(儿童语言中的节尾音)104–5cognitiveeffectsofutterances(话语的认知效应)399cognitivesynonymy(认知同义关系或现象)174–5cognitivesystem(认知系统)languageas(语言作为认知系统)1–14,409coherenceindiscourse(语篇中的连贯)397co-hyponyms(共存性下义词/下位词)172,209inWernicke’saphasia(维尼克失语症中的共存性下义词)218co-indexing(同指标/同标引)341Comanche(科曼奇族/语)225co-meronyms(共存性局部关系词)174,208comment(v.topic)(话题和评述/述题)249,281CommunicativePrincipleofRelevance(交际的关联原则)399–400communitiesofpractice(实践社群)52commutationtest(接换测试)390competence(v.performance)((语言能力)和语言行为/运用)2–3,9,264,339,367,370,375,388,408,409complement(补语)130,247–9,262covert(隐性补语)278interrogativeexpressionsas(疑问表达式充任补语)297complementaries(互补性反义词)176complementarity(互补性/关系)176,177–8complementarydistribution(互补分布)76complementclause(补语小句)250–2inGerman(德语中的补语小句)322complementclausequestion(疑问型补语小句)299–300complementclauseyes-noquestion(是非型疑问补语小句)303complementiser(标句词)135declarative(陈述句的标句词)279empty(空标句词)278–83,284,299interrogative(疑问型标句词)279complexsentence(复合句)250–3compounds(复合词)148–50,379,408\ninlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的复合词)191–2structuralambiguityin(复合词中的结构歧义)149synthetic(合成性复合词)162comprehensionoflanguage(seesentencecomprehension,speechperception)(语言理解(参见句子理解、言语感知))concatenativemorphology(并置形态学)163concept(v.lexicalentry)(概念(和词条))205–6,209,225,233confix(框架词缀/环缀)162conjugation(接合)159consonants(辅音)28–35categoricalperceptionof(辅音的类别感知)113syllabic(成音节性辅音)41three-termdescriptionof(辅音的三个方面的描写)34,61inwritingsystems(书写系统中的辅音)119consonantchange(辅音变化)61–4consonantcluster(辅音丛)41deletionin(辅音丛中的删除现象)54–6simplificationinchildlanguage(儿童语言中的辅音丛简化现象)98consonantharmony(辅音和谐/辅音的协同发音)99consonantinsertion(辅音插入)64consonantloss(辅音丢失)63consonantmutation(辅音变换)164–5consonantalasphonologicalfeature(作为音系特征的辅音性)412constituencytests(成分性测试)263–4constituents(结构成分)249,263–4covert(seeemptyconstituents)(隐性成分(参见空成分))insentencecomprehension(句子了解中的隐性成分)366constraints(限制(条件))inphonology(音系中的限制条件)90–1insyntax(句法中的限制条件)263,312–13,318ContemporaryStandardEnglish(CSE)(当代标准英语)311questionsin(CSE中的疑问句)311,313,316strongCin(CSE中的强C)314weakTin(CSE中的弱T)317,319contentwords(内容词、实词)132inaphasias(失语症中的内容词或实词)214–15continuousperceptionofvowels(元音的连续性感知)110–11contourtone(轮廓调或曲折型声调)43contrastivesounds(对立音)77control(控制)276clause(控制小句)277,282–3verbs(控制动词)277conversation(会话)245,388logicof(会话的逻辑)395–7ConversationalAnalysis(CA)(会话分析)246,401–2conversationalimplicature(会话涵义)397conversationalmaxims(会话准则)396–7,399,409conversationalparticles(会话中的小品词)400conversion((词性)转换)143Co-operativePrinciple(合作原则)396co-ordinatingconjunction(并列连词)134co-ordinationtest(并列关系测试)263–4,279–80,283,333copy(trace)ofmovement(移位拷贝(语迹))295,298–9,340inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的移位拷贝)295insentenceperception(句子感知中的移位拷贝)368–70asvariable(移位拷贝作为变量)341co-referentialinterpretationofpronouns(代词的同指阐释)342,343coronal(前舌音/舌冠音)34countnoun(可数名词)285Coupland,N.(人名)53covertmovement(隐性移位)339,343–5covertquestionoperator(隐性疑问算子)\n302–3,324CrossoverPrinciple(跨越原则)343–4CStrengthParameter(C强度参数)314cumulation(堆积现象)158Cutler,A.(人名)207Czech(捷克(语))81dataoflinguistics(语言学语料/数据)1–2,117,170declarative(陈述句/式)253–4,394–5declension(形态变化,尤其指格变化)158–9,160defaultcasesinphonology(音系(学)中的缺省情况)90definitions(定义)179–81,193deicticwords(指示性词语)389,398delinkinginchildphonology(儿童音系中的链接解除现象)103demonstratives(指示语)133dentals(牙齿,齿音)31,109derivationalmorphology(派生形态学)131,143,144incompounds(复合词中的派生形态)150inlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的派生形态)190–2DerivationalTheoryofComplexity(DTC)(复杂性推导理论)367Derivations(派生(式),推导(式))inphonology(音系学中的推导(式))85insyntax(句法中的推导(式))306despecificationinchildphonology(儿童音系中的描写(式))103determinerphrase(DP)(限定词短语/词组)262,283–7inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的限定词词组)286determiners(seealsoarticles)(限定词(参见冠词))133,297empty(空限定词)283–7nullinChildEnglish(儿童英语中的空限定词)358asoperators(限定词作为算子)297prenominal(名词前的限定词)286–7pronominal(代词性限定词)286–7quantifying(量化限定词)284–5,303inSLI(SLI中的限定词)219Detroit(底特律)52,66developmentallinguistics(发展论语言学)1,6–9DhoLuo(卢奥语,东苏丹语族,尼罗语支)164diachronicmethodinhistoricallinguistics(历史语言学中的历时方法)15–16diacritic(附加符号)35dialectcontact(方言接触)227dialects(方言)regional(地域方言)14rhotic(翘舌音方言)77rural(乡村方言)228social(社会方言)14urban(城市方言)228dictionaries(词典、辞书)179–81diphthongisationinlanguagechange(语言变化中的双元音化)64diphthongs(双元音)38–9discoursemarkers(话语标记)15discourses(话语)245discriminationexperiment(辨别力实验)111distinctivefeatures(区别性特征)85,412,414inchildphonology(儿童音系中的区别性特征)101distribution(分布)76dorsals(舌面音)34dorsum(舌背、舌面)31Do-support(Do支撑)274D-projections(D投射)287,349dragchain(拉链)67dual-lexiconmodelofchildphonology(音系学中的双词库模型)104–5Dutch(荷兰语)231EarlyModernEnglish(EME)(早期现代英语,初期现代英语)negationin(EME中的否定)314–20nullsubjectsin(EME中的空主语)319–20,351,352\nquestionsin(EME中的疑问句)316strongTin(EME中的强T)317EastAnglianEnglish(东盎格鲁英语)63,64–5echoquestion(回声问)297,299Eckert,P.(人名)51–2EconomyPrinciple(经济原则)301–2,314,318–19,324‘edge’astargetofmovement(边缘位置作为移位的目的地)306educationlevelandlanguageuse(教育水平和语言运用/使用)49Egyptiancuneiform(古埃及楔形文字)119Eimas,P.(人名)96elision(省缺)4ellipsis(省略)278,371ElsewhereCondition(另处原则)89–90emptyconstituents(空成分)246,271–86,407,408inpsycholinguistics(心理语言学中的空成分)271insentenceperception(句子感知中的空成分)368–70enclitic(后附着)151entailment(衍推/蕴含)170–1,392–3environment(context)inphonologicalrules(音系规则中的环境(语境))87errorsinspeech(言语中的偏误/失误,口误)114–17,199,207–9Estonian(爱沙尼亚语)38ethnicgroupandlanguageuse(族群和语言运用/使用)49–50exchangesinspeecherrors(seealsowordexchanges)(言语失误中的换位现象(参见词的换位))114–16,117exclamative(感叹句,感叹式)254exponent(体现)145,152–3,252,259,261extendedexponence(扩展了的体现)159extractionsite(提取部位)298Farsi(Persian)(波斯语(波斯语的))49Fasold,R.(人名)272featurematrix(特征矩阵)86features(特征)distinctiveinphonology(音系学中的区别性特征)86–90,177functionalinagrammatism(语法缺失中的功能性特征)380–2morphological(形态特征)153,163semantic(语义特征)176–9semanticinacquisition(习得中的语义特征)193filler-gapdependencies(填充词-空位依存性/关系)369–70finite(v.non-finite)verbforms(定式(非-定式)动词形式)251–3finitenessinlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的有定性)359–61Finnish(芬兰语)99,156flap(闪音)34flapping(闪音化)61floatingfeatures(漂移特征)101–4,106floutingofconversationalmaxims(对会话准则的藐视)397,399focus(焦点)282,389–92position(位置)282focusbar(焦点棒儿)88Fodor,J.(人名)201form(v.lemma)(形式(和内容))inlexicalentries(词条中的形式和内容)128,205–7freemorphemes(自由语素)140Frege,G.(人名)338,339,344French(法语)90–1,215,224,225,230frequencyeffect(频率效应)inparaphasias(言语错乱中的频率效应)217,218insubstitutionerrors(替换语误中的频率效应)208fricatives(擦音)29,31–3Frisian(弗里斯兰语)231Fromkin,V.(人名)207frontvowels(前(部)元音)36,109–10functionalcategories(功能语类)132–5,247,385inaphasia(失语症中的功能语类)214–17,378–82comprehensionofinagrammatism(语法缺失中功能语类的理解)378–80\ninlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的功能语类)187–8andpragmaticpresupposition(功能语类和语用预设)393productionofinagrammatism(语法缺失中功能语类的产生)378inSLI(SLI中的功能语类)219–21functionwords(功能词)132gapping(功能词缺项)272garden-pathsentences(花园幽径句)10,370,374,408gender(性范畴)errorsinagrammatism(语法缺失中的性范畴错误)380,381–2errorsinSLI(SLI中的性范畴错误)385inOldEnglish(古英语中的性范畴)233genderandlanguageuse(性范畴和语言的使用/运用)49,234generativegrammar(生成语法)4,245generativephonology(生成音系学)97–8genericinterpretation(通指阐释)ofdeterminers(限定词的通指阐释)284geneticendowmentandlanguage(遗传本能与语言)7,13–14,188,311andlanguagedisorders(遗传本能与语言错乱)213genitivecase(领属格)248,265,267,356,360–1andpossessorsinChildEnglish(儿童英语中的领属格和领有者)359–61Georgianalphabet(乔治亚字母表)119German(德语)81,162,164,206,231,321–4clausestructurein(德语中的小句结构)321–4movementin(德语中移位)322–3operatorquestionsin(德语中的算子疑问句)323–4SLIin(德语中的SLI)383–5strongCinfiniteclausesin(德语中的强C)323strongTinfiniteclausesin(德语中的强T)323yes-noquestionsin(德语中的是非问句)324Germanic(日耳曼语)164,224,231Glides(滑音)33globalaphasia(全局性失语症)11glottalfricative(声门擦音)33,47glottalisation(声门化)82glottalplosive(glottalstop)(声门爆破音(声门塞音))34Goal(目标/终点)334Gordon,P.(人名)192grammarofalanguage(一种语言的语法)2–6,81,83,120,238,306,345,350,407grammaticalcategories(语法语类)247inacquisition(习得中的语法语类)186–8insentencecomprehension(句子理解中的语法语类)200grammaticalfunctions(语法功能)247–50,262grammatical(morphosyntactic)word(语法(形态-句法)词)146,159Greek(希腊语)160,225Greekalphabet(希腊字母表)119Grice,P.(人名)396–7,398,402Grimshaw,J.(人名)302Grodzinsky,Y.(人名)380–2gutturals(侯音,腭音)78Halliday,M.(人名)97hardpalate(硬腭)31harmony(和谐)consonant(辅音和谐)99lateral(边音和谐)101–4velar(软腭音和谐)99,101vowel(元音和谐)99–100Hawaiian(夏威夷语)81Head(核心成分)ofcompounds(复合词的核心)148ofphrases(短语或词组的核心)257–61head-drivenphrasestructuregrammar(核心驱动短语结构语法)246headfirstwordorder(核心在首的词序)321,350headlastwordorder(核心在尾的词序)321\nheadmovement(核心移位)293–6,298,306HeadMovementConstraint(HMC)(核心移位限制)318,324HeadPositionParameter(核心位置参数)321,349,350–1,361HeadStrengthParameter(核心强度参数)314Hebrew(希伯莱语)215,380,381Henry,A.(人名)300highasphonologicalfeature(高舌位作为音系特征)413highvowels(高元音)36,109–10historicallinguistics(历史语言学)15–16Hoekstra,T.(人名)373Holmes,J.(人名)49hostforclitic(附着形式的宿主)151Hungarian(西班牙语)38,99,156,224,267,360Hyams,N.(人名)351–2,359–61Hyponyms(下位词)172inWernicke’saphasia(维尼克失语症中的下位词)218hyponymy(上下位关系)170–3,177,178,194Icelandic(冰岛语)230Idealisation(理想化)409identificationexperiment(鉴别/识别实验)110–11,112identificationofnullsubject(空主语的识别)320,352identityofmeaning(seesynonymy)(意义的同一性(参见同义关系))imagingtechniques(成像技术)13imperative(祈使句/式)254,394–5implicationalscale(含义等级)55–6implicit(understood)subject(隐性(理解出来的)主语)277,351incompletephrase(未完成短语/词组)261–2incorporation(并入)160–1independenceoflanguagefaculty(语言能力的独立性)11,377indirectspeechacts(间接言语行为)394–5inferencesinconversation(会话中的推理)400infinitenatureoflanguage(语言的无限性)3–4,260infinitive(不定式)134infinitiveparticle(不定式小品词)259–60asnon-finiteT(不定式作为非有定的T)259infinitivephrase(不定式短语/词组)259infix(中缀)163INFLasgrammaticalcategory(屈折语素作为语法的语类)261inflection(屈折)143inEnglish(英语中的屈折)137ingrammar(语法中的屈折)136inflectionalcategories(屈折语类)136asdeictic(屈折语类终于哦为指示语)389inflectionalerrors(屈折错误)inagrammatism(语法缺失中的屈折错误)378inSLI(SLI中的屈折错误)219–21,385inflectionalformative(屈折的构成)145inflectionallanguages(屈折语)156,158–9,160inflectionalmorphology(屈折形态学)143,144–8incompounds(复合词中的屈折形态学)150inlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的曲折形态学)187,188–92inflectionalparadigmsinaphasia(失语症中的屈折变化表)216inflectionalproperties(屈折特征)137inflectionalrules(seemorphologicalprocesses)(屈折规则)(参见形态过程)inflectionalsystems(屈折系统)156informationalencapsulation(信息封装)201‘information’incategories(语类中的信息)195–6informationstructure(信息结构)390–1innatenesshypothesis(内在性假说)7,11,213,349–50,361,408\ninputrepresentationsinchildphonology(儿童音系中的输入表达式)103–6Instrument(工具/用事)333interactionandvariation(互动和变异)54interdentals(齿间音)31interrogative(疑问(句))253–4,394–5interrogativecomplement(疑问性补语)299–300,303interrogativeinterpretation(疑问句阐释)300–2,341interrogativeoperator(疑问算子)302–3intonation(语调)43–4intonationalchange(语调变化)71–2Inuit(因纽特语)119inversion(倒置、倒装)inquestions(疑问句中的倒置现象)294–6,300,316,322invarietiesofEnglish(英语变异中的倒置)311–14IPA(InternationalPhoneticAssociation)(国际语音学会)27–44,411IrishGaelic(爱尔兰盖尔语)225Irony(反语)397Iroquoian(伊洛魁语的)161isolatinglanguages(孤立语)156,157Italian(意大利语)214,224,230,380aphasicspeechin(意大利语中的失语症者的言语)215,380,381–2JamaicanVernacularEnglish(JVE)(牙买加英语土语)313–14weakCin(牙买加英语土语中的弱C)314Japanese(日语)38,78,81,160topicmarkingin(日语中的话题)391–2Jones,D.(人名)27labelledbracketing(带标签的加方括弧法)141,258labelledtreediagram(带标签的树形图)141–2,258labials(唇音)34labiodentals(唇齿音)31Labov,W.(人名)16,56,57–8,66–7,68,70languagecontact(语言接触)227languagechange(语言变化)15–16,56–8,61–72languagedisorders(语言错乱)11–14,408LanguageFaculty(语言官能)7–9,280,349–50languagegames(语言游戏)117languageshift(语言变换)15languageuse(语言运用)andthestructureofsociety(语言运用与社会结构)14–16languagevariation(语言变异)15laryngealfricative(seeglottalfricative)(喉擦音(参见声门擦音))larynx(喉)28Lashley,K.(人名)116–17lateralasphonologicalfeature(边音作为音系特征)413lateralharmony(边音和谐)101–4laterals(边音)33inchildphonology(儿童音系中的边音)100–4Latin(拉丁语)157–60,165,224,225,391Latinalphabet(拉丁语字母(表))119laxvowels(松元音)38,77lemma(词条的内容)205–7retrievalof(词条内容的恢复)207–9lesionsofthebrain(大脑的损伤)11levelsoflinguisticanalysis(语言分析的层次/级)76–7,78,106,120Levelt,P.(人名)205leveltones(直线调,水平调)43lexeme(词位)143–4,145,146,205lexicalattrition(词汇磨损)228lexicalcategories(词汇语类)129–32,247lexicaldiffusion(词汇扩散)68–70lexicalentry(词条)4,78,128,129,131,138,147–8,152,170,176–8,191–2,219–20,238,287,335,407v.concept(词条和概念)205,225lexicalfunctionalgrammar(词汇功能语法)245lexicalgap(词汇空缺)174lexicallearning(词汇学习)349lexicalrecognition(词汇认知)201–3,207–9\nlexicalstress(seewordstress)(词汇重音)(参见词重音)lexicalsubstitutionsinspeecherrors(语误中的词汇替换)207lexicaltone(词调)43lexicalverbs(词汇性动词)133lexicon(词库)4,128,131,137–8,147–8,170–6,199,203,217–18,238,345,354,407grammaticalpropertiesin(词库中的语法特征)4,147phonologicalpropertiesin(词库中的音系特征)4,147psycholinguisticsand(心理语言学和词库)204–10semanticpropertiesin(语义特征)4,147LFcomponentofagrammar(语法的LF部分)5,407LinearB(线性B)119linguisticallydeterminedvariation(由语言决定着的变异,语言性质的变异)54–6linguisticexperienceofthechild(儿童的语言经验)7–8linguisticvariablesandlanguageuse(语言的可变性和语言应用)47–58LinkingRules(链接规则)335Liquids(流音)33LiteraryWelsh(威尔士文学语言)164–5Litotes(间接肯定法)397Liverpool(利物浦)63localattachmentpreferences(局部附加优势)372–3localisationofbrainfunction(大脑功能的侧化)11–13Location(处所,位置)334LogicalForm(LF)(逻辑形式)5,246,330,339–45,407logicalobject(逻辑宾语)5logicalsubject(逻辑主语)5,374logicofconversation(会话逻辑)395–7London(伦敦)65longvowels(长元音)37–8lowasphonologicalfeature(低舌位作为音系特征)413lowvowels(低元音)36,109–10McMahon,A.(人名)232–3McNeill,D.(人名)286Malay(马来语)224Manner,Maximof(方式,方式准则)397mannerofarticulation(发音方式)29–30,33andlanguagechange(发音方式和语音变化)62–3Maori(毛利语)161,225MaximalOnsetPrinciple(首音最大化原则)82Meaning(意义)insentenceperception(句子感知中的意义)200meaninginclusion(seealsohyponymy)(意义包含(参见上下位关系))172,178meaningopposites(意义对立)175–6memoryforsyntax(句法记忆)366merger(合并)257–62,306,345,407constraintson(合并的条件限制)264meronyms(部分关系词)174meronymy(整体-部分关系)173–4,208metalanguage(元语言)336–7,339Meyerhoff,M.(人名)51midclosedvowels(中闭元音/半闭元音)38MiddleEnglish(中古英语)231midopenvowels(中开元音/半开元音)38midvowels(中元音)36Milroy,J.(人名)51Milroy,L.(人名)51minimalpair(最小比对)75–6minimalresponses(小型应对语)15modifiersincompounds(复合词中的修饰语)148monophthongisation(单元音化)64–5monophthongs(单元音)38monosyllabicwords(单音节词)41moodandspeechacts(语气和言语行为)394–5morphemes(语素)140–3inaphasia(失语症中的语素)214–17bound(粘着语素)140free(自由语素)140\nasminimallinguisticsign(语素作为最小的语言符号)140,145morphologicalchange(形态变化)233–7morphologicaldevelopmentinchildren(儿童的形态发展)188–92morphologicalirregularity(形态的不规则性)137morphologicaloperations(形态操作)162–5morphologicalprocesses(形态过程)140–50,157–65,407dissociationofinSLI(SLI中的形态的分离)219–20asfeatures(形态作为特征)153phonologicalconditioningof(形态的音系限制)152,220realisationsof(形态的实现)152voicingas(浊化作为形态)164vowelchangeas(作为形态的元音变化)163–4morphologicalpropertiesinsentenceperception(句子感知中的形态特征)200morphologicalvariation(形态变异)233–7socialcontactand(社会接触和形态变异)237morphology(形态学)140,165phonologicalprocessesin(形态学中的音系过程)162–5morphs(形素)152motorcontrol(运动神经控制)109,113movementinsyntax(句法中的移位)246,293–306,340covert(句法中的隐性移位)345,407inGerman(德语中句法移位)322–3overt(显性句法移位)345,407insentencecomprehension(句子理解过程中的句法移位)366Myhill,J.(人名)237Nahuatl(那瓦特语)161,224narrowtranscription(严式音标)77nasalasphonologicalfeature(鼻音作为音系特征)85,412nasalisation(鼻音化)40–1nasals(鼻,鼻音)30nativespeakersassourcesofdata(母语者作为语言数据的来源)1naturalclassesinphonology(音系中的自然类)88–9Navajo(纳瓦霍语)83,160Negation(否定)133inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的否定)104inCSE(CSE中的否定)312,314–20inEME(EME中的否定)314–20negativeconcordinAAVE(AAVE中的否定一致)312negativeoperator(否定算子)297Neogrammarians(新语法学派学者)68Neurolinguistics(神经语言学)1,11–14neutralcontextinlexicaldecisiontask(词汇确定任务中的中性语境)202new(v.old)information(新信息和旧信息)390NewYork(纽约)57NewZealandEnglish(新西兰英语)66,71–2,227,230nodesintreediagrams(树形图中的节点)258nominalphrases(名词性短语/词组)inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的名词性词组或短语)358–61asD-projections(名词性短语或词组作为D投射)286,287,349,358,361nominativecase(主格)248,251,265–6,356,360inAAVE(AAVE中的主格)272nominativesubjectsinChildEnglish(儿童语言中的主格主语)355–8nounincorporation(名词并入)161nouns(名词)129–30andderivationalmorphology(名词和派生形态学)144inlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的名词)186,192–6andperson(名词和人称)135intaxonomies(分析体系中的名词)173non-concatenativemorphology(非并置形态学)165\nnon-countnouns(非复数名词)285non-finiteclauses(非定式小句)inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的非定式小句)353–61non-finite(v.finite)verbforms(非定式(和定式)动词形式)251–3inGermanSLI(德语SLI中的非定式动词形式)384–5non-rhoticdialects(非翘舌音方言)37–8,57non-standarddialects(非标准方言)15non-words(非词)perceptionof(非词的感知)206–7Norfolk(诺福克)66,228NorthernCitiesChainShift(北城市链移)66–7,68NorthernEnglish(北部英语)65,69Norwich(诺威奇)49,235nucleusofsyllable(音节的节核)41,79nullconstituents(seeemptyconstituents)(空结构成分(参见空成分))nulldeterminers(空限定词)283–7inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的空限定词)358nullinfinitiveparticle(空不定式小品词)275nulloperatorquestionsinChildEnglish(儿童英语中的空疑问算子)352nullsubjectlanguage(空主语语言)320,351nullsubjectparameter(空主语参数)319–20,349,352,353,361nullsubjects(空主语)inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的空主语)352inChildItalian(儿童意大利语中的空主语)353identificationof(空主语的识别)320,352inJapanese(日语中的空主语)392innon-finiteclauses(非定式小句中的空主语)353–61inwh-questions(wh-疑问句中的空主语)353–4number(数)134errorsinagrammatism(语法缺失中的数范畴错误)380errorsinSLI(SLI中的数范畴错误)219object(宾语)137objectivecase(seealsoaccusativecase)(宾格)248objectlanguage(对象语言)336–7,339obstruents(阻塞音)34,79OldEnglish(古英语)230,231,232,233,236OldFrench(古法语)229,231old(v.new)information(旧信息)390OldNorse(古斯堪的那维亚语)230omissionsinspeecherrors(言语失误中的省减现象)115onsetsofsyllables(音节的首音)79–82inchildlanguage(儿童语言中的节首音)104inpoeticsystems(艺术表达手段系统中的节首音)118inspeecherrors(言语失误中的节首音)115operatorexpressions(算子表达)297,340inGerman(德语中的算子表达)323operatormovement(算子移位)297–302,304,306OptimalityTheory(优选论)90–1OptionalInfinitive(OI)stage(不定式选择性使用阶段)357–8orthographicrepresentation(规范书写法,正字法表示法)84orthography(seealsowritingsystems)(正字法(参见书写系统))27outputrepresentationsinchildphonology(儿童音系中的输出表达式)103–6overextensioninchildren’sworduse(儿童词语运用中的泛化现象)192–3,232overregularisation(过渡规则化)lackofinSLI(SLI中过渡规则化的缺乏)220inmorphologicaldevelopment(形态发展中的过渡规则化)190palatals(腭音,舌面中音)31palato-alveolars(舌面-齿龈音)31\nparagrammatism(语法倒错型言语障碍)377,382–3,385parallel-interactiveprocessingmodels(平行-交互式处理模式)199–204parameters(参数0314–24inlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的参数)349–54parametersetting(参数设定)350–4parametricvariation(参数变异)314–24paraphasia(语言错乱)214–15,217–19parser(语法分析器)9,372–5localityand(局部性和语法分析器)373–5parsing(句法分析)366partitiveinterpretationofdeterminers(限定词的部分释义)284,303part–wholerelationship(seemeronymy)(部分-整体关系(参见整体-部分关系))passivearticulator(被动发音体)31passiveconstruction(被动结构)304–5passiveparticiple(被动分词)137,146,148inGerman(德语中的被动分词)162passivevoice(被动语态)137,146,305passivisation(被动化)306pastparticiple(过去分词)136pasttensemorphemeinacquisition(习得过程中的过去时语素)189–90Patient(seeAffectedObject)(受事(参见受影响的宾语))peakofsyllable(seenucleus)节峰(参见音核)pejorationandsemanticchange(意义贬化和语义变化)231perceptionoflanguage(seesentencecomprehension,speechperception)(语言感知(参见句子理解,言语感知))perfectaspect(完成体)136,146,252,261perfectauxiliary(v.causativeverb)(完成体助词(和致使动词))274–5perfectparticiple(完成体分词)136,148,152–3inGerman(德语中的完成体分词)162performance(v.competence)(语言行为/运用(和语言能力))3,9,367,370,375,388,408,409performatives(施为句)394performativeverbs(施为动词)394perseverationsinspeecherrors(言语错误中的重复症)115,117person(人称)134PFcomponentofagrammar(语法的PF部分)78,84,120pharyngeals(咽,咽部音)35Philadelphia(费城)64,237Phoenician(腓尼基语)119Phonemes(音位)75–8,110Phones(音素)76–7phoneticconditioningofsoundchange(声音变化的语音限制)68phoneticform(PF)(语音部分)4–5,407phonetictranscription(音标)27–44phonologicalcomponentofagrammar(seealsoPFcomponentofagrammar)(语法的音系部分(参见语法的PF部分)5,345,407phonologicalfeatures(音系特征)85–90phonologicalperceptioninchildren(儿童的音系感知)96,97,100–6phonologicalprocesses(音系过程)4–5,82–5,86–90,407context-free(语境自由音系过程)99context-sensitive(语境敏感音系过程)99inlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的音系过程)97–106inmorphology(形态中的音系过程)162–5pronunciationrulesas(发音规则作为音系过程)104selectionrulesas(选择规则作为音系过程)104phonologicalproductioninchildren(儿童的音系产生)96–8,100–6phonologicalrules(音系规则)98–106phonologicalvariation(音系变异)47–58phonology(音系/音系学)5phonotacticconstraints(语音构型限制)80–1phrasalaffix(附加在词组或短语上的语缀)150–1phrasalstress(词组或短语重音)42\nphrase(v.clause)(短语或词组(和小句))254,257–60insentenceperception(句子感知中的短语或词组)367pitch(音高)42–4placeofarticulation(发音部位)31–3andlanguagechange(发音部位和语言变化)62andphonologicalfeatures(发音部位和音系特征)86plosives(爆破音)29pluralmorpheme(表复数的语素)inacquisition(习得中表复数的语素)188–9inSLI(SLI中表复数的语素)220poeticdevices(艺术表达手段)117–19polarityitems(极性词项)303Polish(波兰语)83Politeness(礼貌)15Pollard,C.(人名)246Polysemy(多义)232polysyllabicwords(多音节词)41,81polysyntheticlanguages(多式综合语)160–1possessives(所有格)inAAVE(AAVE中的所有格)237povertyofthestimulusargument(刺激贫乏证据)8pragmatics(语用学)245,246,388–400predicate(谓语,谓词)247prefix(前缀)106,140prepositionalphrase(PP)(介词短语或词组)262,263,315,331inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的介词短语或词组)350prepositions(介词)131,144,334inlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的介词)187presentparticiple(现在分词)136presupposition(预设)392–4andinformationstructure(预设和信息结构)391,394logical(逻辑预设)393pragmatic(语用预设)393–4prevocalicvoicing(元音前浊化)99primedcontextinlexicaldecisiontasks(词汇确定任务中的待发语境)203primingexperiments(启动实验)202PrincipleofCompositionality(合成性原则)330–2,337,338PrinciplesandParametersTheory(PPT)(原则-参数理论)325,345,349–50,354pro319inchildlanguage(儿童语言中的原则-参数理论)351–2PRO(大指代)276–8,282–3,320,368inchildlanguage(儿童语言中的大指代)353–4,361proberecognitiontasks(探测词识别任务)369–70proclitic(前附着形式)151progressiveaspect(进行体)136,146progressiveparticiple(进行体小品词)136,146inacquisition(习得中的进行体小品词)189–90projection(投射)258pronouns(代词)134,248andcontext(代词和语境)388–400asdeterminers(代词作为限定词)285–7interpretationsof(代词的阐释)342personal(人称代词)134relative(关系代词)253inSLI(SLI中的代词)219propositionalattitudeverbs(命题态度动词)174propositions(v.utterancesv.sentences)(命题(和话语片断及句子))389prosodicphenomena(韵律现象)41–4prototypes(原型或类典型)181–2,209–10inWernicke’saphasia(维尼克区失语症中的原型)217pseudo-cleftsentences(假分裂句)282psycholinguistics(心理语言学)1PuertoRicanEnglish(波多黎各英语)55pushchain(推链)67Quality(质),Maximof(质准则)396qualityinvowels(元音音质)37\nquantificationalDPs(量化DPs)330,339,341Quantity(量),Maximof(量准则)396quantityinvowels(元音中的量)37questionoperator(疑问算子)302–3,324questions(疑问(句))inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的疑问(句))352,353–4inCSE(CSE中的疑问(句))316inEME(EME中的疑问(句))316formationof(疑问(句)的构成)133inGerman(德语中的疑问(句))323–4interpretationas(作为疑问句加以解释)300–2wh-in-situ(疑问词在原位的疑问句)297yes-no(是非问句)302–3,323–4rankingofconstraints(限制的等级)90–1rapidityoffirstlanguageacquisition(第一语言习得的迅捷性)6‘r’-colouring(翘舌色彩)39reactivationofcopies(拷贝的再激活)370realisationofmorphologicalprocesses(形态过程的再实现)152ReceivedPronunciation(RP)(规范发音)36,69recencyeffectsinpsycholinguistics(心理语言学中的近因效应)369recipient(接受者)379recursion(递归)incompounds(复合词中的递归性)148insentencestructure(句子结构中的递归性)260redundancyinfeaturespecifications(特征刻画中的冗余性)85,87reduplication(冗余现象)163reflexives(卷舌音)277–8register(语域)226regularityofsoundchange(语音变化的规律性)67–8Relation(相关性),Maximof(相关准则)396,398RelevanceTheory(关联理论)398–400,402,409resonance(共鸣、共振)28retroflex(卷舌(现象))33,35rhetoric(修辞的)395rhyme(rime)(韵,押韵)79inpoetry(诗歌中的押韵)118Rips,L.(人名)210Rizzi,L.(人名)280,352–3Roberts,I.(人名)302Romance(罗曼语)151Root(词根)140,145Rosch,E.(人名)196roundedasphonologicalfeature(圆唇作为音系特征)413rounding(圆唇)36,39–40ruledeficithypothesisinSLI(SLI中的规则缺损假说)219–20Russell,B.(人名)338Russian(俄语)38,160,214,215,224,381Sacks,H.(人名)398Sag,I.(人名)246Samoan(萨摩亚人(语))161scan-copiermodelofspeechproduction(言语产生的扫描-拷贝模型)116–17schwavowel(央元音)36,83segments(音段)41,75inspeecherrors(语误中的音段)114,118–19inwritingsystems(书写系统或文字系统中的音段)118–19selection(选择)264,266–8,345selectionalpropertiesofauxiliaries(助动词的选择特征)267selectiveimpairmentofbrainfunction(大脑功能的选择性损伤)11,216Sells,P.(人名)311semanticbroadening(语义的夸大)230semanticchange(语义变化)228–33semanticcomponentofagrammar(语法的语义部分)345,407semanticcomprehension(语义理解)200,408semanticnarrowing(语义的缩小)231semanticsimilarity(语义的相似性)ratingof(语义相似率)210inWernicke’saphasia\n(维尼克失语症中的语义相似性)218–19semanticsinacquisition(习得的语义学)192–6sentencecomprehension(句子理解)366–74sentence–picturematchingtask(句子-图画匹配任务)379–80sentenceprocessing(句子处理)strategiesof(句子处理策略)370–4sentences(v.utterancesv.propositions)(句子(和话语片断及命题))389Senufo(赛努夫语)81SeparationHypothesis(分割假说)153,156,165Serbo-Croatian(塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语)43serial-autonomousprocessingmodels(序列自动处理模型)199–204ShakespearianEnglish(seeEarlyModernEnglish)(莎士比亚英语)(参见早期现代英语)short-termmemory(短时记忆)366,369,373–4shortvowels(短元音)36–7SignLanguages(符号语言)25socialclassandlanguageuse(社会阶层与语言使用)48socialcontactandmorphologicalvariation(社会接触和形态变异)237socialnatureoflanguage(语言的社会属性)1socialnetworklinks(社会网络链)51,237sociolinguistics(社会语言学)14–16sociologicalvariables(社会变量)47–52softpalate(seevelum)(软腭)sonorantasphonologicalfeature(响音作为音系特征)412sonorants(响音)34,79sonority(响度)80sonorityprinciple(响度原则)80–1soundchange(语音变化)56–8,61–72soundsource(声源)28Source(源点,来源)334SouthAfricanEnglish(南部非洲英语)68Spanish(西班牙语)083,151,160,389species-specificityofthelanguagefaculty(语言官能的物种特异性)8–9SpecificLanguageImpairment(SLI)(特定/特异性语言损伤)13–14,213,219–21,377,383–5,408dissociationsin(SLI中的分离现象)219–20therapyfor(SLI治疗)383,384,385wordorderand383–5specifier(标示语)262,281,297,299,300,315,322,323specifier–headagreement(标示语-核心一致关系)265,353speechacts(言语行为)38indirect(间接言语行为)394–5speechperception(言语感知)109–13speechproduction(言语生成)109,113–17,207–9mechanismsof(言语生成机制)28–41Sperber,D.(人名)398,402spirantisation(螺旋化)62–3spoonerisms(斯布讷现象)114–15spreading(散布,扩展)101stablesociolinguisticvariables(稳态社会变量)16stablevariation(稳态变异)234–5standardlanguages(标准语)15stem(词干)145,147stem-basedinflection(基于词干的屈折)160,215,216stoppinginchildphonology(儿童音系中的塞音化)99stops(塞音)86stories(故事,新闻报道)245StrayDeletion(StrayErasure)(离群者删除(离群者擦除))105Stress(重音)5,41–2inlanguagechange(语言变化中的重音)70–1andphonologicalalternations(重音和音系交替或更替)83phrasal(词组或短语的重音)42secondary(次重音)42word(词重音)42\ninwordrecognition(词识别中的重音)200stridentasphonologicalfeature)(锐音,强噪音作为音系特征)412structuralambiguity(结构歧义)incompounds(复合词中的结构歧义)149insentenceprocessing(句子处理中的结构歧义)370–3insentences(句子中的结构歧义)331–2structuralcontinuityinlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的结构连续性)354,357,361structurallearning(结构的学习)asparametersetting(结构的学习作为参数设定)349stylisticvariation(风格变异)53–4subject(主语)130,137,247–9,262empty(空主语)(seeproandPRO)inpassives(被动句中的主语)305–6subject-centredlanguages(主语突出型语言)392subordinatelevelofcategorisation(范畴化的下位层级)194–6inWernicke’saphasia(维尼克失语症中的范畴化下位层级)217–18substitutionsinspeecherrors(语误中的替换)115,207,208suffix(后缀)140Suffolk228suggestions(建议行为)394Sumeriancuneiform(苏美尔楔形文字)119Superordinate(上位的)172,208superordinatelevelofcategorisation(范畴化的上位层级)194–6inWernicke’saphasia(维尼克失语症中范畴化的上位层级)217–18suppletion(异干互补)partial(部分异干互补)152total(整体异干互补)152suprasegmentalchange(超音段变化)70–2suprasegmentallevel(超音段层级)41suprasegmentals(超音段特征)41–4surfacerepresentation(surfaceform)(表层表达式(表层形式))84–5,86–90inchildphonology(儿童音系中的表层表达式)102,106Swahili(斯瓦希里语)160syllabification(音节划分,划分音节)81–2syllables(音节)41,78–82inchildphonology(儿童音系中的音节)99inpoetry(诗歌中的音节)118inspeecherrors(语误中的音节)115,116–17inwritingsystems(书写系统中的音节)119syllabletemplatesinchildphonology(儿童音系中音节的模型)104–5synchronicmethodinhistoricallinguistics(seealsoapparent-timemethod)(历史语言学中的共时方法(参见视时方法))16syncretism(综合现象)159synonymy(同义关系)174–5,209syntacticcomponentofagrammar(语法中的句法部分)4,407syntacticdisorders(句法错乱)377andlanguagecomprehension(句法错乱和语言理解)377andlanguageproduction(句法错乱和语言产生)377syntacticillusions(句法幻象)374syntacticparameters(句法参数)314–24syntacticvariation(句法变异)311–20,409tableauxinOptimalityTheory(优选论中的图表)91Tagalog(他加禄语)162–3tagquestions(附加疑问句)273–4tap(闪音)34taxonomy(分类体系)172–3,181,194–5,217–18-t/-ddeletion(-t/-d删除)54–6Tehran(德黑兰)49telegraphicspeechinBroca’saphasia(布洛卡失语症中的电报言语)214,217,381tense(时)259asconstituentofclauses(时作为小句的结构成分)259–60\nasdeictic(时作为指示语)389empty(空时)271–6,284finite(v.non-finite)(有定的时(和无定的时))259,261,265–6markinginChildEnglish(儿童英语中的时标记)357–8tensephrase(TP)(时短语)259–60,261–2,264incomplete(T’)(不完整的时短语)262,264tensevowels(紧元音)38,77texts(篇章)245thematic(θ-)roles(题元角色)333–5Theme(主题)334,379thirdpersonsingularpresentmorpheme(第三人称单数现在时语素)inacquisition(习得中的第三人称单数现在时语素)189–90allomorphyin(第三人称单数现在时语素的形位变体)220inSLI(SLI中的第三人称单数现在时语素)220tone(声调)42–3tonelanguages(声调语言)43Tongan(东干语)161tonguetwisters(绕口令)114topic(v.comment)(话题(和评述))249,281,322,389–92topicalisation(话题化)306topic-centredlanguages(话题突出型语言)392topic–commentarticulation(话题-评述接合)391traceofmovement(seecopy)(移位的语迹(参见拷贝))transitionprobleminhistoricallinguistics(历史语言学中的过渡问题)61,67–70transitionrelevantplaces(转化关联位置)401Travis,L.(人名)318treestructuresinsentencecomprehension(句子理解中的数结构)366Trudgill,P.(人名)49,235truncation(截除现象)352–3,361truthconditions(真值条件)336–9,344,388TStrengthParameter(T强度参数)317,349T-to-Cmovement(T到C的移位)295,313,316inAAVE(AAVE中T到C的移位)312inGerman(德语中T到C的移位)322–3Turkish(土耳其语)99–100,156–7,157–8,224,391turn-takinginconversation(会话中的话轮转换)400–2umlaut(元音变音)164underlyingrepresentations(底层表达式)83–5,86–90inchildphonology(儿童语言中的底层表达式)101,102,106,140underspecification(欠刻画,未细化)offunctionalcategoriesinagrammatism(语法缺失现象中功能语类的欠刻画现象)380–2offunctionalcategoriesinChild(儿童语言中的欠刻画现象)English(英语的欠刻画现象)361ofphonologicalfeatures(音系特征的欠刻画现象)87uniformityinfirstlanguageacquisition(第一语言习得中的无差异性)6UniformityPrinciple(一致性原则)280–1UniversalGrammar(UG)(普遍语法)6,87,90,232,287,311,377,408principlesof(普遍语法的原则)8,280,318,325,349,354,358,359,361universalsinsociolinguistics(社会语言学中的普遍性)16utterances(v.sentencesv.propositions)话语片断(和句子及命题)388–9uvulars(小舌音)35Valian,V.(人名)353variablesininformationstructure(信息结构中的变量)390–1variablesinLF(LF中的变量)338–9,340,\n341variablesinsociolinguistics(社会语言学中的变量)15variation(变异)ageand(年龄和变异)235–6interactionaldeterminationof(变异的互动决定性)54lexical(词汇变异)409linguisticdeterminationof(变异的语言决定性)54–6morphological(形态变异)233–7parametric(参数的变异)314–24phonological(音系的变异)409socialcontactand(社会接触与变异)237stable(稳定性变异)234–5stylistic(风格变异)53–4syntactic(句法变异)246,311–20velars(软腭音)31velum(软腭)30verbphrase(VP)(动词短语)257–8,264inChildEnglish(儿童英语中的动词短语)350verbs(动词)129–30baseformof(动词的基础形式)135,252–3,266–7andderivationalmorphology(动词和派生形态学)144-dformof(动词的-d形式)136,146,252infinitiveform(动词的不定式)253inflectionalcategoriesof(动词的屈折范畴)136-ingformof(动词的-ing形式)136,146–7,252,266–7intransitive(不及物动词)137inlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的动词)187morphologicalpropertiesinEnglish(英语中动词的形态特性)135–7-nformof(动词的-n形式)136,146,252,266–7,305-sformof(动词的-s形式)135,252intaxonomies(分类体系中的动词)173tenseand(时和动词)136transitive(及物动词)137Vietnamese(越南语)156vocalcords(vocalfolds)(声带)28vocaltract(声道)28,30voicebox(seelarynx)(音箱(参见喉))voicedasphonologicalfeature(浊作为音系特征)85,413VoiceOnsetTime(VOT)(浊音起始时间)112–13Voicing(浊化)34changeasmorphologicalprocess(浊化作为形态过程)164inchildlanguage(儿童语言中的浊化)99inlanguagechange(语言变化中的浊化)61–2andspeechperception(浊化和言语感知)112vowelchangeasmorphologicalprocess(元音变化作为形态过程)163–4vowellength(元音的音长)77vowelreduction(远因弱化)84–5vowels(元音)29,36–41continuousperceptionof(元音的连续感知)110–11inlanguagechange(语言变化中的元音)64–7mergers(元音合并)65–6qualityin(元音的音质)37quantityin(元音中的音量)37splits(元音分裂/分裂)65V-to-TmovementinEME(EME中V到T的移位)316–17,320,352Wellington(华盛顿)49Wernicke,C.(人名)13Wernicke’saphasia(维尼克失语症)214–15,217–19,377,382–3Wernicke’sarea(维尼克区)13Wexler,K.(人名)357wh-in-situquestions(疑问词留在原位的疑问句)297wh-movement(疑问词移位)298wh-operator(疑问算子)297Wilson,D.(人名)398,402Wisbech(威斯贝奇)70word-associationexperiments(词关联实验)\n209word-basedinflection(基于词的屈折)159–60,216wordexchanges(词语调换)207,208inparagrammatism(语法倒错性言语障碍中的词调换)382word-findingdifficultiesinparagrammatism(语法倒错言语障碍中的找词困难)383wordform(词的形式)143–4,146,159wordformation(词的构成)131word/non-worddecisiontasks(词/非词判定任务)202–3wordorder(词序)acquisitionof(词序的习得)350–1differences(词序差异)311–19,321–4errorsinSLI(特定语言损伤中的词序)383–5words(词)127–8inaphasia(失语症中的词)128,214–19inlanguageacquisition(语言习得中的词)128wordstress(词重音)42writingsystems(书写系统)117,119writtenlanguages(书面语)25Yawelmani(雅维尔玛尼语)81Yes-noquestions(一般疑问句)302–3inGerman(德语中的一般疑问句)325inEME(初期现代英语中的一般疑问句)316yod-dropping(yod脱落)63Yoruba(亚鲁巴语)40,42Index(索引)433

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