历史学专业英语 8页

thePeople’sRepublicofChinaisaunitarymulti-ethnicstate,comprisingthehanpeopleandoverfiftyethnicminorities.中华人民共和国是一个包含丫汉族和50多个少数K族的统一多K族国家。Withasizablepopulationof8.61million,theHuiethnicgroupisoneofChina'slargestethnicminorities.PeopleofHuiorigincanbefoundinmostofthecountiesandcitiesthroughoutthecountry，especiallyintheNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegionandGansu，Qinghai,Henan,Hebei,ShandongandYunnanprovincesandtheXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion.有着一个庞大的861万人LJ的回族族群是中国最大的少数民族。回族人遍布于全国很多城市和地区,特别是在宁夏回族自治区、廿肃、青海、河南、河北、山东、云南和新疆维吾尔自治区。HistoryThenameHuiisanabbreviationfor’•Huihui，”whichfirstappearedintheliteratureoftheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127).ItreferredtotheHuihepeople(theOuigurs)wholivedinAnxiinthepresent-dayXinjianganditsvicinitysincetheTangDynasty(618-907).Theywereactuallyforerunnersofthepresent-dayUygurs,whoaretotallydifferentfromtoday’sHuisorHuihuis.回族是回回族的简称，第一次出现在北宋(公元960-1127)的文献屮。它指的是唐代(公元618-907)住在安西当今新疆及周边的Huihe人(Ouigurs)。其实他们是今天维吾尔族的祖先，完全不同于今天的回族或Huihuis。Duringtheearlyyearsofthe13thcenturywhenMongoliantroopsweremakingtheirwesternexpeditions,groupaftergroupofIslamic-orientedpeoplefromMiddleAsia，aswellasPersiansandArabs,eitherwereforcedtomoveorvoluntarilymigratedintoChina.Asartisans,tradesmen,scholars,officialsandreligiousleaders,theyspreadtomanypartsofthecountryandsettleddownmainlytolivestockbreeding.Thesepeople,whowerealsocalledHuisorHuihuisbecausetheirreligiousbeliefswereidenticalwithpeopleinAnxi,werepartoftheancestorstotoday'sHuis.在早期的13世纪蒙古军队向西的远征，使一批又一批信仰伊斯兰教的屮亚人以及波斯和阿拉伯人，要么被迫迁移要么自愿进入中国。那些工匠，商人、学者、政府官员和宗教领袖，他们流落到屮国的许多地区落户，主耍从事养殖业。这些人，被称为回族或回回，因为他们的宗教信仰与安丙人相。这其中的一部分人就是今天回族的祖先。Earlier,aboutthemiddleofthe7thcentury,IslamicArabsandPersianscametoChinatotradeandlatersomebecamepermanentresidentsofsuchcitiesasGuangzhou，Quanzhou，Hangzhou,YangzhouandChang.an(today’sXi.an).Thesepeople,referredtoasnfanke”(guestsfromoutlyingregions)，builtmosquesandpubliccemeteriesforthemselves.Somemarriedandhadchildrenwhocametobeknownas"tushengfanke，"meaning"native-bornguestsfromoutlyingregions.HDuringtheYuanDynasty(1271-1368)，thesepeoplebecamepartoftheHuihuis,whowerecomingingreatnumberstoChinafromMiddleAsia.早些时候，大约7世纪中期，伊斯兰阿拉伯人和波斯人來中国进行贸易，后來一些定居在广州，泉州、杭州、扬州、长安(今天的丙安)等地。这些人被称为“番客”(应该是从边远地区来的容人)、他们为自己建造淸真寺和公众坟场。一些人结了婚，生的孩子后来被称为“土生番客”，意思表示“本地出生的从边远地区来的客人。在元朝(1271-1368),这些人成为大量从中亚来到中国的回回的一部分。\nTheHuihuisoftodayarethereforeanethnicgroupthatfindsitsoriginsmainlywiththeabove-mentionedtwocategories，whichinthecourseofdevelopmenttookinpeoplefromanumberofotherethnicgroupsincludingtheHans,MongoliansandUygurs.今天的回回因此主要起源于上述两类,并在发展的过程吸纳了许多其他民族包括汉族、蒙古族和维吾尔族的民族。ItisgenerallyacknowledgedthatHuihuiculturebeganmainlyduringtheYuanDynasty.一•般都认为回回文化主要开始在元朝。Warfareandfarmingwerethetwodominantfactorsofthisperiod.Duringtheirwestwardinvasion,theMongolsturnedpeoplefromMiddleAsiaintoscoutsandsentthemeastwardonmilitarymissions.Thesecivilians-turned-militaryscoutswereexpectedtosettledownatvariouslocationsandtobreedlivestockwhilemaintainingcombatreadiness.Theyfoundedsettlementsinareasintoday'sGansu,Henan,Shandong，HebeiandYunnanprovincesandtheNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion.Theylaterwerejoinedbymorescoutssentfromthewest.Astimewentbytheybecameordinaryfarmersandherdsmen.AmongtheIslamicMiddleAsians,therewereanumberofartisansandtradesmen.Themajorityofthesepeoplesettledincitiesandalongvitalcommunicationlines,takingtohandicraftsandcommerce.BecauseoftheseactivitiesacommoneconomiclifebegantotakeshapeamongtheHuihuis.Scatteredastheywere,theystucktogetherinrelativeconcentrationinsettlementsandaroundmosqueswhichtheybuilt.ThishasbeenhandeddownasaspecificfeatureofthedistributionofHuipopulationinChina.战争和农业是这个时期的两个主导因素。在西征期间，蒙古人把从屮亚强征的人派去东方执行军事任务。这些壮丁定居在各地从事畜牧业并保持战备。他们定居在了今天的甘肃地区、河南、山东、河北、云南和宁夏回族自治区。后来又派来了更多的从西方来的壮丁加入了他们。随着时间的排移，他们成了普通的农民和牧民。在亚洲伊斯兰中间，有一系列的工匠和商人。绝大多数人住在城市，沿着一条重要的交通流线、带去工艺品和商业的发展。因为这些活动的一个共同的经济生活中开始形成回回。分散他们，他们一起在相对集中在定居点和在他们所修建淸真寺。这己经传了作为一种具体的特征回族人口分布在中国。TheHuihuiscoutsandagoodnumberofHuihuiaristocrats，officials,scholarsandmerchantssenteastwardbytheMongolswerequiteactiveinChina.TheyexercisedinfluenceontheestablishmentoftheYuanDynastyanditsmilitary,politicalandeconomicaffairs.TheinvolvementofHuihuiupper-classelementsinthepoliticsofYuanDynastyinturnhelpedtopromotethedevelopmentofHuihuisinmanyfields.Generallyspeaking,thesocialpositionofHuihuisduringtheYuanDynastywashigherthanthatoftheHans.Nevertheless,theywerestillsubjectedtotheoppressionofYuanrulers.Aftergoingthroughthehardshipsoftheireastwardexodus,theycontinuedtobeinthehandsofvariousMongolianofficials,functioningeitherasherdsmenorasgovernmentandarmyartisans.AfractionofthemevenwereallocatedtoMongolianaristocratstoserveashouseslaves.BeingpeoplewhocametoChinafromplaceswheresocialsystems,customsandhabitsdifferedfromthoseintheeast,theHuihuisbegantocultivatetheirownnationalconsciousness.\nThiswascausedalsobytheirrelativeconcentrationwithmosquesasthecenteroftheirsocialactivities,bytheirincreasingeconomiccontactswitheachother,bytheircommonpoliticalfateandtheircommonbeliefintheIslamicreligion.ItwasduringtheMingDynasty(1368-1644)thattheHuihuisbegantoemergeasanethnicgroup.AlongwiththenationwiderestorationanddevelopmentofthesocialeconomyintheearlyMingDynastyyears，thedistributionandeconomicstatusoftheHuihuipopulationunderwentadrasticchange.ThenumberofHuihuisinShaanxiandGansuprovincesincreasedasmoreandmoreHuihuisfromotherpartsofthecountrysubmittedthemselvestotheMingcourtandjoinedtheirpeopleinfarming.Otherfactorscontributedtotheirdispersion:industrialandcommercialexchanges,assignmentofHuihuigarrisontroopstovariousareastoopenupwastelandandgrowfoodgrain,nationwidetoursbyHuihuiofficialsandscholars,andespeciallythemigrationofHuihuisduringpeasantuprisings.Theystillmanaged,however,tomaintaintheirtraditionofconcentrationbysettinguptheirownvillagesinthecountrysideorstickingtogetherinsuburbanareasoralongparticularstreetsandlanesincities.ThedislocationofmilitaryscoutsdatingfromtheYuanDynastyhadenabledtheHuihuistoextricatethemselvesgraduallyfrommilitaryinvolvementandtosettledowntofarming,breedinglivestock,handicraftsandsmall-scaletrading.Thustheyestablishedanewcommoneconomiclifeamongthemselves，characterizedbyanagriculturaleconomy.Duringtheinitialstageoftheireastwardexodus,theHuihuisusedtheArab,PersianandHanlanguages.However,inthecourseoftheirlongyearslivingwiththeHans，andespeciallyduetotheincreasingnumberofHansjoiningtheirranks，theygraduallyspoketheHanlanguageonly，whilemaintainingcertainArabandPersianphrases.HuihuicultureoriginallyhadbeencharacterizedbyinfluencesfromthetraditionalcultureofWesternAsiaandassimilationfromtheHanculture.However,duetotheintroductionoftheHanlanguageasacommonlanguage,thetendencytoassimilatetheHanculturebecamemoreobvious.TheHuihuisbegantowearclothingliketheHans.Huihuinameswerestillused,butHannamesandsurnamesbecameacceptedandgraduallybecamedominant.IslamicReligionTheIslamicreligionhadadeepinfluenceonthelifestyleoftheHuipeople.Forinstance，soonafterbirth,aninfantwastobegivenaHuihuinamebyanahung(imam);weddingceremoniesmustbewitnessedbyahungs;adeceasedpersonmustbecleanedwithwater,wrappedwithwhiteclothandburiedcoffinlessandpromptlyinthepresenceofanahungwhoservesasthepresider.Menwereaccustomedtowearingwhiteorblackbrimlesshats,speciallyduringreligiousservices,whilewomenwereseenwithblack，whiteorgreenscarvesontheirhead-ahabitwhichalsoderivedfromreligiouspractices.TheHuisnevereatporknorthebloodofanyanimalorcreaturethatdiedofitself,andtheyrefusetotakealcohol.ThesetaboosoriginatedintheKoranoftheMoslems.TheHuisare\nveryparticularaboutsanitationandhygiene.Likewise,beforeattendingreligiousservices，theyhavetoobserveeithera"minorcleaning，"i.e.washtheirface,mouth,nose,handsandfeet,ora"majorcleaning，"whichrequiresathoroughbathofthewholebody.IslamismalsohadgreatimpactonthepoliticalandeconomicsystemsofHuisociety."Jiaofang"or"religiouscommunity/asoncepracticedamongtheHuis，wasareligioussystemaswellasaneconomicsystem.Accordingtothesystem,amosquewastobebuiltateachlocationinhabitedbyHuis,rangingfromadozentoseveralhundredhouseholds.Animamwastobeinvitedtopresideoverthereligiousaffairsofthecommunityaswellastotakeresponsibilityoverallaspectsofthelivelihoodofitsmembersandtocollectreligiousleviesandothertaxesfromthem.Amosquefunctionednotonlyasaplaceforreligiousactivitiesbutalsoasarendezvouswherethepublicmettodiscussmattersofcommoninterest.Religiouscommunities，operatingquiteindependentlyfromeachother,hadthusbecomethebasicsocialunitsforthewidelydispersedHuipeople.FollowingthedevelopmentoftheHui’sagriculturaleconomyandtheincreaseofreligioustaxesleviedonthem，somechiefimamsbegantobuilduptheirpersonalwealth.Theyusedthistoinvestinlandpropertiesandengageinexploitationthroughlandrents.Theimamsgraduallychangedthemselvesintolandlords.Workingincollaborationwithsecularlandlords,theyenjoyedcomprehensivepowerinthereligiouscommunities,whichtheyheldtightlyundertheircontrol.Theyleftroutinereligiousaffairsofthemosquestolow-rankahungs.ThelaststageoftheMingDynastyandtheearlyyearsoftheQingDynasty(1644-1911)sawtheemergenceofanewsystemofreligiousaristocracyamongtheHuisinHezhou(today’sLinxiainGansuProvince).Itcameintoexistenceasaresultofintensifiedlandconcentrationwhichexceededtheboundariesofonesinglereligiouscommunity.Thismadecertainimamsrulersofawholeseriesofreligiouscommunities,turningthemintoIslamicaristocrats.Theyweredeified.KioskswereerectedintheircemeteriesforMoslemsundertheirjurisdictiontoworship.Theirpositionwasseenashereditary.Theyenjoyedaseriesoffeudalisticprivilegesaswellasabsoluteauthorityovertheirpeople.Thesystemhadbeeninexistence,however,onlyinsomeoftheHuiareasinGansu,NingxiaandQinghai.TheHuisinhinterlandChinahadalwaysfunctionedunderthereligiouscommunitysystem.ContributiontoChineseCivilizationTheHuisareanindustriouspeople.Theirdevelopmentandprogresshavebeenfacilitated，however,byadoptingtheHanlanguageandlivingwiththeHans.SincetheYuanandMingdynasties,largenumbersofHuipeasantsjoinedtheHansandpeopleofothernationalitiesinreclaimingwasteland,farmingandgrazinginthehinterlandandalongborderregions.Huiartisanswerefamousfortheircraftsmanshipinmakingincense,medicine,leatherandcannons,aswellasinminingandsmeltingofore.HuimerchantsplayedapositiveroleintheeconomicexchangesbetweenthehinterlandandborderregionsandintradecontactsbetweenChinaandotherAsiancountries.HuischolarsandscientistsmadeoutstandingcontributionstoChinainintroducingandspreadingtheachievementsofWesternAsiainastronomy，calendars,medicineandanumberofotheracademic\nandculturaldevelopments.ThesehelpedtopromotethewellbeingandproductiveactivitiesofthepeopleofChinaasawhole.ChinesehistoryhasseennotafewoutstandingHuisrepresentingtheirpeopleinthefieldsofpolitics,economyandculture.DuringtheYuanDynasty，theastronomistJamaluddincompiledaperpetualcalendarandproducedsevenkindsofastroscopesincludingthearmillarysphere,thecelestialglobe,theterrestrialglobeandtheplanetarium;AlaowadinandYisimayinledthedevelopmentofamechanizedwayofshootingstoneballsfromcannons,whichexercisedanimportantbearingonmilitaryaffairsingeneral;thearchitectYehdardinlearnedfromHanarchitectureanddesignedandledtheconstructionofthecapitaloftheYuanDynasty，whichlaidthefoundationforthedevelopmentofthecityofBeijing.DuringtheMingDynasty，theHuinavigatorZhengHeledmassivefleetsinmakingasmanyassevenvisitstomorethan30AsianandAfricancountriesin29years.ThisunparalleledfeatservedtopromotethefriendshipaswellaseconomicandculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandthesecountries.ZhengHewasaccompaniedbyMaHuanandHaSan,alsoofHuiorigin,whoactedashisinterpreters.MaHuangaveatrueaccountofZhengHe’svisitsinhisbookMagnificentToursofLandsBeyondtheOcean,whichisofmajorsignificanceinthestudyofthehistoryofcommunicationbetweenChinaandtheWest.HuischolarLiZhi(1527-1602)ofQuanzhouinFujianProvincewasawell-knownprogressivethinkerinChineseideologyhistory.AnumberofoutstandingpoliticiansemergedamongtheHuis.SayyidAjallShamSuddin(1211-1279)ofearlyYuanDynastywasoneofthem.DuringhislateyearswhenhewasservingasgovernorofYunnanProvince,helaidstressonagriculture,settingupspecialareasforpeasantstoreclaimwastelandandgrowfoodgrain.HeadvocatedtheharnessingofsixriversinKunming,capitaloftheprovince;establishedcommunicationpostsextensivelyforcourierstochangehorsesandrest;initiatedteachinginConfucianismandmadestrongeffortsinharmonizingrelationsamongvariousnationalities.Allthesebenefittedpolitical，economicandculturaldevelopmentsinYunnan,helpingtobringcloserrelationsbetweentheprovinceandthecentralgovernment.HaiRui(1514-1587)，apoliticianoftheMingDynasty,wasuprightthroughouthislife.HehadthecouragetoremonstratewithEmperorJiajingabouthisfatuousnessandarbitrarinessthatbroughtthenationandthepeopletocalamity.Haialsolashedoutatwhatheconsideredtobetheevilsofthecourtandineptministers.LaterduringhistermofofficeasrovinginspectordirectlyresponsibletotheemperorandaschiefprocuratorofNanjing，Haienforceddiscipline，redressedmishandledcasesandcheckedlocaldespotsinasuccessfulattempttoboostpublicmorale.SincetheYuanandMingdynasties，agreatnumberofestablishedHuipoets,scholars,paintersanddramatistsemerged.TheseincludedSadul,GaoKegong，DingHenian，MaJin,DingPengandGaiQi.Lifeinthe20thCentury\nAfter1949,theChinesegovernmenthascarriedoutapolicyofregionalethnicautonomyinHui-populatedareas.BecauseHuisdifferfromplacetoplace,suchself-autonomyhastakenonvariousforms.AlongwiththeNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion，theLinxiaandChangjiHuiAutonomousprefecturesinGansuProvinceandtheXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegioncameintoexistence.AlsosixHuiautonomouscountieswereestablishedinZhangjiachuanofGansuProvince,MenyuanandHualongofQinghaiProvince,YanqiofXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegionandDachangandMengcunofHebeiProvince.Inaddition,therearethreeotherautonomouscountiesjointlysetupbyHuiswithpeopleofotherethnicgroups.TherighttoethnicequalityandautonomyhasthusbeenrealizedamongtheHuipeople.OfficialsfromtheHuiethnicminorityoccupyanappropriatepercentageintheorgansofautonomyatalllevels.MostleadingpositionsinthepowerorgansaswellasleadingpositionsinvariousexecutivedepartmentsandprofessionalbodiesaretakenupbyoutstandingHuis.EmphasishasbeenlaidonthetrainingofHuiofficeexecutives，professionalsandtechnicalpersonnelwhoarecompetentintheirworkandpoliticallyprogressive.AllHuiofficials,executivesandprofessionalsareexpectedtoworkfortheadvancementofindustry，agriculture,animalhusbandry,cultureandeducationinaccordancewithlocalconditions.ConsiderableattentionhasbeenpaidtothevariousHuiautonomousareasintermsofinvestmentincapitalconstructionandofmanpower，materialresourcesandtechnology.Huisthatlivescatteredacrossthecountryhavethesimilarrighttoenjoyethnicequalityandtodirecttheirownaffairs.Theiridentityasmembersofanestablishedethnicgroupisrespected.ThepoliticalstatusoftheHuipeoplehasbeengreatlyraised.AnappropriatenumberofrepresentativeshavebeenelectedfromtheHuistotakepartinNationalPeople’sCongresses.People’sCongressesheldatlowerlevelsalsohaveHuirepresentation.Huiofficialsworkingovernmentdepartmentsatcentralandlocallevels.ThemajorityofHuisbelieveinIslamism.Theirreligiousfreedom,customsandhabitsarerespectedandguaranteed.Since1979,thepoliciesonethnicminoritiesandreligionhavecontinuedinNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegionandelsewhereinthecountryafterdisruptionscausedbytheCulturalRevolution(1966-76).ByMay1984,1,400mosqueshadbeenrestoredinNingxia.ThishasmadeitpossibleforMoslemsthroughouttheautonomousregiontonormalizetheirreligiousactivities.AninstituteforthestudyofIslamicscriptureswasestablishedin1982.Ittakesinstudentsfromamongtheahungseveryyear.AnIslamismresearchsocietyalsowassetuptoconductacademicandresearchactivitiesonIslamism.Inrecentyears,manyyoungHuishavemadeeffortstolearnIslamicclassicsinArabic.PatrioticfiguresfromIslamiccircleshaveattendedChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConferencesandPeople’sCongressesatvariouslevels.Manyofthemhavetakenupleadingpositionsingovernmentorgans.ThesocialandeconomicsituationamongtheHuipeoplehasundergonefundamentalchangesduringthelastthreedecades.TheDemocraticReformintheearly1950sandthesubsequentsocialisttransformationputanendtothesystemofclassoppressionwithintheranksoftheHuis.ThismadeitpossibleforthemtojoinhandswiththeotherethnicgroupsofChinainembarkingonthe\nroadofsocialism.TheNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegionhasestablishedanumberofmodernindustries,coveringsuchfieldsascoal，power,machinery,metallurgy,chemicals，lightindustry,petroleumandelectronics.Industrialandagriculturalproductionintheregionhasrisencontinuouslysince1979.TheproductionandlivelihoodoftheHuisinthecountrysidehaveimprovedcontinuously.ConsiderableprogresshasbeenmadebytheHuisinfarmlandcapitalconstruction,constructionofwaterconservancyworksandmechanizedfarming.Theyalsohavemadeeffortstofightdrought,waterlogging,soilsalinizationanderosionandsandencroachmentoffarmlandaswellasnaturalcalamities.InNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegionandLinxiaHuiAutonomousPrefectureofGansuProvince,irrigatedfarmlandhasbeenincreasingyearbyyearasaresultoftheconstructionoflarge-scalekeywatercontrolprojectsatQingtongandLiujiaGorgesontheupperreachesoftheYellowRiverandaseriesofreservoirsandirrigationcanals.Stripe-shapedfieldssuitablefortractor-ploughing,irrigationanddrainagehaveappearedinquiteafewplaces.Thefieldswillserveasafoundationfortheconstructionofcommoditygrainproductionbases.ToimprovethesituationintheLiupanMountainareaplaguedbyseriouswatershortagealmosteveryyear,thecentralgovernmenthasallocatedfundsfortheconstructionofpumpingprojects.TheseareinTongxin,GuyuanandHaiyuanandwillextractwaterfromtheYellowRiverandlifeitstepbystepontotheage-olddrylands.TheprojectsareexpectedtosolvetheproblemofdrinkingwaterandirrigationwateramongthebroadmassesofHuiandHanpeoples.MechanizationoffarminghasprogressedinHuivillages.Farmingmethodsandcultivationtechniques,too,haveundergonemarkedimprovements.TheHuipeopleaswellaspeopleofotherethnicgroupsinNingxiahaveaccumulatedrichexperienceincheckingsanderosionbymeansofafforestationinthecourseoftheirprotractedstruggleagainstdesertization.In1978,thecentralgovernmentdecidedtobuildalarge-scaleshelter-forestthatwouldrunacrossthelengthoftheautonomousregion.Theforestbelt，whencompleted，willhelpcontrolthesandandthuschangetheclimateandothernaturalconditionsofNingxia.Thisinturnwillspeedthemodernizationoftheregion’sagriculture.SincethefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicin1949,elementaryeducationhasonthewholebeenmadeuniversalamongtheHuis.InHui-populatedareas，theHuipeoplehavesetuptheirownprimaryandsecondaryschoolsintheircommunities.Theirchildrenareabletoattendschoolsclosetotheirhomes.Theyalsohavetheirownprofessors,engineers，doctors，scientists,writers,artistsandspecialists.In1958thefirstcollegewasfoundedintheautonomousregion.Today,specializedpersonnelofHuiandotherethnicgroupsarebeingtrainedatNingxiaUniversity,NingxiaMedicalCollegeandNingxiaInstituteofAgronomy.Ending1982,theautonomousregionhadmorethan5,000schoolsatvariouslevelswithastudentpopulationofabout800,000.NumerousfettersthathadbeenforceduponHuiwomenovertheyearshavebeengradually\nremovedasaresultofimprovededucation.SecondaryandprimaryschoolsforfemalestudentshavebeenestablishedinsomeoftheHui-populatedareas.AnincreasingnumberofHuiwomenareattendingeveningschoolsandschoolsarrangedduringslackwinterseasons.Havingacquirededucationatvaryingdegrees,manyofthemarenowskilledworkers,andmoreareofficialsofvariouslevels,aswellasactresses，doctors，teachersandengineers.Massliterary,artisticandsportsactivitieshavebeenspreadingamongtheHuis,resultingintheemergenceofoutstandingartistsandsportsmen.TheskillsofveteranHuiartisansinproducingsuchtraditionalspecialhandicraftsascarvedivory,cloisonne,Suzhouembroidery,carvedbricksandcarpetshavebeencarriedonanddeveloped.MedicalandpublichealthestablishmentshavebeenwidelysetupinHui-populatedareas.Huimedicalworkershavebeentrainedinlargenumbers.InmajorcitieslikeBeijingandTianjin,wheretheconcentrationofHuisisrelativelylarger,specialhospitalshavebeenprovidedforthem.MobilemedicalteamshavebeenorganizedinsomeplacestotourthecountrysideandmountainousareaswheretheHuislive.Manyofthelocalepidemicdiseaseseitherhavebeenputundercontroloreliminated.This，coupledwiththeimprovementofeconomicandculturallifeamongtheHuis，hasgreatlyraisedthegeneralleveloftheirhealth.