应用语言学04 5页

Antonyms　　Antonyms(反義字)aretraditionallydefinedaswordsthatpossesscontrastingmeanings.Likesynonymstheymaybeinterchangeableinthecontext,theyhavethesamefunctionsandgrammaticalmeaningandaremostlyfoundwithinoneword-class.Unlikesynonymstheydonotdifferinstyle,dialectandemotionalcoloring.Mostoftheantonymshaveunrelatedmorphologicalforms,suchasgoodorbad,bigorsmall,tallorshort,etc.Buttherealsoexistwordsthatformmorphologicallyrelatedpairsproducedbymeansofnegativeoropposableprefixesandsuffixes,cf.:pleasantandunpleasant,logicalandillogical,rationalandirrational,hopefulandhopeless,etc.Theclassificationofantonyms,oropposites,wasdevelopedinworksofPalmer(1976),Lyons,(1977),LehrerandLehrer(1982)andCruse(1986).Alltheantonymsaregenerallydividedinto4types:1.gradable(程度上漸進式)((形容詞)有比較級和最高級的;可以用very,almost等詞修飾的)antonymsarepredominantlyadjectivesthatdenotequalitiessubjecttoclassification(narrow–narrower–narrowest):high–low,hot-cold;2.complementary(可互補的)(contradictory)antonymsappearwhenthedenial,negationofoneofthemembersofthepairappliestheassessment(areequivalent(相等的)oftheotherone:male–female,dead–alive,aunt–uncle;3.conversive(相反的)antonymsappearinasetofwordswhenonememberofthepairisreferredtotheothermember:tosend-toreceive,totake–togive,tobuy–tosell.4.directional(相對的)antonyms,generallyadverbsandprepositions,thatindicateoppositespatial(空間的)directions:up–down,in–out.Asubtypeofdirectionaloppositesiscalled“reversive(非A即B二分法)?”opposites–wordsthatdescribetwophenomenaindicatedbyoppositedirectionsofdevelopment:marry–divorce,enter–leave,appear–disappear.Gradableantonymsusuallydescribepropertiesincomparisontootherproperties:short–tall(incomparisontootherpeople).5\nComplementaryantonymsdonotallowmiddlevalues,anylogicalmiddleterm.Somegradableadjectivesaresometimestreatedascomplementaryantonymsastherecannotappearanymidpointsonthescale:clean–dirty,dry–wet.Conversives(converses;relationalopposites)representoppositeperspectivesofthesamerelations,theyplayareversedrole:husband–wife,aunt–niece,nephew,father-son.Thesepairsindicaterelationshipsinsuchawaythatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother.Inmostofthecasestheyexpresssocialroles(teacher–student)orkinship(親屬關係)relations(father–mother).　　Apolysemanticword(一字多義)mayhaveseveralantonymsforeachofitsmeanings:dull–interesting,dull-clever,dull–active;light–heavy,light-strong,light–dark.　　Differentpartsofspeechhavedifferentabilitiestobuildpairsofwordsofoppositemeanings.Antonymyisverytypicalofadjectivesbecausequalitativecharacteristicsareeasilycompared,whileverbsandnounsarenotrichinantonyms.5\nAntonymsNoteAntonymshave(1)unrelatedmorphologicalforms,suchasgoodorbad,bigorsmall,tallorshort,strong-weak.(2)existwordsthatformmorphologicallyrelatedpairsproducedbymeansofnegativeoropposableprefixesandsuffixes,cf.:pleasantandunpleasant,logicalandillogical,rationalandirrational,hopefulandhopeless,real-unreal,helpful-helpless.Alltheantonymsaregenerallydividedinto4types:1.gradable:(adjectives)denotequalities,subjecttoqualification,i.e.,low-lower-lowest(程度上漸進式)((形容詞)有比較級和最高級的;可以用very,almost等詞修飾的)antonymsarepredominantlyadjectivesthatdenotequalitiessubjecttoclassification(narrow–narrower–narrowest):high–low,hot-cold;2.complementary:absoluteopposition,onememberdeniestheother,i.e.,moral-immoral.(可互補的)(contradictory)antonymsappearwhenthedenial,negationofoneofthemembersofthepairappliestheassessment(areequivalent(相等的)oftheotherone:male–female,dead–alive,aunt–uncle,boy-girl.3.conversive:oppositeperspectiveofthesame(social)relation.(prefixorsuffix),i.e.,buy-sell,teacher-student,enter-exit.(相反的)antonymsappearinasetofwordswhenonememberofthepairisreferredtotheothermember:tosend-toreceive,totake–togive,tobuy–tosell.4.directional:(prep,adverbs),i.e.,up-down.(相對的)antonyms,generallyadverbsandprepositions,thatindicateoppositespatial(空間的)directions:up–down,in–out.Asubtypeofdirectionaloppositesiscalled“reversive(非A即B二分法)?”opposites–wordsthatdescribetwophenomenaindicatedbyoppositedirectionsofdevelopment:marry–divorce,enter–leave,appear–disappear.5\ngradable:(adjectives)complementary:Conversive:(maybereversed)Directional(prep,adverbs)Beautiful-uglyDead-alivebequeath–inheritBehind-infrontBright-duskyWet-dryAunt-niece,nephewBehind-infrontofWet-dryClean-dirtyLike-dislikeClockwise-anticlockwiseFat-skinnyHusband-wifeDay-nightIn-outWarm-coldInnocent-guiltyDoctor-patientAbove-belowFast-slowRight-wrongParent-childup-downShallow-deepFeminine-masculineHusband-wifeGood-badWomen-menReceive-giveWise-narrowboy-girlUncle-nephewOld-youngPass-failInnocent-guiltyClever-stupidmoral-immoralEnter-leaveMerry-sadmale–femaleLove-hateSoft-hardaunt–uncleOld-younghigh–lowEnemy-friendhot-coldOptimist-pessimistOpen-closeMarry-divorceVegetarian-carnivorousPass-failObey-disobeyHonest-dishonestsend-receivetake–giveteacher-studententer-exitfather-sonfather–motherSenior-junior5\n補充： (1)Gradableantonyms分級反義詞(amatterofdegree),i.e.,Old—middle-aged—young;  hot-warm-cold(2)Complementaryantonyms互補反義詞amatterofdegreebetween分類  twoextremes,i.e.,Alive—dead;    male—female; (3)Relationalopposites關係反義詞(中間可以加成分，如上、中、下),i.e.,         father-son;teacher-pupil;doctor-patient;buy-sell;above-below同義／反義關係。同義詞當然大家已相當熟悉，不另多說。反義詞在語意關係上的地位，倒是值得討論。一般人通常以為反義詞是意義相差距離最遠的兩個詞。其實，從語言學的觀點來講，反義詞是語意距離最近的兩個詞。打個比方，通常與最親密的人吵架是最激烈的；比如巴勒斯坦和以色列打得你死我活，他們同是閃族人（Semite），民族血緣其實是最近的。共同的生活環境與資源需求造成利益的競爭與衝突；在需求相同後造成競爭，特性上些微的不同便造成對立。在詞語中，反義詞根據語意學的定義是，兩個詞除了對比的語意特徵外，其他所有語意特徵完全一樣。也就是說，反義詞的功能是在某個概念關係上的對比，而要建立這個對比，其他（語意）條件必須相同。另一個說法，對這個關係也許有幫助的，就是我們常說的「蘋果怎麼跟橘子比？」反義的對比，是建立在其他語意特質相同的條件上。以下以幾個例子說明討論。比如買跟賣是一對反義詞，所牽涉的動作一樣，只是方向不一樣而已。胖與瘦，講體重，一個體重的數量大，一個數量小，只有一個特質不一樣。所以，從觀念來講，比如從搜尋，或其他從知識的處理來講，會不會想到用反義詞去搜尋，是成功的關鍵之一。假設說你要找「紅」的東西，你會想到綠；紅跟綠根據定義是反義詞，因為它只是描述顏色的色譜不一樣而已。因此，當你去搜尋紅的時候，人是會有時候，一個詞想不出來，一個概念想不出來，會用類似的概念，會用反義詞。如找叔叔，找不到，會找伯伯、或找姪子，這樣的關係反義詞。但是，通常的搜尋介面裡是不會提供這樣的功能的，因為它誤認為反義詞代表著完全不同的概念，忽視了反義詞才是詞義距離最近的。這是一個反義詞的概念。5