泛读哲学简介20120517 15页

Philosophy\nGreekphilosophialoveofwisdomInthatsense,wisdomistheactiveuseofintelligence,notsomethingpassivethatapersonsimplypossesses.\nAninescapablepartof人类生存不可逃避的存在humanexistence"Whatdoeslifemean?""DidIhaveanyexistencebeforeIwasborn?""Istherelifeafterdeath?"\n\nOrientalphilosophy(China)Confucianismaimedtohelppeoplelivebetterandmorerewardinglivesbydisciplineandbyinstructioninthepropergoalsoflife.Taoism,Mohism\nOrientalphilosophy(India)ThemainaimofIndianphilosophywasfreedomfromthesufferingandtensioncausedbythebodyandthesensesandbyattachmenttoworldlythings.ThemainphilosophiesdevelopedinIndiawereHinduismandBuddhism,whichwerealsoreligions.reincarnation\nWesternPhilosophyThebranchesare(1)metaphysics,(2)epistemology,(3)logic,(4)ethics,and(5)aesthetics.\n（1）形而上学metaphysics"Whatisreal?""Whatisthedistinctionbetweenappearanceandreality?”"Whatarethemostgeneralprinciplesandconceptsbywhichourexperiencescanbeinterpretedandunderstood?”"Dowepossessfreewillorareouractionsdeterminedbycausesoverwhichwehavenocontrol?"\n(2)认知论Epistemology"Whatarethefeaturesofgenuineknowledgeasdistinctfromwhatappearstobeknowledge?”"Whatistruth,andhowcanweknowwhatistrueandwhatisfalse?”"Aretheredifferentkindsofknowledge,withdifferentgroundsandcharacteristics?"\n(3)Logicisthestudyoftheprinciplesandmethodsofreasoning.Itexploreshowwedistinguishbetweengood(orsound)reasoningandbad(orunsound)reasoning.Aninstanceofreasoningiscalledanargumentoraninference.Anargumentconsistsofasetofstatementscalledpremisestogetherwithastatementcalledtheconclusion,whichissupposedtobesupportedbyorderivedfromthepremises.deductiveandinductive.\n(4)Ethicsconcernshumanconduct,character,andvalues.Itstudiesthenatureofrightandwrongandthedistinctionbetweengoodandevil.Ethicsexploresthenatureofjusticeandofajustsociety,andalsoone'sobligationstooneself,toothers,andtosociety.\n(5)Aestheticsdealswiththecreationandprinciplesofartandbeauty.Italsostudiesourthoughts,feelings,andattitudeswhenwesee,hear,orreadsomethingbeautiful.Somethingbeautifulmaybeaworkofart,suchasapainting,symphony,orpoem,oritmaybeasunsetorothernaturalphenomenon.painting,dancing,acting,andplaying\n(6)Thephilosophyoflanguagehasbecomeespeciallyimportantinrecenttimes.Somephilosophersclaimthatallphilosophicquestionsariseoutoflinguisticproblems.Othersclaimthatallphilosophicquestionsarereallyquestionsaboutlanguage.\nOnekeyquestionis"Whatislanguage?"Buttherearealsoquestionsabouttherelationshipsbetweenlanguageandthoughtandbetweenlanguageandtheworld,aswellasquestionsaboutthenatureofmeaningandofdefinition.\n