生物学专业英语 9页

专业英语9句子翻译:1、Whiletheseproblemtendtohavemultipleroots,theirbiologicalbasesmayyieldtobiologicalsolutions,andthesesolutions,inturn,willhelpeasetheassociatedpressuresonsociety.这些问题的根源是多方面的，它们的生物学基础可以用生物学来解决，而这些问题的解决反过来将有助于减轻对社会的压力。2、Instudyingthelivingworld,youareembarkingonadventureofdiscoverythatwillnotonlyexciteyourimaginationandenrichyourappreciationofthenaturalworld,butwillprovideabasisonwhichyoucancontributeintelligentlytothedifficultchoicessocietymustmakeinthefuture.在研究生物世界过程中，你正从事着冒险的探索，它不仅激发你的创造力，丰富你对自然世界的鉴别能力，而且为你将来对人类错综复杂社会作出理智的贡献打下基础。1、Thecriterionofmovementisthusneithernecessary–possessedbyalllifeforms-norsufficient-possessedonlybylifeforms,eventhoughitisacommonattributeofmanykindsoforganisms.虽然运动是许多生物一个共同的特征，但运动的标准既不是所有生命的必要条件，也不是生命形式所仅有的。2、TheorderofthesubunitsmakinguptheDNAcontains,incode,theinformationthatdetermineswhatanindividualorganismwillbelike,justastheorderoflettersonthispagedeterminesthesenseofwhatyouarereading.组成DNA的亚单位的顺序，即密码所包含的信息，决定了生物个体将来的模样，就像这一页书的字母的顺序决定了您正在阅读这篇材料的意义一样。\1、Ouratmospherehassincechangedaslivingorganismsbegantoharnesstheenergyinsunlighttosplitwatermoleculesandformcomplexcarbonmolecules,givingoffgaseousoxygenmoleculesintheprocess.自从生物开始利用太阳能分裂水分子，形成复杂的碳分子，并在这个过程中释放气态氧分子，从此我们的大气层发生了变化。2、Onearthtoday,weareshieldedfromtheeffectsofsolarultravioletradiationbyalayerofozonegas（O3）intheupperatmosphere,anditisparticularlydifficulttoimaginetheenormousfluxofultravioletenergytowhichtheearlyearth’ssurfacemusthavebeenexposed.今天，在地球上我们受到大气上层的臭氧层的保护，免受太阳紫外线辐射的影响，而早期地球表面直接暴露在强大的紫外线能流通量下，这是特别难以想象的。1、Theideaofevolution-thenotionthatkindsoflivingthingsonearthchangedgraduallyfromoneformintoanotheroverthecourseoftime-providesagoodexampleofhowanidea,aneducatedguess,isdevelopedintoahypothesis,tested,andeventuallyacceptedasatheory.进化的思想——地球上各种生物在时间过程中由一种类型逐渐变成另一种类型的见解——为一种思想、一种推测如何发展成为一种假说，并被检验，最终成为一种理论而被接受提供了很好的例子。2、Hepresentedhisideainsuchconvincingdetailthattheycouldlogicallybeacceptedasexplainingthediversityoflifeonearth,theintricateadaptationoflivingthings,andthewaysinwhichtheyarerelatedtooneanother.9\n他提出的思想是如此令人信服的详细，以致这些见解合乎逻辑地被接受用来解释地球上生命的多样性、生物的复杂适应变化，以及一种生物与另一种生物之间关系的方式。1、Twophyla,arthropoda—agiganticgroupthatincludescrustaceans,spiders,andinsects—andchordate—ourownphylum,whichincludesthevertebrates—dominateanimallifeontheland.生物分类上的庞大类群——节肢动物门，包括甲壳纲动物、蜘蛛纲和昆虫纲的一个庞大类群——以及脊索动物门——我们人类本身所属的门，即脊椎动物——在陆地动物种类上占了优势地位。2、Theabilityofanimalstomove—andtomovemorerapidlyandinmorecomplexwaysthanthememberofotherkingdoms—isperhapstheirmoststrikingcharacteristic,onethatisdirectlyrelatedtotheflexibilityoftheircells.动物能运动的本性——甚至比其他生物王国的成员的运动速度更快，运动方式更复杂——也许是他们最显著的特征，这是与它们细胞的柔韧性有关。1、Theeggsofarthropoddevelopintoimmatureformsthatmaybearlittleornoresemblancetotheadultsofthesamespecies;mostmembersofthisphylumchangetheircharacteristicsastheydevelopfromstagetostage,aprocesscalledmetamorphosis.节肢动物的卵发育到幼龄阶段（非成熟阶段），其形态与它的成熟阶段的形态很少相似，或者根本不相似；这一门的大多数种类，当它们从一个阶段发育到另一个阶段的时候，其特征也发生变化，这个过程成成为变态。2、Thefundamentaldifferencesinthederivationandstructureoftheirmouthpartsindicatethatthecheliceratesandthemandibulatesrepresentdifferentevolutionarylinesamongthearthropodsandthatneithergroupgaverisetotheother.起源上和口器结构上的根本差异，表明螯肢动物和有颚动物代表了节肢动物当中两条不同的进化路线，同时表明这两类动物在起源上相互之间是没有联系的。1、ThehollowdorsalnervecordofmostvertebratesisprotectedwithinaU-shapedgrooveformedbypairedprojectionsfromthevertebralcolumn.大多数脊椎动物凹陷的背神经索由脊柱的成对的凸出物形成的U形沟所保护。2、Thisrelationshiphasinthepastsometimesbeenrecognizedbydesignatingtheagnathansasadistinctgroupofvertebrates,moredifferentfromtheotherclassesthantheotherclassesarefromoneanther.在过去，这种进化关系一直把无颔类作为脊椎动物一个独特的类群，其他纲动物间有差异，但它与其他纲动物的差异更明显。1、Inallbutafewmammals除少数种类以外，在所有哺乳动物当中。。。2、TheseanimalsoccuronlyinAustraliaandNewGuinea;recently,a110-million-year-oldfossiljawsimilartothatofaplatypuswasdiscoveredinAustralia,indicatingthatmonotremeshaveinhabitedthatpartoftheworldforaverylongtime.这些动物仅出现在澳大利亚和新几内亚；近几年在澳大利亚发现1.1亿年的类似于鸭嘴兽的颚的化石，这表明单孔目动物在地球上的这部分陆地栖居了相当长的时间。3、Oneevolutionarylineofmammals,thebats,hasjoinedinsectsandbirdsintheonlygroupoflivinganimalsthattrulyflies;another,theCetacea,togetherwiththeSirenia,ormanatees,hasrevertedtoanaquatichabitat,likethatfromwhich9\ntheancestorsofmammalscamehundredsofmillionsofyearsago.哺乳动物的一条进化线，蝙蝠，把仅有的真正会飞翔的动物种类——昆虫和鸟连接起来；另一进化线，鲸鱼目的动物与海牛目动物或海牛，已经回复到水栖境，据此，哺乳动物的祖先很可能在几亿年前就出现在地球上了。1、Thethreemaintissuessystemsinamaturevascularplantincludethedermaltissuesystem,which,likeskin,protectstheplantfromwaterlossandinjurytointernaltissues;thegroundtissuesystem,whichprovidessupportandstoresstarch;andthevasculartissuesystem,whichconductsfluidsandhelpstrengthentheroots,stems,andleaves.成熟的维管束植物的三个主要组织系统包括：表皮组织系统，该系统像皮肤那样防止植物水分的流失，保护内部组织免受损害；基础组织系统，该系统对植物提供支撑并贮藏淀粉；维管束组织系统，该系统使流体在植物体内流动，帮助增强根、茎、叶的生长。2、Collenchymatissueistougherthanparenchymabecauseindividualcollenchymacellsoftenhaveacylindricalshapeandthickprimarywalls,andtheyconnectendtoendinlong,stringyfiberssuchasthosejustbeneaththeepidermisofacelerystalk.厚角组织比薄壁组织坚韧强硬得多，这是由于单个厚角组织细胞常常具有圆柱形的、厚的初生壁，它们头尾连结成很长的丝状纤维，正如芹草茎皮下的纤维那样。1、Angiospermssuchasthepearexperienceauniquedoublefertilization:onespermnucleusfuseswiththeeggnucleustoformthediploidembryo,whiletheotherfuseswithtwopolarnucleitoformthetriploidnutritivetissue,orendosperm,thatwillnourishtheembryowithintheseed.像梨树那样的被子植物，经历唯一一次的双重授精;一个精子的细胞核与卵核融合形成二倍体胚胎，而其他精子的细胞核与两极核融合形成三倍体的营养组织或胚乳，它们将供给种子内的胚胎的营养。2、By“enlisting”animalstodisperseseeds,immobileplantsaresparedtheenergytheywouldneedforself-propelledmotion,andyettheiroffspringstillhaveafairchancetobecomerootedagooddistanceawayfromtheadultandawayfromdirectcompetitionforsunlight,water,andminerals.借助动物传播扩散种子，不会运动的植物就节省了为自身扩散所需的能源，它们的后代也有同等的机会在远离母代的地方植根，避免同种对阳光、水分以及矿物质的直接竞争。1、Alloftheseelementsareneededinlargequantities,andtheyaretheonesapttobecomedeficientinthesoil;becausetheyareoftenaddedinlargequantities,theyarealsoimportantsourcesofpollutionincertainsituations.所有这些元素是大量需要的，同时也是土壤中最易缺失的；由于经常大量地施入农田，因此在某种情况下这些元素也成为重要的污染源。2、Compostalsoservestobuildupthehumuscontentofthesoil,althoughitmayormaynotberichinthenutrientsthattheplantsrequire,dependingontheoriginalsourceofthecompost.虽然堆肥在作物所需营养成分中也许是丰富的或贫乏的，这依赖于堆肥的来源，但它也是土壤的腐殖质成分。1、ATPadenosinetriposphate腺苷三磷酸。2、Inphotosyntheticbacteriathesemembranesarethecellmembranes;inplantsandalgaeallphotosynthesisiscarriedoutbytheevolutionarydescendantsof9\nphotosyntheticbacteria,thechloroplasts,andthephotosyntheticmembranesarecontainedwithinthechloroplasts.在光合作用细菌当中，这些膜是细胞膜；在植物和藻类当中，所有的光合作用都是由光合作用细菌的进化后代——叶绿体来进行的，叶绿体本身含有光合作用膜。3、Theexcitedelectronisshuttledalongaseriesofelectron-carriermoleculesembededwithinthephotosyntheticmembranetoatransmembraneproton-pumpingchannel,wherethearrivaloftheelectroninducesthetransportofaprotoninwardacrossthemembrane.被激发的电子沿着光合作用膜内的一系列装载电子的分子被运送到一条横跨膜的质子泵通道，电子到达这里时，导致质子穿过这层膜往里输送。1、Mostcellsderivealltheirpowerfromthekindoforganellescalledmitochondria,whereasplantcellscontainasecondkindofbacteria-likepowerhouse,chloroplasts,inadditiontotheirmitochondria.大多数细胞从那些成为线粒体的细胞器中得到能量，而植物细胞除了线粒体外，还含有第二类像细菌那样的能源库，即叶绿体。2、Manyoftheseorganellesarecreatedbythemembranesoftheendoplasmicreticulum,whichcloseoffcompartmentswithinwhichdifferentactivitiestakeplace.许多细胞器是由细胞质内的内质网膜产生的，它使产生不同活动的各个室相互隔绝。1、Reproductionisessentialtolife:Eachlivingthingexistssolelybecauseitsancestorssucceededinproducingprogenythatcouldthemselvesdevelop,survive,and—ifluckyandwelladaptedtotheenvironment—reachreproductiveage.繁殖对生命来说是极其重要的，每种生物能够继续存在，仅仅是由于它通过繁殖后代，而这些后代本身又能继续发育、存活，如果幸运和很适应环境的话，能活至繁殖年龄。2、Olfactorycuesincludetheodorsignalsthatmammalsproduceandthepheromonesthatinsectsgenerate-chemicalsgivenoffbyoneindividualthataffectthebehaviorofothersofthesamespecies.嗅觉提示包括哺乳动物产生的气味信号和昆虫产生的激素，这些由一个个体释放出来的化学物质，影响同种其他个体的行为。3、Thiskindofsynchronizedreleaseintotheenvironmentisapreludetoexternalfertilization,aprocessthattakesplaceinmanywater-dwellingspeciesinwhicheggsandspermaredepositeddirectlyintothesurroundingwater,meetbychance,andfuse.这种同时释放配子到外界环境的现象是体外受精的一首序曲，是发生在许多水栖种类的一个过程，在这过程中，卵子和精子直接排到水环境中，通过偶然相遇而结合。1、Differentblastomerescontaindifferentcomponentsoftheeggcytoplasm;thesecomponentsdictatedifferentdevelopmentalfatesforthecellsinwhichtheyarepresent.不同的分裂球含有不同的卵细胞质成分；细胞中存在的这些成分支配细胞不同的发育命运。2、Becauseyolk-richcellsdividemuchslowlythanthosewhicharepoorinyolk,holoblasticcleavageoftheseeggsresultsinaveryasmmetricalblastula,withlargecellscontainingalotofyolkatonepoleandaconcentratedmassofsmallcellscontainingverylittleyolkattheother.由于卵黄丰富的细胞分裂慢很多，因此这些卵的分裂产生一个非常不对称的囊胚，它的一头是含有许多卵黄的大细胞，另一头是聚成一团的含有很少卵黄的小细胞。9\n1、If,asyoulookatyourownarm,youcanseebrownmolesorfrecklesoroveralldarkskinpigment,thenyouareobservingtheresultsofembryonicpigmentcellthatcrawledfromtheneuralcrestnearyourspinalacrossyourbackanddownyourarm.如果当您看一下您自己的手臂，您会看见褐色的胎块或斑块或全部暗色的皮肤色素，这样您就观察到胚胎色素细胞从您的脊椎附近的神经嵴爬过您的背，一直下沿到您的手臂。2、Acellcancarryoutitsparticularfunctionsinlargepartbecauseofthedistinctiveproteinsitcontains--proteinsthatbreakchemicalbondsinfoodmolecules;orproteinsthatcauseacelltocontract;orproteinsthatchangeformwhenstruckbylight.一个细胞能实行它的特殊功能，很大部分原因是它含有与众不同的蛋白质，即破坏食物分子化合键的蛋白质，引起细胞收缩的蛋白质，或受光线照射而改变形状的蛋白质。1、Inlightoftheirchemicalnatureandtotalinabilitytoexistindependentlyfromotherorganisms,earliertheoriesthatvirusesrepresentakindofhalfwayhousebetweenlifeandnonlifehavenowlargelybeenabandoned.根据它们的化学本质以及离开其他生物完全不能独立存在这样的性质，早期认为病毒是生命与非生命之间的一类生物代表的理论，现在已被放弃了。2、Ingeneral,virusespossesonlythesenucleotidesequencesassociatedwiththeenzymesthatarenecessaryforthemtoreplicatetheirownnucleicacids,capsids,andenvelopes,andthusmakepossibletheinvasionofnewhostcells.总的来说，病毒仅仅具有那些与酶有关的核苷酸序列，这些酶是病毒复制自己的核酸、壳体以及囊壳所必需的，这就使得病毒入侵新的寄主细胞成为可能。1、Bacteriacanbecharacterizedproperlyonlywhentheyaregrownonadefinedmedium,becausethecharacteristiesoftheseorganismsoftenchange,dependingontheirgrowthconditionsandthesubstancewiththeyareincontact.细菌只有当它们长在一种规定的培养基上才能表现其特征，这是由于这些生物的特征常常根据生长条件和所接触的基质而变化。2、Bacteriaareusednow,forexample,intheproductionofaceticandvinegar,variousaminoacidsandenzymes,andespeciallyinthefermentationoflactoseintolacticacid,whichcoagulatesmilkproteinsandisusedintheproductionofalmostallcheese,yogurt,andsimilarproducts.例如，细菌现在应用于醋酸和醋、各种氨基酸和酶的生产，尤其在乳糖发酵成乳酸、使乳蛋白凝结需要细菌。1、Thisdistinctkindomoforganismconsistsofapproximately100000namedspecies,butmycologists,thescientistswhostudythem,believeseveraltimesthatmanymayexist.这个特别的生物王国由约10万种已定名的种类组成。但从事研究真菌学家相信，自然界中存在的真菌种类术可能是上述种数的几倍。2、Becausesomanyareharmfulandbecausesomanyarebeneficial,fungiholdgreatimportanceforallofus.由于真菌的害处是如此之多，同时由于它的益处又是如此之多，因此真菌对于我们所有的人来说是极其重要的。1、Thesedeep-seadenizensare100timesmoreefficientatcapturingsunlightthanaretheredalgaefoundinshallowwaters,andtheyrelyonreddishaccessorypigments9\ncalledphycocery-thrinsthatabsorblightintheblue-greenrange--theonlywavelengthsthatcanpenetratetogreatdepths.这些深海的植物，其捕捉光能的效率是生长在浅水中的红藻的100倍，它们依靠称为藻红蛋白的带红色的补充色素来吸收蓝-绿范围的光，这个光波范围能穿进深海。2、Brownalgaerangefromgoldenbrowntoblack,whiletheyalsocontainchlorophyllsaandc,itisthegolden-browncarotenoidpigmentcalledfucoxanthinthatcolorstheenablesthemtocollecttheblueandvioletwavelengthsoflightthatpenetratemedium-deepwater.褐藻的颜色从金褐色到暗褐色以至黑色都有。当含有叶绿素a和c的时候，就变为墨角藻黄色的类胡萝卜素色素，他使植物（藻类）显出颜色，并使他们能够吸收穿进中层深度海水的蓝色和紫色光波。1、Sciencewasyoungthen,anditwasnotobviousthatthenumberwereimportant.Theywere.Theyalmostalwaysare.那时，遗传学这门学科还很年轻，数量的重要性还不明显。其实数量不但在过去重要，而且几乎总是重要的。2、Thisresultsuggestedthat,fortheentiresample,the3:1ratioMendelobservedintheF2generationwasreallyadisguised1:2:1ratio,withone-quartertrue-breedingdominantindividualstoone-halfnot-true-breedingdominantindividualstoone-quartertrue-breedingrecessiveindividuals.这个结果表明，对于整个样本，孟德尔在F2代所观察到的3:1这个比例确实是一个被伪装掩盖的1:2:1比例，即四分之一纯种的显性个体比二分之一非纯种显性个体比四分之一纯种隐性个体。1、arggene精氨酸编码基因；argmutant精氨酸编码基因突变2、Foreachenzymeintheargininebiosyntheticpathway,BeadleandTatumwereabletoisolateamutantstrainwithadefectiveformofthatenzyme,andthemutationalwaysprovedtobelocatedatoneofafewspecificchromosomalsites,adifferentsiteforeachenzyme;thatis,eachofthemutantsthatBeadleandTatumexamedcouldbeexplainedintermsofadefectinone(andonlyone)enzyme,whichcouldbelocalizedatasinglesiteononechromosome.对于精氨酸生物合成途径中的每种酶，比德尔和泰德姆能够根据它缺陷形式分离出一个突变品系，突变总是出现染色体特定的几个位置中的一个位置上，不同的酶其突变的位置不同。也就是说，比德尔和泰德姆检验过的每一个突变体，可以根据一种酶上的一个缺陷来解释，它可以定位在一条染色体的单一位置上。3、Itwasnotevident,forexample,whetherornotaparticularkindofproteinhasaconsistentsequenceofaminoacidsthatwouldbethesameinoneindividualmoleculeasitwouldbeinanotherofthatsamekindofprotein.例如，一类特定的蛋白质是否具有一致的氨基酸序列还是不明白的，同类蛋白质的单独一个分子与另一个分子的氨基酸序列也许是相同。1、MessengerRNA(mRNA)carriesfromDNAtheinformation,ormessage,formanufacturingproteinsduringthetranslationphase,whilebothribosomalRNA(rRNA)andtransferRNA(tRNA)assistinthetranslationofmRNAstoprotein.信使RNA(mRNA)在翻译阶段期间从DNA那里携带为制造蛋白质的信息，与此同时，核糖体RNA(rRNA)和传递RNA(tRNA)也帮助mRNA翻译给蛋白质。2、Bothreplicationandtranscriptionresultinanewnucleicacidmoleculewith9\nabasesequencespecifiedbytheoldmolecule,butinDNAreplication,thenewstrandisDNA,whileinDNAtranscription,astrandofDNAiscopiedintoanewstrandofRNA.复制和转录都产生一个新的核酸分子，它具有由旧分子所确定的碱基系列，但是在DNA复制时，产生新的DNA股，而在DNA转录时，DNA股被复制到新的DNA股上。1、Geneticstswereabletodecipherwhichcodoncorrespondstoeachaminoacidbyaddingartificialmessagestoanextractofbacterialcellscontainingallfactorsnecessaryfortranslationandmonitoringtoseewhichaminoacidwaspresentintheresultingpolypeptide.通过把人工信息加入到含有翻译和监控所需全部因子的细菌细胞的提取物，研究所产生的多肽中存在哪种氨基酸，遗传学家能够译解与每个氨基酸相对应的密码子。2、Everycellcontainstensofthousandsofribosomes,locatedwhereverproteinsarebeingsynthesized,beitinthecytoplasmofaeukaryoticcellorinthenucleoidofaprokaryoticcell.每个细胞含有成千上万的核糖体，在蛋白质合成的地方，如真核细胞的细胞质或原核细胞的核仁区均可发现。摘要:1.油藏微生物的代谢特征和生态结构调控(MicrobialmetaboliccharacteristicsandecologicalcontrollinginPetroleumReservoir——Areview)Abstract:Petroleumreservoirhasavarietyofmicrobeswithdiversemetaboliccharacteristicsandgreatvariation.Thesemicrobesplayanimportantroleingeochemicalcycle.ResearchontheirmetabolismandecologicalrelationshipsenablestheunderstandingmechanisminMicrobialEnhancedOilRecovery(MEOR).Basedonthepresentresearches,wereviewthemicrobialmetaboliccharacteristicsandecologicalrelationshipsinoilreservoir2.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤细菌多样性分析Abstract:[Objective]TheaimofstudywastoinvestigatebacterialdiversityofPopulusEuphraticaforestinthehinterlandofTaklimakandesert.Alltheisolatedswerebeusedasinoculantsforsilageandbiofertilizer.[Methods]Strainswereisolatedbyculture-dependentmethod.Gramstaining,NaCltolerance,enzymeactivity(includingamylase,esterase,cellulase)weredeterminedbystrandmethods.Phylogenetictreesbasedon16SrRNAgenesequenceswereconstructedbyusingtheneighbour-joining.[Results]Atotalof27strainswereobtained.Phylogeneticanalysisofthebacterial16SrRNAgeneshowedthatallisolatesfellintooneofthefollowingfourbacteriallineages:Actinobacteria(16strains),Proteobacteria(4strains),Firmicutes(6strains)andBacteroidetes(1strains).Gramstainingindicatedthat5strainsweregram-negativeandtheothersweregram-positive.Amongthese,15strainsshowedamylaseactivity,9strainsshowedesteraseactivityand9strainsshowedcellulaseactivity.Allstrainsgrowthoccurredatinpresenceof2%NaCl,22strainsgrowthoccurredatinpresenceof5%NaClandonly1straintoleratedupto15%NaCl.[Conclusion]ThebacterialpopulationdiversityisabundantinsoilofPopulusEuphraticaForestinthehinterlandofTaklimakanDesert.3.以C3水稻原种(WT)和C4玉米为材料PhysiologicalPerformanceofTransgenicRiceExpressingC4GenesAbstract:Inthisstudy,theactivitiesofC4photosyntheticenzymes(includingPEPC,PPDK9\nandME),thegasexchangeparametersandwateruseefficiency(WUE)underdifferentlightintensitiesandtemperatures,andthemetabolicindexofactiveoxygenweredeterminedintransgenicricecarryingPEPC,PPDKandMEgenes(PKM),takingtheC3typeuntransformedrice(WT)andmaize(aC4plant)ascontrols.Theresultshowedthatthelight-saturatedphotosyntheticrateofPKMwasintermediatebetweenWTandmaize,withaslightbiastowardsmaize,whiletheWUEofPKMwassimilartoWT.TheC4photosyntheticenzymeswerehighlyexpressedinthePKM.Undertheconditionsofhighphotonfluxdensityandhightemperature,thephotosyntheticrateofPKMincreasedby55%,ascomparetoWT.ThoughPnofPKMincrease,itstranspirationratewasalsoincreased.ThustheWUEofPKMwasonlyslightlyincreased,andwassimilartoWT.Inaddition,theresistanceofPKMtophoto-oxidationwasenhancedunderthephoto-oxidativeconditions.Basedontheaboveresults,PKMpossessesenhancedphotosyntheticproductivity,providinganewtechnicalapproachandphysiologicalbasisforconstructingC4likericewithenhancedphotosyntheticefficiencyandhighyields.Keywords:Transgenicrice;Photosyntheticparameter;Wateruseefficiency4.连作花生田根际土壤优势微生物的分离和鉴定Abstract:[Objective]Weisolatedandidentifieddominantmicroorganismsfromtherhizosphereofcontinuouscroppingwithpeanut,tostudytherelationshipbetweendominantmicroorganismsandpeanutcontinuouscropping.[Methods]Byusingdilution-platemethodweisolateddominantbacteria,dominantfungiandactinomycetesfromtherhizosphereofcontinuouscroppingwithpeanut.Morphologicalspecificity,cultureshape,physiological-biochemicalcharacteristicandpartial16SrDNAsequenceswereusedtoidentifybacteriaandactinomycetes.Morphology,growthonvariousmedia,andInternalTranscribedSpacer(ITS)rDNAsequenceshomologyanalysiswereperformedtoidentifydominantfungi.[Results]Weisolatedsevendominantbacteriastrains,sevendominantfungiandsevendominantactinomycetes.DominantbacteriawereidentifiedasLeifsoniaxyli,Arthrobacterchlorophenolicus,Microbacteriumflavescens,Sphingomonassp.,Pasteurellasp.,BacillussimplexandBacillusmegaterium.DominantfungiwereidentifiedasCladosporiumcladosporioides,Penicilliumpurpurogenum,Hypocrealixii,Exophialapisciphila,Penicilliumjanthinellum,Aspergillussp.andVerticilliumdahliae.DominantactinomyceteswereidentifiedasStreptomycesviolaceoruber,Streptomycesflaveus,Streptomycespanaciterrae,Streptomycesachromogenes,Streptomycespseudogriseolus,StreptomycescellulosaeandStreptomycesaureus.[Conclusion]Thisstudywastoisolateandidentifydominantmicroorganismsfromtherhizosphereofcontinuouscroppingwithpeanut.Thetypeofdominantmicroorganismsinsoilchangedobviouslyafterplantingpeanut,althoughthechangewaswithoutregularity.[KeyWords]：peanutcontinuouscroppingbacteriafungiactinomycetes5.转BADH基因紫花苜蓿山苜2号品种的抗盐性鉴定及系统选育BreedingandSaltResistanceEvaluationofBADHTransgenicAlfalfaCultivarShanmu2Abstract:Generatingnewgermplasmofalfalfabytransgenictechnologyhasbecomeimportantinforagebreeding.UsingaT0generationoftransgenicplantswithbetainealdehydedehydrogenase(BADH)geneastestingmaterial,wetestedtheresistancetosalt.Thetransgenicgrassbiomasswashigherthanthatofthenon-transgeniccontrolindifferentsaltsoils.Drygrassproductionwashigherby13.11%to24.98%inthetransgeniccultivarthaninthecontrol.The9\nbetainealdehydedehydrogenasegenewasstablyexpressedandinherited,suggestingthatthistransgeniclinecanbeusedforfurtherbreeding.【Keywords】alfalfa；betainealdehydedehydrogenasegene；salt-tolerance；selectionbreeding；shanmu2cultivar；transformation；6.转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻的光合特性PhotosyntheticCharacteristicsofTransgenicRicewithPEPC+PPDKGene　Abstract:【Objective】TheaimofthispaperistostudyphotosyntheticcharacteristicsofPEPC+PPDKtransgenicricefor　demonstratingthatATPisthekeyfactorenhancingthephotosyntheticcapacityintransgenicricewithC4genes.【Method】Withthe　untransformedriceandPEPC+PPDKtransgenicriceasthematerials,PCRtestandtheactivityofC4photosyntheticenzymeswere　conducted.AftertheATPtreatment,thelight,temperature-photosyntheticcurves,theparametersrelatedtothemetabolismofactive　oxygenandthecomponentfactorsofyieldwereanalyzed.【Result】TheuntransformedricepossesalltheC4photosyntheticenzymes　buttheiractivitiesareverylow.ThePCRtestindicatedthatPEPCandPPDKgenefrommaizeweretransformedintocommonrice.TheactivitiesoftheC4enzymesinPEPC+PPDKtransgenicricewerehighlyexpressed.Undertheconditionsofhighphotonflux　densityandhightemperature,thephotosyntheticrateofPEPC+PPDKtransgenicriceaftertheATPtreatmentincreasedby17%and　12%,respectively,comparedwiththecontrolwithoutATPtreatment.TheresistanceofPEPC+PPDKtransgenicriceagainstphotooxidationwasfurtherenhancedunderthephotooxidativeconditions.TheyieldofPEPC+PPDKtransgenicricewerealso　increasedby15%.【Conclusion】ThephotosyntheticproductivityofPEPC+PPDKtransgenicriceaftertheATPtreatmentwas　enhanced,demonstratingthatATPisthekeyfactorfordesigningtheC4-likerice.Keywords:Transgenicrice;Photosyntheticcharacteristics;C4photosyntheticpathway;ATP7.转基因红花中角质细胞生长因子KGF-1的表达Therecombinantplasmidvectorp139035S-KGF1wasconstructedandtransfectedintosafflowerbyAgrobacteriumtumefacienstransfection.Theperiodofinfectiontorootingwas14weeks,andtransformationefficiencywasabout0.1%.Adventitiousshootsweregeneratedaftercotyledonswereculturedinselectingmediacontaininghygromycinfor4-5weeks.Rootedsafflowerwasobtainedin4-8weeks.KGF-1wastransformedintosafflowerchromosomesandexpressedsuccessfully,asdeterminedbyPCR,Southernblot,RT-PCRandWesternblotanalysis,whichestablishedthebasisfortheproductionofKGF-1.9