[经济学]国际经济学_选择题集含答案 81页

ContentsChapter3LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage:TheRicardianModel2Chapter4SpecificFactorsandIncomeDistribution13Chapter5ResourcesandTrade:TheHeckscher-OhlinModel22Chapter6TheStandardTradeModel31Chapter7EconomiesofScale,imperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade41Chapter8InternationalFactorMovements50Chapter9TheInstrumentsofTradePolicy6081\nChapter3:LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage-TheRicardianModelMultipleChoiceQuestions1.Countriestradewitheachotherbecausetheyare_______andbecauseof______.A.different,costsB.similar,scaleeconomiesC.different,scaleeconomiesD.similar,costsE.Noneoftheabove.2.TradebetweentwocountriescanbenefitbothcountriesifA.eachcountryexportsthatgoodinwhichithasacomparativeadvantage.B.eachcountryenjoyssuperiortermsoftrade.C.eachcountryhasamoreelasticdemandfortheimportedgoods.D.eachcountryhasamoreelasticsupplyforthesuppliedgoods.E.BothCandD.3.TheRicardiantheoryofcomparativeadvantagestatesthatacountryhasacomparativeadvantageinwidgetsifA.outputperworkerofwidgetsishigherinthatcountry.B.thatcountry'sexchangerateislow.C.wageratesinthatcountryarehigh.D.theoutputperworkerofwidgetsascomparedtotheoutputofsomeotherproductishigherinthatcountry.E.BothBandC.4.Inordertoknowwhetheracountryhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneparticularproductweneedinformationonatleast____unitlaborrequirementsA.oneB.twoC.threeD.fourE.five5.AcountryengagingintradeaccordingtotheprinciplesofcomparativeadvantagegainsfromtradebecauseitA.isproducingexportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcouldalternatively.B.isproducingimportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcoulddomestically.81\nA.isproducingexportsusingfewerlaborunits.B.isproducingimportsindirectlyusingfewerlaborunits.C.Noneoftheabove.1.Giventhefollowinginformation:UnitLaborRequirementsClothWidgetsHome1020Foreign6030A.Neithercountryhasacomparativeadvantage.B.Homehasacomparativeadvantageincloth.C.Foreignhasacomparativeadvantageincloth.D.Homehasacomparativeadvantageinwidgets.E.Homehasacomparativeadvantageinbothproducts.2.IfitisascertainedthatForeignusesprison-slavelabortoproduceitsexports,thenhomeshouldA.exportcloth.B.exportwidgets.C.exportbothandimportnothing.D.exportandimportnothing.E.Alloftheabove.3.IftheHomeeconomysufferedameltdown,andtheUnitLaborRequirementsineachoftheproductsquadrupled(thatis,doubledto30forclothand60forwidgets)thenhomeshouldA.exportcloth.B.exportwidgets.C.exportbothandimportnothing.D.exportandimportnothing.E.Alloftheabove.4.IfwagesweretodoubleinHome,thenHomeshould:A.exportcloth.B.exportwidgets.C.exportbothandimportnothing.D.exportandimportnothing.E.Alloftheabove.5.Iftheworldequilibriumpriceofwidgetswere4Cloths,thenA.bothcountriescouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.B.neithercountrycouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.C.eachcountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.81\nA.neithercountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.B.bothcountrieswillwanttospecializeincloth.1.Giventhefollowinginformation:NumberofUnitsProducedbyoneUnitofLaborClothWidgetsHome1020Foreign6030A.Neithercountryhasacomparativeadvantage.B.Homehasacomparativeadvantageincloth.C.Foreignhasacomparativeadvantageincloth.D.Foreignhasacomparativeadvantageinwidgets.E.Homehasacomparativeadvantageinbothproducts.2.TheopportunitycostofclothintermsofwidgetsinForeignisifitisascertainedthatForeignusesprison-slavelabortoproduceitsexports,thenhomeshouldA.exportcloth.B.exportwidgets.C.exportbothandimportnothing.D.exportandimportnothing.E.Alloftheabove.3.IfwagesweretodoubleinHome,thenHomeshouldA.exportcloth.B.exportwidgets.C.exportbothandimportnothing.D.exportandimportnothing.E.Alloftheabove.4.Iftheworldequilibriumpriceofwidgetswere4Cloths,thenA.bothcountriescouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.B.neithercountrycouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.C.eachcountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.D.neithercountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.E.bothcountrieswillwanttospecializeincloth.5.Iftheworldequilibriumpriceofwidgetswere40cloths,thenA.bothcountriescouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.B.neithercountrycouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.81\nA.eachcountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.B.neithercountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.C.bothcountrieswillwanttospecializeincloth.1.Inatwoproducttwocountryworld,internationaltradecanleadtoincreasesinA.consumerwelfareonlyifoutputofbothproductsisincreased.B.outputofbothproductsandconsumerwelfareinbothcountries.C.totalproductionofbothproductsbutnotconsumerwelfareinbothcountriesD.consumerwelfareinbothcountriesbutnottotalproductionofbothproducts.E.Noneoftheabove.2.Asaresultoftrade,specializationintheRicardianmodeltendstobeA.completewithconstantcostsandwithincreasingcosts.B.completewithconstantcostsandincompletewithincreasingcosts.C.incompletewithconstantcostsandcompletewithincreasingcosts.D.incompletewithconstantcostsandincompletewithincreasingcosts.E.Noneoftheabove.3.AnationengagingintradeaccordingtotheRicardianmodelwillfinditsconsumptionbundleA.insideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.B.onitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.C.outsideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.D.insideitstrade-partner'sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.E.onitstrade-partner'sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.4.IntheRicardianmodel,ifacountry'stradeisrestricted,thiswillcauseallexceptwhich?A.Limitspecializationandthedivisionoflabor.B.ReducethevolumeoftradeandthegainsfromtradeC.CausenationstoproduceinsidetheirproductionpossibilitiescurvesD.MayresultinacountryproducingsomeoftheproductofitscomparativedisadvantageE.Noneoftheabove.5.IfaverysmallcountrytradeswithaverylargecountryaccordingtotheRicardianmodel,thenA.thesmallcountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.B.thelargecountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.C.thesmallcountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.D.thelargecountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.81\nA.Noneoftheabove.1.IftheworldtermsoftradeforacountryaresomewherebetweenthedomesticcostratioofHandthatofF,thenA.countryHbutnotcountryFwillgainfromtrade.B.countryHandcountryFwillbothgainfromtrade.C.neithercountryHnorFwillgainfromtrade.D.onlythecountrywhosegovernmentsubsidizesitsexportswillgain.E.Noneoftheabove.2.IftheworldtermsoftradeequalthoseofcountryF,thenA.countryHbutnotcountryFwillgainfromtrade.B.countryHandcountryFwillbothgainfromtrade.C.neithercountryHnorFwillgainfromtrade.D.onlythecountrywhosegovernmentsubsidizesitsexportswillgain.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Iftheworldtermsoftradeequalthoseofcountry,FthenA.countryHbutnotcountryFwillgainfromtrade.B.countryHandcountryFwillbothgainfromtrade.C.neithercountryHnorFwillgainfromtrade.D.onlythecountrywhosegovernmentsubsidizesitsexportswillgain.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Ifaproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisbowedout(concavetotheorigin),thenproductionoccursunderconditionsofA.constantopportunitycosts.B.increasingopportunitycosts.C.decreasingopportunitycosts.D.infiniteopportunitycosts.E.Noneoftheabove.5.Iftwocountrieshaveidenticalproductionpossibilityfrontiers,thentradebetweenthemisnotlikelyifA.theirsupplycurvesareidentical.B.theircostfunctionsareidentical.C.theirdemandconditionsidentical.D.theirincomesareidentical.E.Noneoftheabove.6.Iftwocountrieshaveidenticalproductionpossibilityfrontiers,thentradebetweenthemisnotlikelyifA.theirsupplycurvesareidentical.B.theircostfunctionsareidentical.C.theirdemandfunctionsdiffer.81\nA.theirincomesareidentical.B.Noneoftheabove.1.TheearlieststatementoftheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageisassociatedwithA.DavidHume.B.DavidRicardo.C.AdamSmith.D.EliHeckscher.E.BertilOhlin.2.Ifonecountry'swagelevelisveryhighrelativetotheother's(therelativewageexceedingtherelativeproductivityratios),theniftheybothusethesamecurrencyA.neithercountryhasacomparativeadvantage.B.onlythelowwagecountryhasacomparativeadvantage.C.onlythehighwagecountryhasacomparativeadvantage.D.consumerswillstillfindtradeworthwhilefromtheirperspective.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Ifonecountry'swagelevelisveryhighrelativetotheother's(therelativewageexceedingtherelativeproductivityratios),thenA.itisnotpossiblethatproducersineachwillfindexportmarketsprofitable.B.itisnotpossiblethatconsumersinbothcountrieswillenhancetheirrespectivewelfaresthroughimports.C.itisnotpossiblethatbothcountrieswillfindgainsfromtrade.D.itispossiblethatbothwillenjoytheconventionalgainsfromtrade.E.Noneoftheabove.4.TheRicardianmodelisbasedonallofthefollowingexceptA.onlytwonationsandtwoproducts.B.nodiminishingreturns.C.laboristheonlyfactorofproduction.D.productqualityvariesamongnations.E.Noneoftheabove.5.Ricardo'soriginaltheoryofcomparativeadvantageseemedoflimitedreal-worldvaluebecauseitwasfoundedontheA.labortheoryofvalue.B.capitaltheoryofvalue.C.landtheoryofvalue.D.entrepreneurtheoryofvalue.E.Noneoftheabove.81\n1.AccordingtoRicardo,acountrywillhaveacomparativeadvantageintheproductinwhichitsA.laborproductivityisrelativelylow.B.laborproductivityisrelativelyhigh.C.labormobilityisrelativelylow.D.labormobilityisrelativelyhigh.E.Noneoftheabove.2.Inatwo-country,two-productworld,thestatement"GermanyenjoysacomparativeadvantageoverFranceinautosrelativetoships"isequivalenttoA.FrancehavingacomparativeadvantageoverGermanyinships.B.FrancehavingacomparativedisadvantagecomparedtoGermanyinautosandships.C.GermanyhavingacomparativeadvantageoverFranceinautosandships.D.FrancehavingnocomparativeadvantageoverGermany.E.Noneoftheabove.3.AssumethatlaboristheonlyfactorofproductionandthatwagesintheUnitedStatesequal$20perhourwhilewagesinJapanare$10perhour.ProductioncostswouldbelowerintheUnitedStatesascomparedtoJapanifA.U.S.laborproductivityequaled40unitsperhourandJapan's15unitsperhour.B.U.S.productivityequaled30unitsperhourwhereasJapan'swas20.C.U.S.laborproductivityequaled20andJapan's30.D.U.S.laborproductivityequaled15andJapan's25unitsperhour.E.Noneoftheabove.4.IftheUnitedStates’productionpossibilityfrontierwasflattertothewidgetaxis,whereasGermany'swasflattertothebutteraxis,weknowthatA.theUnitedStateshasnocomparativeadvantageB.Germanyhasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.C.theU.S.hasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.D.Notenoughinformationisgiven.E.Noneoftheabove.5.SupposetheUnitedStates'productionpossibilityfrontierwasflattertothewidgetaxis,whereasGermany'swasflattertothebutteraxis.WenowlearnthattheGermanmarkissharplydepreciatedagainsttheU.S.dollar.WenowknowthatA.theUnitedStateshasnocomparativeadvantageB.Germanyhasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.C.theUnitedStateshasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.D.Notenoughinformationisgiven.E.Noneoftheabove.81\n1.SupposetheUnitedStates'productionpossibilityfrontierwasflattertothewidgetaxis,whereasGermany'swasflattertothebutteraxis.WenowlearnthattheGermanwagedoubles,butU.S.wagesdonotchangeatall.WenowknowthatA.theUnitedStateshasnocomparativeadvantage.B.Germanyhasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.C.theUnitedStateshasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.D.Notenoughinformationisgiven.E.Noneoftheabove.81\nEssayQuestions1.ManycountriesinSub-SaharanAfricahaveverylowlaborproductivitiesinmanysectors,inmanufacturingandagriculture.Theyoftendespairofeventryingtoattempttobuildtheirindustriesunlessitisdoneinanautarkiccontext,behindprotectionistwallsbecausetheydonotbelievetheycancompetewithmoreproductiveindustriesabroad.DiscussthisissueinthecontextoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage.2.In1975,wagelevelsinSouthKoreawereroughly5%ofthoseintheUnitedStates.ItisobviousthatiftheUnitedStateshadallowedKoreangoodstobefreelyimportedintotheUnitedStatesatthattime,thiswouldhavecauseddevastationtothestandardoflivingintheUnitedStates.,becausenoproducerinthiscountrycouldpossiblycompetewithsuchlowwages.DiscussthisassertioninthecontextoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage.3.TheevidencecitedinthechapterusingtheexamplesoftheEastAsiaNewIndustrializingCountriessuggeststhatasinternationalproductivitiesconverge,sodointernationalwagelevels.WhydoyousupposethishappenedfortheEastAsianNICs?Inlightofyouranswer,whatdoyouthinkislikelytohappentotherelativewages(relativetothoseintheUnitedStates)ofChinainthecomingdecade?Explainyourreasoning.4.Whenweexaminethe2Good2CountryversionoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,wenotethatcomparativeadvantageistotallydeterminedbyphysicalproductivityratios.Changesinwageratesineithercountrycannotaffectthesephysicallydeterminedcomparativeadvantages,andhencecannotaffect,whichproductwillbeexportedbywhichcountry.However,whenmorethan2goodsareaddedtothemodel(stillwith2countries),changesinwageratesinoneortheothercountrycaninfactdeterminewhichgoodorgoodseachofthecountrieswillexport.Howcanyouexplainthisanomaly?5.AnexaminationoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantageyieldstheclearresultthattradeis(potentially)beneficialforeachofthetwotradingpartnerssinceitallowsforanexpandedconsumptionchoiceforeach.However,fortheworldasawholetheexpansionofproductionofoneproductmustinvolveadecreaseintheavailabilityoftheother,sothatitisnotclearthattradeisbetterfortheworldasawholeascomparedtoaninitialsituationofnon-trade(butefficientproductionineachcountry).Arethereinfactgainsfromtradefortheworldasawhole?Explain.81\nQuantitative/GraphingProblems1.Giventhefollowinginformation:UnitLaborRequirementsClothWidgetsHome100200Foreign6030WhatistheopportunitycostofClothintermsofWidgetsinForeign?2.Giventhefollowinginformation:UnitLaborRequirementsClothWidgetsHome100200Foreign6030IfthesetwocountriestradethesetwogoodsinthecontextoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,thenwhatisthelowerlimitoftheworldequilibriumpriceofwidgets?3.Giventhefollowinginformation:UnitLaborRequirementsClothWidgetsHome100200Foreign6030IfthesetwocountriestradethesetwogoodswitheachotherinaccordingtotheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,whatisthelowerlimitforthepriceofcloth?4.Giventhefollowinginformation:UnitsProducedbyOneWorker/HourClothWidgetsHome100200Foreign6030WhatistheopportunitycostofclothintermsofWwdgetsinForeign?5.Giventhefollowinginformation:UnitsProducedbyOneWorker/Hour81\nClothWidgetsHome100200Foreign6030IfthesetwocountriestradethesetwogoodswitheachotherinthefollowingtheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,thenwhatisthelowerlimitfortheworldequilibriumpriceofcloth?81\n1.Homehas1200unitsoflaboravailable.Itcanproducetwogoods,applesandbananas.Theunitlaborrequirementinappleproductionis3,whileinbananaproductionitis2.a.GraphHome'sproductionpossibilityfrontier.b.Whatistheopportunitycostofapplesintermsofbananas?c.Intheabsenceoftrade,whatwouldthepriceofapplesintermsofbananasbe?Why?2.Homeisasdescribedinproblem1.Thereisnowalsoanothercountry,Foreign,withalaborforceof800.Foreign'sunitlaborrequirementinappleproductionis5,whileinbananaproductionitis1.a.GraphForeign'sproductionpossibilityfrontier.b.Constructtheworldrelativesupplycurve.3.Nowsupposeworldrelativedemandtakesthefollowingform:Demandforapples/demandforbananas=priceofbananas/priceofapplesa.Graphtherelativedemandcurvealongwiththerelativesupplycurve.b.Whatistheequilibriumrelativepriceofapples?c.Describethepatternoftrade.d.ShowthatbothHomeandForeigngainfromtrade.4.Supposethatinsteadof1200workers,Homehad2400.Findtheequilibriumrelativeprice.WhatcanyousayabouttheefficiencyofworldproductionandthedivisionofthegainsfromtradebetweenHomeandForeigninthiscase?5.SupposethatHomehas2400workers,buttheyareonlyhalfasproductiveinbothindustriesaswehavebeenassuming.Constructtheworldrelativesupplycurveanddeterminetheequilibriumrelativeprice.Howdothegainsfromtradecomparewiththoseinthecasedescribedinproblem4?6.“Koreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcan’timporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit.”Discuss.7.请对下列观点加以评价：（1）只有当一个国家的生产率达到足以在国际竞争中立足的水平时，它才能从自由贸易中获益；（2）如果来自外国的竞争是建立在低工资的基础上，那么这种竞争是不公平的，而且会损害其他参与竞争的国家；（3）如果一个国家的工人比其他国家工人的工资低，那么贸易就会使这个国家受到剥削并使福利恶化。8.用标准的李嘉图假设，分析如下模型：表1单位产品劳动投入奶酪葡萄酒本国aLC=10小时/磅aLW=15小时/加仑外国aLC*=4小时/磅aLW*=10小时/加仑假设本国共拥有3000万工时的劳动量，而外国共有2000万工时的劳动量。a.哪个国家在葡萄酒的生产上具有绝对优势？哪个国家在奶酪的生产上具有绝对优势？b.哪个国家在葡萄酒的生产上具有比较优势？哪个国家在奶酪的生产上具有比较优势？c.在开放贸易后，两个国家各出口何种商品？如果均衡国际价格比率是每磅奶酪1/2瓶葡萄酒，各国的生产会发生什么变化？81\n9.实际工资的含义是每小时劳动的报酬所具有的购买力。用每种产品表示，就是指一个工人用他1小时劳动的报酬所能买到的该产品的单位数量。在李嘉图模型中，对于某工人所生产的任何产品来说，他只是根据其劳动生产率得到报酬，这就是他的以这种产品表示的实际工资。请结合以下表格回答下列问题。表2单位产品劳动投入奶酪葡萄酒本国aLC=1小时/磅aLW=2小时/加仑外国aLC*=6小时/磅aLW*=3小时/加仑a.在无贸易条件下，本国用各种商品表示的劳动的实际工资分别是多少？外国呢？哪个国家劳动的实际工资更高？b.假定在自由贸易条件下，均衡的价格比率为1，本国用奶酪表示的实际工资是多少？国际贸易后，本国用葡萄酒表示的新的实际工资是多少？这表明本国的贸易收益状况如何？外国用葡萄酒表示的实际工资是多少？国际贸易后，外国用奶酪表示的新的实际工资是多少？这表明外国的贸易收益状况如何？c.在自由贸易情况下，哪个国家劳动的实际工资比较高？绝对优势的重要性体现在何处？10.我们重点讨论了只包含两个国家的例子。假定有许多国家能生产两种产品，每个国家都只有一种生产要素：劳动。在这种情况下，贸易模式和生产模式会怎样（提示：画出世界相对供给曲线）？11.在李嘉图模型中，如果A国在两种产品上都具有绝对优势，那么贸易后A国的名义工资水平肯定高于B国。这句话对吗？请评论。12.假设某一国家拥有20000万单位的劳动，X、Y产品的单位产出所要求的劳动投入分别为5个单位和4个单位，试确定生产可能性边界方程。如果X的国际相对价格为2，该国的进口数量为2000个单位，试确定该国的出口量，并在图中画出贸易三角形。13.如果两国各在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么两国在相应的商品上也必然具有比较优势，这句话对吗？请评论。81\nChapter5:SpecificFactorsandIncomeDistributionMultipleChoiceQuestions1.Internationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistributions.Therefore,internationaltradeA.isbeneficialtoeveryoneinbothtradingcountries.B.willtendtohurtonetradingcountry.C.willtendtohurtsomegroupsineachtradingcountry.D.willtendtohurteveryoneinbothcountries.E.willbebeneficialtoallthoseengagedininternationaltrade.2.FactorstendtobespecifictocertainusesandproductsA.incountrieslackingcomparativeadvantage.B.intheshortrun.C.incapital-intensiveindustries.D.inlabor-intensiveindustries.E.incountrieslackingfairlaborlaws.3.InaneconomydescribedbytheSpecificFactorsModel,theproductionpossibilityfrontierwillbeA.linear.B.concavetotheorigin.C.convextotheorigin.D.parabolicwithoneroot.E.collapsedtoapoint.4.Atthepointofproduction,theproductionpossibilityfrontierwillbetangenttoA.theorigin.B.alinewhoseslopeistherelativequalityofthetwogoods.C.alinewhoseslopeistherelativequantityofthetwogoods.D.alinewhoseslopeistherelativepriceofthetwogoods.E.Noneoftheabove.5.Ifthepriceofthecapitalintensiveproductrisesmorethandoesthepriceofthelandintensiveproduct,thenA.demandwillshiftawayfromthecapital-intensiveproduct,anditsproductionwilldecrease.B.demandwillshiftawayfromthecapital-intensiveproduct,anditsproductionwilldecreaserelativetothatofthelandintensiveproduct.C.theproductionofthecapital-intensiveproductwillindeeddecrease,butnotforthereasonsmentionedinAorB.81\nD.thecountriesexportingthecapital-intensivegoodwillloseitscomparativeadvantage.E.Noneoftheabove.1.Ifthepriceofthecapitalintensiveproductrises,wageswillA.risebutbylessthanthepriceofthecapital-intensiveproduct.B.risebymorethantheriseinthepriceofthecapital-intensiveproduct.C.remainproportionallyequaltothepriceofthecapital-intensiveproduct.D.fall,sincehigherpricescauselessdemand.E.Noneoftheabove.2.IfAustraliahasrelativelymorelandperworker,andBelgiumhasrelativelymorecapitalperworker,theniftradeweretoopenupbetweenthesetwocountries,A.therelativepriceofthecapital-intensiveproductwouldriseinAustralia.B.theworldpriceoftheland-intensiveproductwouldbehigherthanithadbeeninBelgium.C.theworldpriceofthelandintensiveproductwouldbehigherthanithadbeeninAustralia.D.therelativepriceofthelandintensiveproductwouldriseinBelgium.E.Noneoftheabove.3.IfAustraliahasmorelandperworker,andBelgiumhasmorecapitalperworker,theniftradeweretoopenupbetweenthesetwocountries,A.Australiawouldexporttheland-intensiveproduct.A.Belgiumwouldimportthecapital-intensiveproduct.B.Bothcountrieswouldexportsomeofeachproduct.C.tradewouldnotcontinuesinceBelgiumisasmallercountry.D.Noneoftheabove.4.IfAustraliahasmorelandperworker,andBelgiumhasmorecapitalperworker,theniftradeweretoopenupbetweenthesetwocountries,A.therealincomeofcapitalownersinAustraliawouldrise.B.therealincomeoflaborinAustraliawouldclearlyrise.C.therealincomeoflaborinBelgiumwouldclearlyrise.D.therealincomeoflandownersinBelgiumwouldfall.E.therealincomesofcapitalownersinbothcountrieswouldrise.5.Iftradeopensupbetweenthetwoformerlyautarkiccountries,AustraliaandBelgium,thenA.therealincomeofAustraliaandofBelgiumwillincrease.B.therealincomeofAustraliabutnotofBelgiumwillincrease.C.therealincomeofneithercountrywillincrease.D.therealincomeofbothcountriesmayincrease.E.therealincomeofbothcountrieswillincrease.81\n1.ThemarginalproductoflaborinmanufacturingslopesdownwardbecauseofA.diseconomiestoscale.B.discontinuitiesintheproductionfunction.C.diminishingreturns.D.grosssubstitutionwiththefoodsector.E.Noneoftheabove.2.IntheSpecificFactorsmodel,eachofthetwosectorsA.employsthesamefactorsusedbytheother.B.employsdifferentfactorsthanthoseemployedintheother.C.employsafixedcoefficientproductionfunction.D.sharesonefactorofproductionwiththeothersector.E.Noneoftheabove.3.TheSpecificFactorsmodelassumesA.imperfectionsinthelabormarket.B.imperfectionsinthelandmarket.C.imperfectionsinthecapitalmarket.D.imperfectionsintheentrepreneurshipmarket.E.Noneoftheabove.4.AttheproductionpointtheproductionpossibilityfrontieristangenttoalinewhoseslopeisA.thepriceofmanufactures.B.therelativewage.C.herealwage.D.therelativepriceofmanufactures.E.Noneoftheabove.5.Ifthepriceofmanufacturesandthepriceoffoodincreaseby25%,thenA.theeconomymovesdownitsaggregatesupplycurve.B.theeconomymovesbackalongitsaggregatedemandcurve.C.therelativequantitiesofmanufacturesandfoodremainunchanged.D.therelativequantitiesofproductschangeby25%.E.Noneoftheabove.6.Ifthepriceofmanufacturesrises,thenA.thepriceoffoodalsorises.B.thequantityoffoodproducedfalls.C.thequantityofbothmanufacturesandfoodfalls.D.thepurchasingpoweroflaborintermsoffoodfalls.E.Noneoftheabove.7.Inthemodeldescribedinthischapter,ifthepriceofmanufacturesrises,then81\nA.therealincomeofcapitalrises.B.therealincomeoflandrises.C.thepurchasingpoweroflandownersrises.D.theproductionofbothproductsfalls.E.Noneoftheabove.1.Ifthepriceoffoodrises,thentheincomeofcapitalownerswillfallbecauseA.capitalownersconsumeonlyfood.B.therealwageintermsofmanufacturesrises.C.theymustpayhigherwagestomaintainsubsistencelevels.D.foodisanelementoforganiccapitalforcapitalists.E.Noneoftheabove.2.IfadditionallandweretobebroughtintocultivationintheSpecificFactormodel,theoutputofmanufactureswouldfallbecauseofA.lowermarginalproductivityoflaborinthissector.B.lowermarginalproductivityoflaborinfoodproduction.C.highermarginalproductivityoflaborinmanufacturesector.D.lowerlaborinputinmanufacturesector.E.Noneoftheabove.3.IfJapanisrelativelycapitalrichandtheUnitedStatesisrelativelylandrich,thentradebetweenthesetwo,formerlyautarkiccountrieswillA.leadtoperfectspecializationwithJapanaloneproducingmanufactures.B.createaworldrelativepriceoffoodthatislowerthanthatoftheU.S.C.lowerthepriceoffoodinbothcountries.D.raisethepriceoffoodinbothcountries.E.Noneoftheabove.4.IfJapanistheland-richcountry,theninternationaltradewillclearlyA.raisetherealincomeofallfactorownersinthatcountry.B.lowertherealincomeofworkers.C.lowertherealincomeofcapitalowners.D.lowertherealincomeoflandowners.E.Noneoftheabove.5.ThereasontradeclearlybenefitsacountryisthatA.itraisestherealincomeofthemoreproductiveelementsinsociety.B.itlowerstherealincomeofthelessproductiveelementsinsociety.C.itincreasesthelevelsofconsumptionofeveryone.D.itincreasessociety'sconsumptionchoices.E.Noneoftheabove.6.Thosewhostandtolosefromtrade81\nA.arelikelytomigratetoanothercountry.B.tendtobemoreeffectivelyorganizedpolitically.C.tendtorejectcompensationassmackingofsocialism.D.areuniversallyopposedbyeconomistswhoconsiderthemparasites.E.Noneoftheabove.1.ThosewhostandtogainfromtradeA.donotreallycareabouttheissueofincomeredistribution.B.couldnotcompensateloserssincetherearesomanypoorpeople.C.couldcompensatelosersbutwouldrathernotinmodernindustrialeconomies.D.compensatelosersatleastpartiallythroughsuchlegislationasunemploymentcompensation.E.Noneoftheabove.2.GroupsthatlosefromtradetendtolobbythegovernmenttoA.shiftthedirectionofcomparativeadvantage.B.abolishtheSpecificFactormodelfrompracticalapplication.C.providepublicsupportfortherelativelyefficientsectors.D.provideprotectionfortherelativelyinefficientsectors.E.Noneoftheabove.3.ItisknownthattheexistenceofthesugarquotacausesseveralbilliondollarsofaddedexpensestoU.S.consumers,whilepayingmuchlessinbenefitstoU.S.sugarproducers.ThecontinuedexistenceofthisquotaformanyyearstothepresentisattributabletothefactthatA.asagrowingproportionoftheU.S.populationdevelopsTypeIIDiabetes,nooneisreallyinterestedinmakingsugarevencheaperthanitis.B.obviouslythequotawillberemovednowthatithasbeencalculatedthatthecostsexceedthebenefits.C.theper-capitaharmtothepublicissosmallthatitisnotworththetimeforanyonetofightthisquota.D.itisunderstoodthatthesugarquotaisanimportantweaponinkeepingCommunismfromsweepingtheCaribbean.E.Noneoftheabove.4.ItwasfoundthatwhentheUnitedStatesimposedsteelquotas,thiscausedharmnotonlytosteelconsumers,butalsotomanyproducersforwhomsteelisanimportantinput.ThisinsightA.suggeststhatgeneralequilibriummodelsoftariffswilldemonstratethatthepartialequilibriumdeadweightlosstrianglestendtooverstatethetariffharm.B.suggeststhatthedeadweightlosstrianglesfrompartialequilibriummodelstendtounderstatetheharmtosocietyofprotectionism.81\nA.suggeststhatitisquitesensiblethatproducerstendtosupportquotas.B.suggeststhatsteelproductionisaninfantindustryintheU.S.C.Noneoftheabove.1.ItwasfoundthatwhentheUnitedStatesplacedquotasonimportedJapanesesemiconductors,thisharmedtheinternationalcompetitivenessofU.S.computermanufacturers.ThisisagoodillustrationoftheprinciplethatA.tradebenefitsthefactorthatisspecifictotheexportsector.B.protectionismhelpsmanufacturersbutharmsconsumers.C.protectionismharmsthefactorthatisspecifictotheexportsector.D.effectiveprotectionisnotthesameasanominaltariffortariffequivalent.E.Noneoftheabove.2.Thespecificfactormodelarguesthatiflandcanbeusedbothforfoodproductionandformanufacturing,thenaquotathatprotectsfoodproductionwillA.clearlyhelplandowners.B.clearlyhurtlandowners.C.clearlyhelpmanufacturebuthurtfoodproduction.D.haveanambiguouseffectonthewelfareoflandowners.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Ricardo'smodelofcomparativeadvantagedemonstratednoharmtoanygroupintheeconomyasaresultoffreetrade.ThiswasprobablybecauseA.Ricardodidnotunderstandtheconceptofdiminishingreturns.B.thespecificfactormodelhadnotyetbeeninvented.C.HeckscherandOhlinhadnotyetbeenborn.D.amodel,whichdemonstratedsuchharm,wascounter-productivetoRicardo'spoliticalorpolemicalaims.E.Noneoftheabove.4.WhentheNapoleonicWarswereover,theCornLawswereenactedinEngland.Thismaybeunderstoodintermsofthefollowing:A.TheSpecificFactorsmodel.B.Theintra-trademodel.C.ThemonopolisticcompetitionmodelD.ThescaleeconomiesmodelE.Noneoftheabove.5.Theproductionfunctionmaybeanalyzedusingcalculus.Forexample,thetotalproductmaybecalculatedasbeingequaltoA.thefirstderivativeofthetotalproductcurve.B.thesecondderivativeofthemarginalproductcurve.C.theintegralsummedupunderthetotalproductcurve.81\nA.theintegralsummedupunderthemarginalproductcurve.B.Noneoftheabove.1.IfGambiniahasmanyworkersbutverylittlelandandevenlessproductivecapital,then,followingthespecificfactormodel,weknowthatGambiniahasacomparativeadvantageinA.manufactures.B.food.C.bothmanufacturesandfood.D.neithermanufacturesnorfood.E.Notenoughinformationgiven.2.If,relativetoitstradepartners,Gambiniahasmanyworkersbutverylittlelandandevenlessproductivecapital,then,followingthespecificfactormodel,inordertohelpthecountry'seconomicwelfare,theGambiniangovernmentshouldA.protectthemanufacturingsector.B.protecttheagriculturalsector.C.protectbothsectors.D.notresorttoprotectionismE.Noneoftheabove.3.If,relativetoitstradepartners,Gambiniahasmanyworkersbutverylittlelandandevenlessproductivecapital,then,followingthespecificfactormodel,weknowthatGambiniahasacomparativeadvantageinA.manufactures.B.food.C.bothmanufacturesandfood.D.neithermanufacturesnorfood.E.Noneoftheabove.81\nEssayQuestions1.TheSpecificFactorsmodelmakesadistinctionbetweengeneral-purposefactorsthatcanmovebetweensectorsandfactorsthatarespecifictoparticularuses.Howdodifferencesintheavailabilitiesofthespecificfactorsformthebasisforinternationaltrade?Identifyfactors,whicharespecific,andexplaininwhatsenseorcontexttheyarespecific.2.TheSpecificFactorsmodelclearlyillustrateshowtheexpansionoftradecanhavesignificantdistributionaleffectsontherelativeincomesofdifferentfactorsofproduction.Whydoeconomistsobjecttousingtradeprotectionistpolicytomitigateorreversetheseeffects?Ifmitigatingsucheffectswereconsideredtobeareasonablegoal,wouldeconomiststhenfavordothisviatheuseoftradepolicy?Whyorwhynot?3.Itisclaimedthatthepersistenceofprotectionismisoftentheresultofthefactthatthosewholosefromtradeareusuallyamuchmoreinformed,cohesiveandmotivatedagroupthanthosewhogain.Giveaspecificexamplefrom"reallife"thatsupportsthisclaim.4.Onereasoninternationaltradehasapowerfuleffectonthedistributionofincomewithincountriesisthatsomefactorsare"specific",andthereforecannotmovecostlesslyfromoneindustrytoanother.Whatisanothernecessaryconditionforinternationaltradetohavesuchastrongeffectonintra-countryincomedistributions?5.EventhoughitisveryclearinthecontextoftheSpecificFactorsmodelthatanexpansionofinternationaltradewillcreatelosersaswellaswinners,economistsstillclaimthatthecountryasawholegains.Thegeneralclaimthatacountrygainseventhoughsomeidentifiablegroupwithinitsystematicallylosesrequiressubjectivejudgementsconcerningtherelativeimportanceorweightstobegiventheeconomicwelfaresofindividualsorgroups.Doyoubelievethatthisis,ingeneralscientificallyorethicallypossibletodo?Explainyouranswer.Inwhatsense,then,doeconomistsneverthelessclaimthatthecountryasawholegains?81\nQuantitative/GraphingProblems1.In1986,thepriceofoilonworldmarketsdroppedsharply.SincetheUnitedStatesisanoil-importingcountry,thiswaswidelyregardedasgoodfortheU.S.economy.YetinTexasandLouisiana,1986wasayearofeconomicdecline.Why?2.AnEconomycanproducegood1usinglaborandcapitalandgood2usinglaborandland.Thetotalsupplyoflaboris100units.Giventhesupplyofcapital,theoutputsofthetwogoodsdependsonlaborinputasfollows:LaborInputOutputofLaborinputOutputoftoGood1Good1toGood2Good200001025104020382053304930624058407050665077607360837079708880848092908790951008910096A.Graphtheproductionfunctionsforgood1andgood2A.Graphtheproductionpossibilityfrontier.Whyisitcurved?3.Calculatethemarginalproductoflaborforeachproduct,fordifferentlaborinputs.4.Supposetherelativepriceofgood1fallsrelativetothepriceof2.Whathappenstothewagerate?5.Calculatetheeffectsofthefallintherelativepriceofgood2ontheincomeofthespecificfactorscapitalandland.81\n1.1986年，世界石油市场的价格猛跌。由于美国是一个石油进口国，人们普遍认为油价下跌有利于美国经济。但是同一年，得克萨斯州和路易斯安那州的经济下滑，为什么？2.一个国家用劳动和资本生产产品1，用劳动和土地生产产品2。总劳动供给量是100个单位。在资本供给量给定时，两种产品的产出随劳动投入的变化如下表所示：产品1投入的劳动产品1的产出产品2投入的劳动产品2的产出00.000.01025.11039.82038.12052.53048.63061.84057.54069.35066.05075.86073.66081.57080.77086.78087.48091.49093.99095.5100100100100a．画出产品1和产品2的生产函数。b．画出生产可能性边界。为什么生产可能性边界是弯曲的？3.根据问题2中的生产函数，边际劳动产出曲线如下：雇佣的劳动部门1的MPL部门2的MPL101.511.59201.141.05300.970.82400.870.69500.790.61600.740.54700.690.50800.660.46900.630.431000.600.40a．假定产品2对产品1的相对价格为2，画图确定工资率和劳动在两个部门间的配置。b．利用问题2中画出的图，确定每个部门的产出，然后画图确定生产可能性边界在哪一点上的斜率等于负的相对价格。c．假定产品2的相对价格下跌到1，重做a和b。d．计算价格变化对部门1和部门2特定要素所有者收入的影响。4．在本章中，我们讨论了增加资本和土地的供给所产生的结果。如果增加流动要素——劳动的供给，又会如何？81\na．如果产品价格不变，定性分析在特定要素模型中增加劳动供给产生的影响。b．当产品2相对价格为1时，将劳动从100增加到140，在图上画出问题2和问题3模型中均衡点的变化。5.如果劳动不是同质的话，那么劳动技能的差别是否会造成特定要素的存在？试举例说明。6.如果短期内资本和劳动都不能自由流动，那么国际贸易对要素实际收入会产生什么影响？7.根据本章所建立的特定要素模型，试析劳动增加对要素实际收入和两个部门的生产会产生什么影响？8.如果是某一特定要素增加，那么要素实际收入和两个部门的生产又将如何变化？9.假设某一国能源部门（如石油部门）和制造业部门除劳动是共同的投入要素外，各使用一种不同的特定要素，那么，世界市场上能源价格的上涨对该国制造业部门的生产会产生什么影响？81\nChapter6:ResourcesandTrade:TheHeckscher-OhlinModel1.Inthe2-factor,2goodHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,aninfluxofworkersfromacrosstheborderwouldA.movethepointofproductionalongtheproductionpossibilitycurve.B.shifttheproductionpossibilitycurveoutward,andincreasetheproductionofbothgoods.C.shifttheproductionpossibilitycurveoutwardanddecreasetheproductionofthelabor-intensiveproduct.D.shifttheproductionpossibilitycurveoutwardanddecreasetheproductionofthecapital-intensiveproduct.E.Noneoftheabove.2.Inthe2-factor,2goodHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,thetwocountriesdifferinA.tastes.B.militarycapabilities.C.size.D.relativeavailabilitiesoffactorsofproduction.E.laborproductivities.3.Inthe2-factor,2goodHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,achangefromautarky(notrade)totradewillbenefittheownersofA.capital.B.therelativelyabundantfactorofproduction.C.therelativelyscarcefactorofproduction.D.therelativelyinelasticfactorofproductionE.thefactorofproductionwiththelargestelasticityofsubstitution.4.Inthe2-factor,2goodHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,achangefromautarky(notrade)totradeA.willtendtomakethewagesinbothcountriesmoresimilar.B.willequalizethewagesinbothcountries.C.willtendtomakethewagesinbothcountrieslesssimilar.D.willtendtomakewagesequaltoreturnstocapital.E.willtendtomakerentsequaltointerestrates.5.TheLeontieffParadoxA.supportedthevalidityoftheRicardiantheoryofcomparativeadvantage.B.supportedthevalidityoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel.C.failedtosupportthevalidityoftheRicardiantheory.D.failedtosupportthevalidityoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel.E.provedthattheU.S.economyisdifferentfromallothers.6.TheLeontieffParadox81\nA.referstothefindingthatU.S.exportsweremorelaborintensivethanitsimports.B.referstothefindingthatUS.Exportsweremorecapitalintensivethanitsexports.C.referstothefindingthattheU.S.producesoutsideitsEdgeworthBox.D.stillaccuratelyappliestotoday'spatternofU.S.internationaltrade.E.referstothefactthatLeontieff-anAmericaneconomist–hadaRussianname.1.The1987studybyBowen,LeamerandSveikauskasA.supportedthevalidityoftheLeontieffParadox.B.supportedthevalidityoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel.C.usedatwo-countryandtwo-productframework.D.demonstratedthatinfactcountriestendtousedifferenttechnologies.E.provedthattheU.S.'scomparativeadvantagereliedonskilledlabor.2.EmpiricalobservationsonactualNorth-SouthtradepatternstendtoA.supportthevalidityoftheLeontieffParadox.B.supportthevalidityoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel.C.supportthevalidityoftheRybczynskiTheorem.D.supportthevalidityofthewageequalizationtheorem.E.supportthevalidityoftheneo-imperialismexploitationtheory.3.TheCaseoftheMissingTradereferstoA.the9thvolumeoftheHardyBoys'Mysteryseries.B.thefactthatworldexportsdoesnotequalworldimports.C.thefactthatfactortradeislessthanpredictedbytheHeckscher-Ohlintheory.D.thefactthattheHeckscherOhlintheorypredictsmuchlessvolumeoftradethanactuallyexists.E.Noneoftheabove.4.IftheUntedStateshadrelativelymorecapitalperworkerthanMexico,andiftheLeontieffParadoxappliedtothistrade,thenasuccessfulexpansionoftradeunderNAFTAbetweenMexicoandtheUnitedStateswouldtendtobenefitwhichgroupintheUnitedStates?A.EnvironmentalistsB.CapitalistsC.WorkersD.LandownersE.Skilledlaborwithrelativelyhighlevelsofhumancapital5.AccordingtotheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,thesourceofcomparativeadvantageisacountry'sA.technology.81\nA.advertising.B.humancapital.C.factorendowments.D.BothAandB.1.TheHechscher-Ohlinmodelstatesthatacountrywillhaveacomparativeadvantageinthegoodorservicewhoseproductionisrelativelyintensiveinthe______withwhichthecountryisrelativelyabundant.A.tastes.B.technology.C.factorofproduction.D.opportunitycost.E.scaleeconomy.2.OnewayinwhichtheHeckscher-OhlinmodeldiffersfromtheRicardomodelofcomparativeadvantageisbyassumingthat__________is(are)identicalinallcountries.A.factorofproductionendowmentsB.scaleeconomiesC.factorofproductionintensitiesD.technologyE.opportunitycosts3.AccordingtotheHecksher-Ohlinmodel,A.everyoneautomaticallygainsfromtradeB.thescarcefactornecessarilygainsfromtradeC.thegainerscouldcompensatethelosersandstillretaingains.D.acountrygainsifitsexportshaveahighvalueadded.E.Noneoftheabove.4.TheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelassumesthat_____areidenticalinalltradingcountriesA.tastesB.technologiesC.factorendowmentsD.BothA.andB.E.Noneoftheabove.5.AsopposedtotheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,theassumptionofdiminishingreturnsintheHeckscher-OhlinmodelmeansthattheprobabilityisgreaterthatwithtradeA.countrieswillnotbefullyspecializedinoneproduct.B.countrieswillbenefitfromfreeinternationaltrade.C.countrieswillconsumeoutsidetheirproductionpossibilityfrontier.D.comparativeadvantageisprimarilysupplyrelated.81\nA.Noneoftheabove.1.Startingfromanautarky(no-trade)situationwithHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,ifCountryHisrelativelylaborabundant,thenoncetradebeginsA.wagesandrentsshouldriseinHB.wagesandrentsshouldfallinHC.wagesshouldriseandrentsshouldfallinH.D.wagesshouldfallandrentsshouldriseinH.E.Noneoftheabove.2.Whichofthefollowingisfalse(fortheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel)?A.Iftastesarenotidenticalinbothcountries,wagesmaystillequalize.B.Differencesintechnologiescouldbethesourceofgainsfromtrade.C.Somegroupsmaygainandsomemayloseduetotrade.D.Gainsforthetrade-relatedwinnerswilltendtobelargerthanlossesoflosers.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Iftastesdifferedbetweencountries,thiscouldaffectA.wageequalizationduetotradewithnospecialization.B.thedirectionoftrade(whoexportswhattowhom).C.thefactthatsomegroupsinacountrymightlosewelfareduetotrade.D.thefactthatthecountryasawholewillgainfromtrade.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Supposethattherearetwofactors,capitalandland,andthattheUnitedStatesisrelativelylandendowedwhiletheEuropeanUnionisrelativelycapital-endowed.AccordingtotheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,A.EuropeanlandownersshouldsupportUS-Europeanfreetrade.B.EuropeancapitalistsshouldsupportUS-Europeanfreetrade.C.allcapitalistsinbothcountriesshouldsupportfreetrade.D.alllandownersshouldsupportfreetrade.E.Noneoftheabove.5.AccordingtotheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,iftheUnitedStatesisrichlyendowedinhuman-capitalrelativetoMexico,thenasNAFTAincreasinglyleadstomorebilateralfreetradebetweenthetwocountries,A.theUnitedStateswillfinditsindustrialbasesuckedintoMexico.B.MexicowillfinditsrelativelyhighlyskilledworkersdrawntotheUnitedStates.C.ThewagesofhighlyskilledU.S.workerswillbedrawndowntoMexicanlevels.D.ThewagesofhighlyskilledMexicanworkerswillrisetothoseintheUnitedStates.81\nA.ThewagesofhighlyskilledMexicanworkerswillfalltothoseintheUnitedStates.22.Assumethatonlytwocountries,AandB,exist.Considerthefollowingdata:CountriesFactorEndowmentsABLaborForce4520CapitalStock1510IfgoodSiscapitalintensive,thenfollowingtheHeckscher-OhlinTheory,A.countryAwillexportgoodS.B.countryBwillexportgoodS.C.bothcountrieswillexportgoodS.D.tradewillnotoccurbetweenthesetwocountries.E.Insufficientinformationisgiven.23.ContinuingfromQuestion#22,ifyouaretoldthatCountryBisverymuchricherthanCountryA,thenthecorrectansweris:A.countryAwillexportgoodS.B.countryBwillexportgoodS.C.bothcountrieswillexportgoodS.D.tradewillnotoccurbetweenthesetwocountries.E.insufficientinformationisgiven.24.ContinuingfromQuestion#22,youaretoldthatCountryBisverymuchlargerthancountryA.Thecorrectansweris:A.countryAwillexportgoodS.B.countryBwillexportgoodS.C.bothcountrieswillexportgoodS.D.tradewillnotoccurbetweenthesetwocountries.E.insufficientinformationisgiven.25.ContinuingfromQuestion#22,youaretoldthatCountryBhasnominimumwageorchildlaborlaws.Nowthecorrectansweris:A.countryAwillexportgoodS.B.countryBwillexportgoodS.C.bothcountrieswillexportgoodS.D.tradewillnotoccurbetweenthesetwocountries.E.Insufficientinformationisgiven.26.ContinuingfromQuestion#22,younowaretoldthatthelaborunionsrepresentingtheworkersineachofthetworespectivecountriesareconsideringlobbying81\nagainsttheopeningofinternationaltradebetweenthesetwocountries.Notethatworkers’incomeisderivedsolelyfromwages.A.Thiswouldbeamisguideddecisionfromtheviewpointoftheworkersinbothcountries,sincetradeisalwaysbetterthanautarky.B.ThiswouldbeagooddecisionfromtheviewpointofworkersinCountryAsinceinternationaltradehelpsthecapitalistsandhurtstheworkers.C.ThiswouldbeagooddecisionfromtheviewpointofworkersinCountryBsinceinternationaltradehelpsthecapitalistsandhurtstheworkers.D.Thiswouldbeagooddecisionforbothunionssincetradehurtsworkerswherevertheylive.E.Noneoftheabove.26.WearenowtoldthattheinformationgivenusinQuestion#22wasnotexactlyaccurate,andthatinfactSisrelativelycapitalintensiveonlywhenrelativewagesarehigh,butbecomesrelativelylaborintensivewhenrelativewagesarelow.Giventhisinformation:A.countryAwillexportgoodS.B.countryBwillexportgoodS.C.bothcountrieswillexportgoodS.D.tradewillnotoccurbetweenthesetwocountries.E.Insufficientinformationisgiven.27.ThefollowingareallassumptionsthatmustbeacceptedinordertoapplytheHeckscher-OhlinTheory,exceptforone:A.countriesdifferintheirendowmentsoffactorsofproduction.B.countriesdifferintheirtechnologies.C.therearetwofactorsofproduction.D.productionissubjecttoconstantreturnstoscale.E.oneproductalwaysrequiresmoremachinesperworkerinitsproductionthandoestheotherproduct.28.Ininternational-tradeequilibriumintheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,A.thecapitalrichcountrywillchargelessforthecapitalintensivegoodthanthepricepaidbythecapitalpoorcountryforthecapital-intensivegood.B.thecapitalrichcountrywillchargethesamepriceforthecapitalintensivegoodasthatpaidforitbythecapitalpoorcountry.C.thecapitalrichcountrywillchargemoreforthecapitalintensivegoodthanthepricepaidbythecapitalpoorcountryforthecapital-intensivegood.D.theworkersinthecapitalrichcountrywillearnmorethanthoseinthepoorcountry.E.theworkersinthecapitalrichcountrywillearnlessthanthoseinthepoorcountry.81\n26.Iftwocountrieswereverydifferentintheirrelativefactoravailabilities,thenwewouldnotexpectwhichofthefollowingtobeempiricallysupported?A.TheHeckscher-OhlinTheoremB.TheFactorPriceEqualizationTheore.C.TheLawofOnePriceD.TheLawofDemandE.Noneoftheabove.27.WhenCountryAproducesbothgoodsmoreefficientlythanCountryB,thenA.countryAshouldproducebothgoodsandnottrade.B.countryAshouldspecializeinitsgoodofleastabsolutedisadvantage.C.bothcountrieswouldbenefitfromautarky.D.bothcountriesmaynotbenefitfromtrade.E.Noneoftheabove.32.TheminimuminformationrequiredtodetermineCountryA’scomparativeadvantageisA.thenumberofhoursoflaborintheeconomyofA.B.ratiooflaborinputsforproductsSandTinA.C.totalavailablelabor,laborrequiredperunitofS,andlaborrequiredperunitofTinA.D.totalavailablelaborandtheratiooflaborinputsforSandTinA.E.Noneoftheabove.33.Theslopeofacountry’sPPFreflectsA.theopportunitycostofproductSintermsofproductT.B.theopportunitycostofTintermsofmoneyprices.C.theopportunitycostofSorTintermsofS.D.BothAandB.E.BothAandC.34.TheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelpredictsallofthefollowingexcept:A.whichcountrywillexportwhichproduct.B.whichfactorofproductionwithineachcountrywillgainfromtrade.C.thevolumeoftrade.D.thatwageswilltendtobecomeequalinbothtradingcountries.E.Noneoftheabove.35.TheHeckscher-OhlinmodeldiffersfromtheRicardianmodelofComparativeAdvantageinthattheformerA.hasonlytwocountries.B.hasonlytwoproducts.C.hastwofactorsofproduction.D.hastwoproductionpossibilityfrontiers(oneforeachcountry).E.Noneoftheabove.81\nEssayQuestions1.“Agoodcannotbebothland-andlabor-intensive.”Discuss.2.“Nocountryisabundantineverything.”Discuss.3.Thereisfrequentlyaconflictbetweenshort-termandlong-terminterestsintrade.Discuss.4.Internationaltradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.Discuss.5.Countriesthatarewillingtotolerateanunusuallyhighquantityofpollutionrelativetotheirsuppliesofotherfactorswouldtendtoexport“pollution-intensive”goods.DiscussusingtheHechscher-Ohlin(H.O.)model.6.CountriesdonotinfactexportthegoodstheH.O.theorypredicts.Discuss.7.WhyistheH.O.modelcalledthefactor-proportiontheory?8.WhydoweobservetheLeontiefparadox?9.Whyarepricesoffactorsofproductionnotequalized?10.“TheH.O.modelremainsusefulasawaytopredicttheincomedistributioneffectsoftrade.”Discuss.81\nQuantitative/GraphingProblems1.Twocountriesexistinthismodel,PandR.Pisrelativelylabor(L)abundant,asisevidentinthebottomrighthorizontalaxis.IfCountryPweretobecompletelyspecializedinthelabor-intensiveproduct,C,itwouldbeproducingatpoint4.Infact,itproducesbothCandP,atpoint5.The(autarky)relativepriceofC(intermsofF)ofCountryPisatpoint3;andofCountryRatpointIftradeweretoopenupbetweenthesetwocountries,whichwouldexportCandwhichwouldexportF?IsthisconsistentwiththeHeckscher-Ohlinmodel?Explain.2.IftradeweretoopenupbetweenPandR,wherewouldtheworldtermsoftradelocateinthefigureabove(somewhereonthePC/PFaxis)?Wouldrelativewages(w/r)inthetwocountriesbecomeequal?IsthisconsistentwiththeHeckscher-Ohlinmodel?Explain.3.NowrepeattheexercisebutsubstitutecountryMforcountryR.Howdotheanswersdifferfromthoseinquestion2above?Explainthereasonforanydifferencesyounote.4.Inautarky,CountryPwasproducingatpoint5.Withtrade,woulditsproductionpointbefoundaboveorbelowpoint5?Explainwhy.WhatmusthappenintheK/Lintensityratiointheproductionofeachoftheproductsinthiscountrywhenmovingfromautarkytofreetrade?5.Usingtheanswerstoquestion4,canyouguesswhichgroupofproducersinCountryPmightlobbyagainstfreetrade?81\n一、选择题1．赫克歇尔—俄林理论说明：A．相对于其他资源，劳动力比较丰裕的国家并不具有比较优势。B．一个劳动力资源对非劳动力资源比率较高的国家，应当减少对国际贸易的参与。C．一个非劳动力资源相对丰裕的国家将不会从国际贸易中受益。D．国际市场力量将引导各国专业化于生产和出口大量使用其相对丰裕要素的商品。2．对于赫克歇尔—俄林理论来说，导致不同国家间相对商品价格差异的最主要原因是：A．要素禀赋。B．国民收入。C．技术。D．消费偏好。3．对美国的贸易，以及贸易对美国工人就业的影响的研究表明，就总体情况而言：A．贸易对总就业量没有影响。B．与等量的出口扩张相比，进口替代（例如通过保护主义措施而抵制国外竞争）可以更多地增加就业。C．出口扩张比等量的进口替代可以创造更多的就业机会。D．国际竞争曾明显地提高了失业率，尤其是在80年代。4．在开放贸易后的短时期内：A．所有与衰落产业相关的集团都会受到损失。B．只有那些更密集地使用于衰落产业的要素才会受到损失。C．只有那些更不密集地使用于衰落产业的要素才会受到损失。D．只有本国中最为丰裕的要素才会受到损失。5．墨西哥拥有丰裕的非技术工人，而美国拥有丰裕的技术工人。在开放贸易后，从长期看，非技术工人的工资将：A．在两国都下降。B．在美国下降，在墨西哥上升。C．在美国上升，在墨西哥下降。D．在两个国家都上升。6．在下述条件中，要素价格均等化定理将不能成立。A．要素不会在各产业间流动。B．要素在不同国家中具有不同的生产率。C．各国均建立贸易壁垒以阻止自由贸易。D．上述所有3项。二、问答题1.根据表5—1和表5—2，试判断：（1）哪个国家的资本相对丰富？（2）哪个国家的劳动相对丰富？（3）如果X是资本密集型产品，Y是劳动密集型产品，那么两国的比较优势如何？表5—1要素禀赋A国B国劳动4520资本151081\n表5—2要素禀赋A国B国劳动1230资本48602.美国劳工运动（基本上代表了蓝领工人，而不是专业人才和受过高等教育的工人）传统上支持政府限制从不发达国家进口产品。从工会成员利益的角度来看，这个政策是否合理？如何用有关贸易模型的理论来回答本题？3.让我们将赫克歇尔—俄林模型应用于本国和外国。假设仅有劳动力和土地这两种生产要素。（1）如果本国拥有800万英亩土地和200万个劳动力，而外国拥有200万英亩土地和40万个劳动力，请回答哪个国家是“劳动力丰裕型的”？哪个国家是“土地丰裕型的”？为什么？（2）如果劳动力占电话机生产总成本的80％，占面包生产总成本的20％，哪个国家更可能会出口电话机？哪个国家更可能会出口面包？为什么？（3）假设两国间实行自由贸易。a.在短期和长期内，本国工人的工资将发生何种变化？b.在短期和长期内，外国工人的工资将发生何种变化？c.根据要素价格均等化定理，本国工人的工资是否会与土地地租相等？本国的工资水平是否会与外国的工资水平相等？4.某一国家生产资本密集型的计算机和土地密集型的小麦。两种商品的生产都要使用劳动力。如果自由贸易提高了计算机相对于小麦的价格，在如下各种情况中，谁将受益，谁将受损？（1）要素在两产业间完全不流动。（2）要素在两产业间不完全流动。（3）要素在两产业间充分流动。5.请考虑我们的两种产品（小麦和布匹）、两种要素（土地和劳动）的模型。现在出现了小麦相对价格的下降，这对于如下要素的短期的和长期的收入影响如何：小麦产业就业的工人；布匹产业就业的工人；小麦产业占用的土地；布匹产业占用的土地。6.作为《北美自由贸易协定》的一个结果，美国正在转向对墨西哥采取自由贸易的政策。根据斯托珀—萨缪尔森定理，这种变化会对墨西哥和美国低技能劳动力的实际工资产生何种影响？它又会对墨、美两国的高技能劳动力的实际工资产生何种影响？7.“要素价格均等化理论表明，在自由贸易条件下，工人的实际工资将与土地所有者的实际地租相等。”这是否正确？为什么？8.“开放贸易在短期内的确要使进口替代产业的人员受到损害。但从长期看，当人员和资源可以在不同产业间流动时，每个人都将从自由贸易中获益。”你是否同意？请解释。9.你的一位亲属对你说，我们的国家应当停止与其他国家进行贸易，因为商品进口使我们的就业机会减少，并使我们的国民福利降低。你将如何评论这种看法？10.里昂惕夫在其检验中得出的实证结果被称作悖论，这是为什么？11.考虑到贸易模式对要素价格的影响，你将如何解释这样一种现象，即在20世纪80年代后期，联邦德国制造业的每小时工资为13.44美元，而英国仅为7.46美元？81\n12.在土地便宜的美国，用来养牛的人均土地要高于用于种植小麦所用的人均土地。但是在那些比较拥挤的国家里，土地昂贵而劳动力便宜，人们用于养牛业的人均土地通常比美国用于种植小麦的人均土地更少。我们是否仍然可以说，与种植小麦相比，养牛业是土地密集型？为什么是或为什么不是？13.假定在现有要素价格下，棉布生产中每用1英亩的土地就投入20小时的劳动，而在生产粮食时，每用1英亩的土地只投入5小时的劳动。（1）假设该经济拥有的总资源量为：600小时的劳动和60英亩的土地。请用图说明资源应如何分配。（2）现在假设劳动供给上升到800小时，然后1000小时，再然后1200小时。请用画图展示出资源分配变化的轨迹。（3）如果劳动供给继续增加将出现什么样的情形？14.“世界上一些最贫穷的国家找不到什么产品来出口。在这些国家里，没有一种资源是充裕的。不用谈资本，也不用说土地，在一些又小又穷的国家，甚至连劳动也不充裕”。分析上面这段话。15.你得到如下有关法国的成本数据，在这里，法国只拥有资本和劳动力，并只生产面包和葡萄酒：表5—3单位：欧元生产一个面包生产一瓶葡萄酒资本投入520劳动投入410总成本930（1）面包生产是比葡萄酒生产更为资本密集的，还是正好相反？请解释。（2）假设开放贸易后葡萄酒价格上升，面包价格下降。如果资本和劳动力在两个产业间完全不能流动，谁将从价格变化中受益？谁又将受损？（请考虑面包厂厂主、工人和葡萄酒厂厂主、工人4个集团。）（3）消费者中的哪一集团将同葡萄酒生产者一同感到高兴？哪一集团会同面包生产者一同感到沮丧？16.已知普格罗文亚国小麦和布匹产业的投入成本份额如下：表5—4单位：美元小麦产出布匹产出总国民收入总劳动投入0.600.590.60总土地投入0.150.060.10总资本投入0.250.350.30总投入1.001.001.00假设世界其他国家需求条件的改变提高了小麦相对于布匹的价格，进而使普格罗文亚国的生产者要扩大小麦生产，以便出口更多的小麦。（1）如果要素在小麦与布匹产业间不可流动，谁将从变化中受益？谁将从变化中受损？（2）如果要素在小麦与布匹产业间自由流动，谁将从变化中受益？谁将从变化中受损？17.根据以下信息，计算每单位美元的布匹产出中的劳动和资本总投入份额：81\n表5—5单位：美元布匹产出合成纤维产出棉纤维产出直接劳动投入0.500.300.60直接资本投入0.200.700.40合成纤维投入0.100.000.00棉纤维投入0.200.000.00总投入1.001.001.00布匹是该国出口的惟一产品。该国生产1美元进口替代品的总劳动投人份额为0.55美元，总资本投入份额为0.45美元。这一贸易模式与该国有相对丰裕的劳动力和相对缺乏资本这一事实是否相一致？20.下表为日本1995年的部分出口和进口数据，单位为10亿美元：表5—6单位：10亿美元产品日本出口日本进口食品（0）246金属矿石（28）少量9石油及石油产品（33）236化工产品（5）2924钢铁产品（67）186计算机（752）1710汽车（78）7813飞机（792）少量3服装及饰物（84）少量19鞋类（85）少量3精密仪器（87）126注释：括号中为标准国际贸易商品分类号码。日本哪些产品的出口和进口与赫克歇尔—俄林理论的预言相一致？哪些产品不一致？81\nChapter6:TheStandardTradeModel1.Theconcept“termsoftrade”meansA.theamountofexportssoldbyacountry.B.thepriceconditionsbargainedforininternationalmarkets.C.thepriceofacountry'sexportsdividedbythepriceofitsimports.D.thequantitiesofimportsreceivedinfreetrade.E.Noneoftheabove.2.AcountrycannotproduceamixofproductswithahighervaluethanwhereA.theisovaluelineintersectstheproductionpossibilityfrontier.B.theisovaluelineistangenttotheproductionpossibilityfrontier.C.theisovaluelineisabovetheproductionpossibilityfrontier.D.theisovaluelineisbelowtheproductionpossibilityfrontier.E.theisovaluelineistangentwiththeindifferencecurve.3.TastesofindividualsarerepresentedbyA.theproductionpossibilityfrontier.B.theisovalueline.C.theindifferencecurve.D.theproductionfunction.E.Noneoftheabove.4.IfPC/PFweretoincreaseintheinternationalmarketplace,thenA.allcountrieswouldbebetteroff.B.thetermsoftradeofclothexportersimprove.C.thetermsoftradeoffoodexportersimprove.D.thetermsoftradeofallcountriesimprove.E.Noneoftheabove5.IfPC/PFweretoincrease,A.theclothexporterwouldincreasethequantityofclothexports.B.theclothexporterwouldincreasethequantityofclothproduced.C.thefoodexporterwouldincreasethequantityoffoodexports.D.BothAandC.E.Noneoftheabove.6.IfPC/PFweretoincrease,A.worldrelativequantityofclothsuppliedanddemandedincreases.B.worldrelativequantityofclothsuppliedanddemandeddecreases.C.worldrelativequantityofclothsuppliedincreases..D.worldrelativequantityofclothdemandeddecreases.E.Noneoftheabove.81\n1.Whentheproductionpossibilityfrontiershiftsoutrelativelymoreinonedirection,wehaveA.biasedgrowth.B.unbiasedgrowth.C.immiserizinggrowth.D.balancedgrowth.E.imbalancedgrowth.2.Export-biasedgrowthinCountryHwillA.improvethetermsoftradeofCountryH.B.triggeranti-biasregulationsoftheWTO.C.worsenthetermsoftradeofCountryF(thetradepartner).D.improvethetermsoftradeofCountryF.E.decreaseeconomicwelfareinCountryH.3.ImmiserizinggrowthisA.likelytooccuriftheexportingcountryispoor.B.likelytooccuriftheexportingcountryisrich.C.likelytooccurwhentermsoftradechange.D.likelytooccurifrelativesuppliesareelastic.E.Noneoftheabove.4.IftheU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopmenttransfersfundstopoorcountriesinSub-SaharanAfrica,thismustA.worsentheU.S.termsoftrade.B.improvetheU.S.termsoftrade.C.worsenthetermsoftradeoftheAfricanaidrecipients.D.improvethetermsoftradeoftheAfricanaidrecipients.E.Noneoftheabove.5.IfthepoorAIDrecipientcountrieshaveahighermarginalpropensitytoconsumeeachandeveryproductthandoestheUnitedStates,thensuchaidwillA.worsentheU.S.termsoftrade.B.improvetheU.S.termsoftrade.C.leavetheworldtermsoftradeunaffected.D.worsenthetermsoftradeofbothdonorandrecipientcountries.E.Noneoftheabove.6.Ifalargecountryimposesatariffonitsimportedgood,thiswilltendtoA.havenoeffectontermsoftrade.B.improvethetermsoftradeofallcountries.C.improvethetermsoftradeoftheUnitedStates.D.causeadeteriorationofU.S.termsoftrade.E.raisetheworldpriceofthegoodimportedbytheUnitedStates.81\n1.AcountrywillbeabletoconsumeabundlewhichisnotattainablesolelyfromdomesticproductiononlyifA.theworldtermsoftradedifferfromitsdomesticrelativecosts.B.thecountryspecializesinoneproduct.C.thecountryavoidsinternationaltrade.D.theworldtermsoftradeequalthedomesticrelativecosts.E.Noneoftheabove.2.TermsoftradereferstoA.whatgoodsareimported.B.whatgoodsareexported.C.thevolumeoftrade.D.thepricesatwhichtradeoccurs.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Ifpointsaandbarebothontheproductionpossibilityfrontierofacountry,thenA.consumersareindifferentbetweenthetwobundles.B.producersareindifferentbetweenthetwobundles.C.atanypointintime,thecountrycouldproduceboth.D.Bothcostthesame.E.Thecountrycouldproduceeitherofthetwobundles.4.Iftheeconomyisproducingatpointaonitsproductionpossibilityfrontier,thenA.allofthecountry'sworkersarespecializedinoneproduct.B.allofthecounty'scapitalisusedforoneproduct.C.allofthecounty'sworkersareemployed.D.allofitscapitalisused,butnotefficiently.E.Noneoftheabove.5.IfatpointAontheproductionpossibilityfrontier,andthecommunityindifferencecurvecutsthroughpointafromnorthwesttosoutheast,thentheoptimalautarkyproductionbundleisA.atpointA.B.totherightofpointA.C.totheleftofpointA.D.tothenortheastofpointA.E.tothesouthwestofpointA.6.AbundleindicatedbyapointtothenortheastoftheproductionpossibilityfrontierisA.unattainableatapointintime.B.unattainableatapointintimewithoutinternationaltrade.C.unattainableatapointintimewithoutdomestictrade.D.unattainableasaconsumptionpoint.E.Noneoftheabove.81\n1.Iftwocountrieswithdiminishingreturnsanddifferentmarginalratesofsubstitutionbetweentwoproductsweretoengageintrade,thenA.theshapesoftheirrespectiveproductionpossibilityfrontierswouldchange.B.themarginalratesofsubstitutionofbothwouldbecomeequal.C.thelargerofthetwocountrieswoulddominatetheirtrade.D.thecountrywithrelativelyelasticsupplieswouldexportmore.E.Noneoftheabove.2.IfacountrybeganexportingproductAandimportingproductB,then,ascomparedtotheautarky(no-trade)situation,themarginalcostofproductAwillA.increase.B.decrease.C.shiftoutward.D.shiftinward.E.Noneoftheabove.3.If,beginningfromafreetradeequilibrium,thetermsoftradeimproveforacountry,thenitwillA.increaseproductionofitsimportcompetinggood.B.increaseconsumptionofitsexportgood.C.increasethequantityofitsimports.D.experienceanexport-biasedshiftinitsproductionpossibilityfrontier.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Anincreaseinacountry'snetcommoditytermsoftradewillalwaysA.increasethecountry'seconomicwelfare.B.increasethecountry'srealincome.C.increasethecountry'squantityofexports.D.increasethecountry'sproductionofitsimportcompetinggood.E.Noneoftheabove.5.AfterWWI,Germanywasforcedtomakelargereparations-transfersofrealincome-toFrance.Ifthemarginalpropensitytoconsumewasequalinbothcountries,andifFrance'sdemandwasbiasedtowardfood(relativetoGermany'sdemandpattern)thenwewouldexpecttofindA.theworld'srelativepriceforfoodremainsunchanged.B.theworld'srelativepriceforfoodincrease.C.theworld'srelativepriceforfooddecrease.D.theworldrelativepriceforbothfoodandnon-foodrise.E.Noneoftheabove.6.IfweaddtoQuestion23thatFranceexportedmanufactures,whereasGermanyexportedfood,thenthereparationsfromGermanytoFrancewould81\nA.improveFrance'sinternationaltermsoftrade.B.causeFrance'termsoftradetodeteriorate.C.causebothFrance'andGermany'stermsoftradetodeteriorate.D.causebothFrance'andGermany'stermsoftradetoimprove.E.Noneoftheabove.1.Ifacountrylentmoneytoanother,thismustA.lowerthetermsoftradeoftherecipientcountry.B.lowerthetermsoftradeofbothcountries.C.improvethetermsoftradeoftherecipientcountry.D.improvethetermsoftradeofthedonorcountryE.Noneoftheabove.2.Duringthe19thCentury,economicgrowthofthemajortradingcountrieswasbiasedtowardmanufacturesandawayfromfood.Thelessdevelopedcountriesofthattimewerenetexportersoffood.Fromthisinformation,wewouldexpecttohaveobservedA.fallingtermsoftradeforthelessdevelopedcountries.B.improving(rising)termsoftradeforthelessdevelopedcountries.C.nochangeatallinthetermsoftradeofthelessdevelopedcountries.D.adecreaseintherelativepriceoffood.E.Noneoftheabove.3.ImmiserizinggrowthcouldoccurtoA.apoorcountryexperiencingexport-biasedeconomicgrowth.B.apoorcountryexperiencingimport-biasedeconomicgrowth.C.apoorcountryexperiencinggrowthinitsnon-tradedsector.D.apoorcountryexperiencingcapital-intensivebiasedgrowth.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Alargecountryexperiencingimport-biasedeconomicgrowthwilltendtoexperienceA.positivetermsoftrade.B.deterioratingtermsoftrade.C.improvingtermsoftrade.D.immiserizingtermsoftrade.E.Noneoftheabove.5.IntheperiodprecedingtherecentFinancialCrisisinAsia,theSouthEastAsiancountrieswerereceivinglargeinflowsoffinancialcapital.FollowingJohnMaynardKeynes'theory,thisshouldhavecausedA.aglutintheirbankingassetsituation.B.animprovementintheirtermsoftrade.C.deteriorationintheirtermsoftrade.D.afluctuationupwardandthendownwardintheirtermsoftrade.81\nA.Noneoftheabove.1.IfSloveniaisasmallcountryinworldtradeterms,thenifitimposesalargeseriesoftariffsonmanyofitsimports,thiswouldA.havenoeffectonitstermsoftrade.B.improveitstermsoftrade.C.deteriorateitstermsoftrade.D.decreaseitsmarginalpropensitytoconsume.E.Noneoftheabove.2.IfSloveniaisalargecountryinworldtrade,thenifitimposesalargesetoftariffsonmanyofitsimports,thiswouldA.havenoeffectonitstermsoftrade.B.improveitstermsoftrade.C.deteriorateitstermsoftrade.D.decreaseitsmarginalpropensitytoconsume.E.Noneoftheabove.3.IfSloveniawerealargecountryinworldtrade,thenifitimposesalargesetoftariffsonitsimports,thismustA.causeretaliationonthepartofitstradepartners.B.harmSlovenia'srealincome.C.improveSlovenia'srealincome.D.improvetherealincomeofitstradepartners.E.Noneoftheabove.4.IfSloveniawerealargecountryinworldtrade,thenifitinstitutedalargesetofsubsidiesforitsexports,thismustA.havenoeffectonitstermsoftrade.B.improveitstermsoftrade.C.deteriorateitstermsoftrade.D.decreaseitsmarginalpropensitytoconsume.E.Noneoftheabove.5.IfSloveniawerealargecountryinworldtrade,thenifitinstitutedalargesetofsubsidiesforitsexports,thismustA.causeretaliationonthepartofitstradepartners.B.harmSlovenia'srealincome.C.improveSlovenia'srealincome.D.improvetherealincomeofitstradepartners.E.Noneoftheabove.6.IftheUnitedStatesexportsskilled-laborintensiveproductsandservices,thenweshouldexpectunionsrepresentingskilledlabortoA.lobbyinfavoroftariffs.81\nA.lobbyagainsttheimpositionoftariffs.B.beindifferenttotheissueoftariffs.C.lobbyinfavorofimprovedtermsoftrade.D.Notenoughinformation.1.IftheUnitedStatesexportsskilled-laborintensiveproductsandservices,thenweshouldexpectunionsrepresentingunskilledlabortoA.lobbyinfavoroftariffs.B.lobbyagainsttheimpositionoftariffs.C.beindifferenttotheissueoftariffs.D.lobbyinfavorofimprovedtermsoftrade.E.Notenoughinformation.2.Ifatherearenointernationalloansorcapitalflows,thenifacountry'stermsoftradeimprove,wewouldfindthatA.thevalueofitsexportsexceedsthevalueofitsimports.B.thevalueofitsexportsbecomeslessthanthatofitsimports.C.thevalueofitsexportsexactlyequalsthatofitsimports.D.thequantityofitsexportsequalsthatofitsimports.E.Noneoftheabove.81\nEssayQuestions1.Otherthingsbeingequal,ariseinacountry'stermsoftradeincreasesitswelfare.Whatwouldhappenifwerelaxtheceterisparibusassumption,andallowforthelawofdemandtooperateinternationally?2.Ifacountry'sgrowthisbiasedinfavorofitsimport,thisshouldunequivocallyimproveitstermsoftradeanditseconomicwelfare.Discuss.3.Itisimpossibleforeconomicgrowthinasmallcountrytolowerthatcountry'seconomicwelfare,regardlessofthebiasofthegrowth.Explain.4.AttheconclusionofWorldWarI,Germany,asapunishment,wasobligedtomakealargetransfertoFranceintheformofreparations.IsitpossiblethattheactualreparationsmayhaveimprovedGermany'seconomicwelfare?5.Anexportsubsidyhastheoppositeeffectontermsoftradetotheeffectofanimporttariff.Domesticallyatariffwillraisethepriceoftheimportgood,deterioratingthedomestictermsoftrade.Aproductionsubsidyfortheexportproductwilllowerthelocalpriceoftheexportgood,loweringthedomestictermsoftradeforthecountry.Hencetheexportsubsidyandtheimporttariffhavethesameeffect.Thisanalysisseemstocontradictthefirstsentenceinthisparagraph.Discussthisparadox.81\nQuantitative/GraphingProblems1.Albaniarefusedtoengageininternationaltradeforideologicalreasons.Tomaximizeitseconomicwelfareitwouldchoosetoproduceatwhichpointinthediagramabove?SupposethePA/PBatpointawasequalto1.Giventhisinformation,inwhichgood(AorB)doesAlbaniaenjoyacomparativeadvantage?NowthattheColdWarisover,Albaniaisinterestedinobtainingeconomicwelfaregainsfromtrade.TherelevantinternationalrelativepriceisPA/PB=2.Albaniawouldthereforechoosetoproduceatwhichpoint(a,b,orc)?Giventhisadditionalinformation,inwhichgooddoesAlbaniaenjoyacomparativeadvantage?2.Now,supposethattherelativepriceofAisactuallynothigherthanAlbania'sautarkiclevelof1,butquitetheopposite(e.g.PA/PB=0.5).WouldAlbaniastillbeabletogainfromtrade?Ifso,wherewouldbeitsproductionpoint?Giventheinformationinthisquestion,whereisAlbania'scomparativeadvantage?81\n1.Suppose,asaresultofvariousdynamicfactorsassociatedwithexposuretointernationalcompetition,Albania'seconomygrew,andisnowrepresentedbytherightmostproductionpossibilityfrontierintheFigureabove.Ifitspointofproductionwithtradewaspointc,wouldyouconsiderthisgrowthtobeexport-biasedorimportbiased?IfAlbaniawerealargecountrywithrespecttotheworldtradeofAandB,howwouldthisgrowthaffectAlbania'stermsoftrade?Itsrealincome?2.Suppose,asaresultofvariousdynamicfactorsassociatedwithexposuretointernationalcompetition,Albania'seconomygrew,andisnowrepresentedbytherightmostproductionpossibilityfrontierintheFigureabove.Ifitspointofproductionwithtradewaspointb,wouldyouconsiderthisgrowthtobeexport-biasedorimportbiased?IfAlbaniawerealargecountrywithrespecttotheworldtradeofAandB,howwouldthisgrowthaffectAlbania'stermsoftrade?Itsrealincome?WhatifAlbaniawereasmallcountry?5.SupposeAlbaniaisexportingproductB,andexperiencedeconomicgrowthbiasedinfavorofproductBasseenintheFigureabove.WearealsotoldthatAlbania'snewconsumptionpointisatpointd.Wouldyoustillconsidertheeconomicgrowth,whichtookplacebiasedinfavorofB?IfAlbaniawerealargecountryhowwouldthisgrowthaffectitstermsoftrade?81\n一、选择题1、“在一个贸易快速增长的国家中，新资本的迅速积累会使该国进口更多的自然资源。”隐含于这一论断的定理是：A．赫克歇尔—俄林定理。B．斯托伯—萨缪尔森定理。C．罗伯津斯基定理。D．要素价格均等化定理。2、如果一国在资本密集型产品的生产方面具有比较优势，而且，资本增长的速度快于其他投入品（如劳动力）的增长速度，那么，根据贸易理论，由此而导致的增长模式为：A．进口替代。B．资本密集型商品和其他贸易商品均衡增长。C．出口扩张。D．以上三者都不对。3、贫困化增长的一个必要条件为：A．国家的增长偏向于出口产业。B．外国对该国的出口需求具有价格弹性。C．国家的消费偏好高度偏向于出口商品。D．贸易在国民经济中比重不大。4、赫克歇尔—俄林理论成功地解释了：A．发生于美国之外的产品创新过程和产业的布局与发展。B．出口和进口同类产品的国家变得更为重要。C．由于在要素禀赋方面的类似性，美国和加拿大之间的贸易在日益增加。D．具有不同要素禀赋的工业化国家和发展中国家之间的贸易模式。二、问答题1、在某些情况下，相对供给和价格的变动之间可能没有联系。例如，如果生产要素在部门之间完全不可流动，生产可能性边界就成了直角形状，两种产品的产出不取决于它们的相对价格。在这种情况下，贸易条件的改善是否会提高一国的福利水平？画图分析。2、和供给方面要素不可流动性相当的就是需求方面的产品不可替代性。试想一个国家的消费者购买的产品的比例是固定的。例如，不论两种产品的相对价格是多少，每买1磅粮食就买1码布。画图分析贸易条件的改善是否会提高这个国家的福利水平。3、日本原本出口制造品进口原材料如石油、粮食。分析以下情况下日本贸易条件的变化：（1）中东战争使石油供应紧缺。（2）韩国扩展了汽车的生产能力，并在美国和加拿大进行销售。（3）美国的工程师建立了核反应堆以代替石油燃料发电厂。（4）俄罗斯农业歉收。（5）日本降低牛肉和柑橘的进口关税。4、A国和B国有两种生产要素：资本和劳动，用于生产两种产品X和Y。两国的技术水平一样，X是资本密集产品，A国是资本充裕的国家。分析下列情形中，两国贸易条件和福利的变化：（1）A国的资本存量增加。（2）A国的劳动供给增加。（3）B国的资本存量增加。（4）B国的劳动供给增加。81\n5、在实际生活中，许多外来援助是被“捆绑”住的。也就是说，援助往往带有条件，要求接受国将援助用于购买援助国的产品。例如，法国为非洲的一项灌溉计划提供资金，条件是水泵、管道和建筑设备必须优先从法国购买。这种援助条件对收入转移问题的分析有什么影响？从援助国的角度来看，这种条件有意义吗？你能设想出一种援助条件恶化接受国福利的情形吗？6、1989年间，政治变动席卷东欧。它不仅带来了实现民主的前景，也使计划经济转向市场经济。这场变动的另一个结果是西欧贷款的方向发生了变动。西欧国家尤其是德国，80年代曾向美国大量贷款，如今开始将钱借给邻近的东欧国家。利用收入转移问题的分析考虑：上述情况会怎样影响西欧产品对美国和日本产品的相对价格？（提示：1美元的金融资源在东德和在美国的用处有何不同？）7、假定一个国家对出口产品进行补贴，而另一国家对这种产品征收高关税来抵消补贴产生的影响，从而使另一国家的产品相对价格不发生变化，两国的贸易条件如何变化？两国的福利有何变化？另一方面，假定另一国针锋相对地对自己的出口产品进行补贴，其结果与上述情况有什么不同？请对比分析。8、如果一国的资本与劳动同时增加，那么在下列情况下，两种产品的生产及该国的贸易条件如何变化？（1）资本、劳动同比例增加；（2）资本增加的比例大于劳动增加的比例；（3）资本增加的比例小于劳动增加的比例。9、对小国来说，经济增长后福利将如何变化？10、在战后几十年间，日本、韩国等东亚的一些国家或地区的国际贸易商品结构发生了明显变化，主要出口产品由初级产品变为劳动密集型产品，再到资本密集型产品，试对此变化加以解释。11、试析外资流入对东道国贸易条件和比较优势的影响。12、“根据罗伯津斯基定理，一国劳动力数量的增长将导致该国劳动力密集产品产量的增长，而其他产品的产量不变。”你是否同意这种观点？为什么？13、一些拉丁美洲国家出口咖啡，进口其他商品。有一场长时间的干旱使这些国家的咖啡减产。假如这些国家仍旧出口咖啡，请解释，长时期的干旱为何会导致该地区福利的增长？何种因素能使这种福利的增长更容易发生？14、“如果一国的贸易对国际价格几乎不发生影响，那么该国便面临着巨大的贫困化增长的风险。”你是否同意？为什么？15、指出如下各种情况对国家生产可能性曲线的形状和位置的影响：（1）所有生产要素的供给（禀赋）等比例地增加。（2）出现了新的管理方法，它可以被用于所有的产业，并使所有产业的生产效率以相同的幅度提高。（3）出现了新的生产技术，它可以提高小麦产业的生产效率，但对布匹产业的生产效率并不发生影响。16、下述各项中，哪项可导致国家贸易模式的逆转（即原来的出口商品变为进口商品，或原来的进口商品变为出口商品）？（1）国家原来稀缺要素的总供给（享赋）增加。（2）技术的国际扩散。（3）国民消费偏好的改变。81\n17、在一个自由贸易均衡中，美国出口机器，进口布匹。这些产品用资本和劳动力两种要素生产。现在美国的资本要素有所增加。（1）这对美国生产可能性曲线的形状会有何影响？（2）如果产品价格比率不变，这对美国两种产品的实际生产数量会有何影响？请解释。（3）这对美国的贸易意愿会有何影响？（4）假设美国的增长的确影响国际均衡价格比率，价格比率会发生何种变化？（5）美国资源禀赋的增加以及由此而导致的国际价格比率的变化，是否会使美国的福利下降？请解释。18、在一个两地区、两产品的自由贸易均衡中，美国出口食品并进口布匹。现在东亚发生了长时期的干旱。（1）这对东亚国家的贸易意愿会有何影响？（2）假设每个地区都大到足以影响国际价格，东亚的干旱会如何影响国际价格比率的均衡？（3）画图说明所有这些对美国在如下方面的影响：a.食品和布匹的生产数量；b.食品和布匹的消费数量；c.美国的福利。（4）所有这些会使美国的哪些群体长期获益？美国又有哪些群体会减少实际收入？19、在一个自由贸易均衡中，美国出口食品，进口布匹。现在美国工程师发明了一种以更低的成本生产布匹的新工艺，但这种工艺不能被用于世界其他地方。（1）这对美国的生产可能性曲线会有何影响？（2）这对美国的贸易意愿会有何影响？（假设美国仍旧是布匹进口国。）（3）假设美国生产的变化大到足以影响国际价格，布匹的国际均衡价格会上升还是下降？20、继续延用上一题中的情况（美国的新工艺及其对国际均衡价格的影响）。现在我们集中讨论这对世界其他国家的影响。（1）画图说明这对世界其他国家生产和消费数量以及福利的影响。（2）尽可能准确地解释，为什么世界上其他国家的福利会发生变化？21、假设世界上只有兰斯特和萨克森这两个国家。两国的生产可能性曲线见图6-1。自由贸易价格0.25部电话机／1个面包被标于图中。（自本题之后，你应当将兰斯特当作“大国”而将萨克森当作“小国”。）假设萨克森发现了一种灌溉干旱土地的新方法。a．你认为兰斯特与萨克森两国间的贸易量将发生何种变化？b．作为本国经历的经济增长的结果，萨克森的经济福利水平将发生何种变化？假设一场瘟疫使兰斯特的劳动力数量减少了20％。81\nc．兰斯特与萨克森两国间的贸易量将发生何种变化？d．兰斯特的经济福利水平将发生何种变化？22、假设加拿大出口土地密集型的小麦并进口低技能劳动密集型的布匹，尽管该国也生产一些布匹。如果一项重大的生物技术发明使加拿大种植小麦的能力翻了一番，又假如多出的小麦供给降低了世界小麦价格（以每蒲式耳小麦值多少码布匹为单位）：a．这些事件会使加拿大的整体福利上升还是下降，b．这些事件会使世界上其他国家的福利上升还是下降？c．这些事件会提高还是降低加拿大低技能工人的实际工资？d．如果世界其他国家的劳动力供给增长了一倍，而土地供给不变，这一事件会使加拿大的整体福利上升还是下降？23、假设哈萨克斯坦拥有丰裕的土地和低技能工人，而缺乏资本和高技能工人。a．根据赫克歇尔—俄林模型，哈萨克斯坦将出口何种商品，进口何种商品？b．假设哈萨克斯坦要实现“进口替代型”增长。其资源禀赋需发生何种变化才能实现这种增长？如果哈萨克斯坦是大国，这会对其贸易条件发生何种影响？24、一些石油公司的经理们敦促国会开放阿拉斯加北极地区的野生动物保护区，以便在那里开采石油，如果的确在那里发现了大量新的石油储量：a．这会对美国的石油进口发生何种影响？b．这会对美国的国民福利发生何种影响？c．美国最终是否会受到荷兰病的困扰。d．更为广义地讲，该国还会承受其他何种成本？25、在过去数十年中，美国曾经努力提高本国的储蓄率。鉴于美国为资本密集商品出口国，解释储蓄的增长会如何影响其经济的增长。81\nChapter7:EconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade1.ExternaleconomiesofscalearisewhenthecostperunitA.risesastheindustrygrowslarger.B.fallsastheindustrygrowslargerrisesastheaveragefirmgrowslarger.C.fallsastheaveragefirmgrowslarger.D.remainsconstant.E.Noneoftheabove.2.InternaleconomiesofscalearisewhenthecostperunitA.risesastheindustrygrowslarger.B.fallsastheindustrygrowslarger.C.risesastheaveragefirmgrowslarger.D.fallsastheaveragefirmgrowslarger.E.Noneoftheabove.3.ExternaleconomiesofscaleA.maybeassociatedwithaperfectlycompetitiveindustry.B.cannotbeassociatedwithaperfectlycompetitiveindustry.C.tendstoresultinonehugemonopoly.D.tendstoresultinlargeprofitsforeachfirm.E.Noneoftheabove.4.InternaleconomiesofscaleA.maybeassociatedwithaperfectlycompetitiveindustry.B.cannotbeassociatedwithaperfectlycompetitiveindustry.C.areassociatedonlywithsophisticatedproductssuchasaircraft.D.cannotformthebasisforinternationaltrade.E.Noneoftheabove.5.AmonopolisticfirmA.cansellasmuchasitwantsforanypriceitdeterminesinthemarket.B.cannotdeterminetheprice,whichisdeterminedbyconsumerdemand.C.willneversellaproductwhosedemandisinelasticatthequantitysold.D.cannotselladditionalquantityunlessitraisesthepriceoneachunit.E.Noneoftheabove.6.MonopolisticcompetitionisassociatedwithA.cut-throatpricecompetition.B.productdifferentiation.C.explicitconsiderationatfirmlevelofthefeedbackeffectsofotherfirms'pricingdecisions.D.highprofitmargins.E.Noneoftheabove.81\n1.ThemostcommonmarketstructureisA.perfectcompetition.B.monopolisticcompetition.C.small-groupoligopoly.D.perfectlyverticalintegration.E.Noneoftheabove.2.ModelingtradeinmonopolisticindustriesisproblematicbecauseA.thereisnoonegenerallyacceptedmodelofoligopolybehavior.B.therearenomodelsofoligopolybehavior.C.itisdifficulttofindanoligopolyintherealworld.D.collusionamongoligopolistsmakesusabledatarare.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Wherethereareeconomiesofscale,thescaleofproductionpossibleinacountryisconstrainedbyA.thesizeofthecountry.B.thesizeofthetradingpartner'scountry.C.thesizeofthedomesticmarket.D.thesizeofthedomesticplustheforeignmarket.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Wherethereareeconomiesofscale,anincreaseinthesizeofthemarketwillA.increasethenumberoffirmsandraisethepriceperunit.B.decreasethenumberoffirmsandraisethepriceperunit.C.increasethenumberoffirmsandlowerthepriceperunit.D.decreasethenumberoffirmsandlowerthepriceperunit.E.Noneoftheabove.5.ThesimultaneousexportandimportofwidgetsbytheUnitedStatesisanexampleofA.increasingreturnstoscale.B.imperfectcompetition.C.intra-industrytrade.D.inter-industrytrade.E.Noneoftheabove.6.Ifoutputmorethandoubleswhenallinputsaredoubled,productionissaidtooccurunderconditionsofA.increasingreturnstoscale.B.imperfectcompetition.C.intra-industrytrade.D.inter-industrytrade.81\nA.Noneoftheabove.1.Intra-industrytradecanbeexplainedinpartbyA.transportationcostswithinandbetweencountries.B.problemsofdataaggregationandcategorization.C.increasingreturnstoscale.D.Alloftheabove.E.Noneoftheabove.2.Ifsomeindustriesexhibitinternal(firmspecific)increasingreturnstoscaleineachcountry,weshouldnotexpecttoseeA.intra-industrytradebetweencountries.B.perfectcompetitionintheseindustries.C.inter-industrytradebetweencountries.D.highlevelsofspecializationinbothcountries.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Intra-industrytradeismostcommoninthetradepatternsofA.developingcountriesofAsiaandAfrica.B.industrialcountriesofWesternEurope.C.allcountries.D.North-Southtrade.E.Noneoftheabove.4.InternationaltradebasedonscaleeconomiesislikelytobeassociatedwithA.Ricardiancomparativeadvantage.B.comparativeadvantageassociatedwithHeckscher-Ohlinfactor-proportions.C.comparativeadvantagebasedonqualityandservice.D.comparativeadvantagebasedondiminishingreturns.E.Noneoftheabove.5.InternationaltradebasedonexternalscaleeconomiesinbothcountriesislikelytobecarriedoutbyaA.relativelylargenumberofpricecompetingfirms.B.relativelysmallnumberofpricecompetingfirms.C.relativelysmallnumberofcompetingoligopolists.D.monopolyfirmsineachcountry/industry.E.Noneoftheabove.6.InternationaltradebasedsolelyoninternalscaleeconomiesinbothcountriesislikelytobecarriedoutbyaA.relativelylargenumberofpricecompetingfirms.B.relativelysmallnumberofpricecompetingfirms.81\nA.relativelysmallnumberofcompetingoligopolists.B.monopolyfirmsineachcountry/industry.C.Noneoftheabove.1.AmonopolyfirmengagedininternationaltradewillA.equateaveragetolocalcosts.B.equatemarginalcostswithforeignmarginalrevenues.C.equatemarginalcostswiththehighestpricethemarketwillbear.D.equatemarginalcostswithmarginalrevenuesinbothdomesticandinforeignmarkets.E.Noneoftheabove.2.AmonopolyfirmwillmaximizeprofitsbyA.chargingthesamepriceindomesticandinforeignmarkets.B.producingwherethemarginalrevenueishigherinforeignmarkets.C.producingwherethemarginalrevenueishigherinthedomesticmarket.D.equatingthemarginalrevenuesindomesticandforeignmarkets.E.Noneoftheabove.3.AfirminmonopolisticcompetitionA.earnspositivemonopolyprofitsbecauseeachsellsadifferentiatedproduct.B.earnspositiveoligopolyprofitsbecauseeachfirmsellsadifferentiatedproduct.C.earnszeroeconomicprofitsbecauseitisinperfectlyorpurecompetition.D.earnszeroeconomicprofitsbecauseoffreeentry.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Thelargerthenumberoffirmsinamonopolisticcompetitionsituation,A.thelargerarethatcountry'sexports.B.thehigheristhepricecharged.C.thefewervarietiesaresold.D.theloweristhepricecharged.E.Noneoftheabove.5.Themonopolisticcompetitionmodelisoneinwhichthereis/areA.amonopoly.B.perfectcompetition.C.economiesofscale.D.governmentinterventioninthemarket.E.Noneoftheabove.6.Inindustriesinwhichtherearescaleeconomies,thevarietyofgoodsthatacountrycanproduceisconstrainedby81\nA.thesizeofthelaborforce.B.anti-trustlegislationC.thesizeofthemarket.D.thefixedcost.E.Noneoftheabove.1.Anindustryischaracterizedbyscaleeconomies,andexistsintwocountries.Shouldthesetwocountriesengageintradesuchthatthecombinedmarketissuppliedbyonecountry'sindustry,thenA.consumersinbothcountrieswouldsufferhigherpricesandfewervarieties.B.consumersintheimportingcountrywouldsufferhigherpricesandfewervarieties.C.consumersintheexportingcountrywouldsufferhigherpricesandfewervarieties.D.consumersinbothcountrieswouldenjoyfewervarietiesavailablebutlowerprices.E.Noneoftheabove.2.Anindustryischaracterizedbyscaleeconomiesandexistsintwocountries.Inorderforconsumersofitsproductstoenjoybothlowerpricesandmorevarietyofchoice,A.eachcountry'smarginalcostmustequalthatoftheothercountry.B.themarginalcostofthisindustrymustequalmarginalrevenueintheother.C.themonopolymustlowerpricesinordertosellmore.D.thetwocountriesmustengageininternationaltradeonewiththeother.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Aproductisproducedinamonopolisticallycompetitiveindustrywithscaleeconomies.Ifthisindustryexistsintwocountries,andthesetwocountriesengageintradeonewiththeother,thenwewouldexpectA.thecountryinwhichthepriceoftheproductislowerwillexporttheproduct.B.thecountrywitharelativeabundanceofthefactorofproductioninwhichproductionoftheproductisintensivewillexportthisproduct.C.eachofthecountrieswillexportdifferentvarietiesoftheproducttotheother.D.neithercountrywillexportthisproductsincethereisnocomparativeadvantage.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Thereasonwhyonecountrymayexportaproductwhichisproducedwithpositivescaleeconomiesis81\nA.itslaborproductivitywilltendtobehigher.B.itenjoysarelativeabundanceofthefactorintenselyusedintheproduct'sproduction.C.itsdemandisbiasedinfavoroftheproduct.D.itsdemandisbiasedagainsttheproduct.E.Noneoftheabove.1.Twocountriesengagedintradeinproductswithnoscaleeconomies,producedunderconditionsofperfectcompetition,arelikelytobeengagedinA.monopolisticcompetition.B.inter-industrytrade.C.intra-industrytrade.D.Heckscher-Ohlintrade.E.Noneoftheabove.2.Twocountriesengagedintradeinproductswithscaleeconomies,producedunderconditionsofmonopolisticcompetition,arelikelytobeengagedinA.pricecompetition.B.inter-industrytrade.C.intra-industrytrade.D.Heckscher-Ohlineantrade.E.Noneoftheabove.3.HistoryandaccidentdeterminethedetailsoftradeinvolvingA.RicardianandClassicalcomparativeadvantage.B.Heckscher-Ohlinmodelconsideration.C.tastereversals.D.scaleeconomies.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Weoftenobserveintra-industryNorth-Southtradein"computersandrelateddevices."ThisisduetoA.classificationandaggregationambiguities.B.monopolisticcompetition.C.specificfactorsissues.D.scaleeconomies.E.Noneoftheabove.5.Weoftenobserve"pseudo-intra-industrytrade"betweentheUnitedStatesandMexico.Actually,suchtradeisconsistentwithA.oligopolisticmarkets.B.comparativeadvantageassociatedwithHeckscher-Ohlinmodel.C.optimaltariffissues.D.hugesuckingsound.E.Noneoftheabove.81\n1.Intra-industrytradewilltendtodominatetradeflowswhenwhichofthefollowingexists?A.LargedifferencesbetweenrelativecountryfactoravailabilitiesB.SmalldifferencesbetweenrelativecountryfactoravailabilitiesC.HomogeneousproductsthatcannotbedifferentiatedD.ConstantcostindustriesE.Noneoftheabove.2.ThemostcommonformofpricediscriminationininternationaltradeisA.non-tariffbarriers.B.VoluntaryExportRestraints.C.dumping.D.preferentialtradearrangements.E.Noneoftheabove.81\nEssayQuestions1.Whyisitthatanindustryisoperatingunderconditionsofdomesticinternalscaleeconomies(appliestofirminthecountry)-thentheresultantequilibriumcannotbeconsistentwiththepurecompetitionmodel?2.Isitpossiblethatifpositivescaleeconomiescharacterizeanindustry,thatitsequilibriummaybeconsistentwithpurelycompetitiveconditions?Explainhowthiscouldhappen.3.Ifascaleeconomyisthedominanttechnologicalfactordefiningorestablishingcomparativeadvantage,thentheunderlyingfactsexplainingwhyaparticularcountrydominatesworldmarketsinsomeproductmaybepurechance,orhistoricalaccident.Explain,andcomparethiswiththeansweryouwouldgivefortheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelofcomparativeadvantage.4.Itispossiblethattradebasedonexternalscaleeconomiesmayleaveacountryworseoffthanitwouldhavebeenwithouttrade.Explainhowthiscouldhappen.5.Ifscaleeconomieswerenotonlyexternaltofirms,butwerealsoexternaltoindividualcountries.Thatis,thelargertheworldwideindustry(regardlessofwherefirmsorplantsarelocated),thecheaperwouldbetheper-unitcostofproduction.Describewhatworldtradewouldlooklikeinthiscase.81\nQuantitative/GraphingProblems1.ThefigureaboverepresentsthedemandandcostfunctionsfacingaBrazilianSteelproducingmonopolist.Ifitwereunabletoexport,andwasconstrainedbyitsdomesticmarket,whatquantitywoulditsellatwhatprice?2.Nowthemonopolistdiscoversthatitcanexportasmuchasitlikesofitssteelattheworldpriceof$5/ton.Itwillthereforeexpandfor-exportproductionuptothepointwhereitsmarginalcostequals$5.Howmuchsteelwillthemonopolistsell,andatwhatprice?3.Giventheopportunitytosellatworldprices,themarginal(opportunity)costofsellingatondomesticallyiswhat?4.Whilesellingexportsitwouldalsomaximizeitsdomesticsalesbyequatingitsmarginal(opportunity)costtoitsmarginalrevenueof$5.Howmuchsteelwouldthefirmselldomestically,andatwhatprice?5.TheBrazilianfirmischargingitsforeign(U.S.)customersonehalfthepriceitischargingitsdomesticcustomers.IsthisgoodorbadfortherealincomeoreconomicwelfareoftheUnitedStates?IstheBrazilianfirmengagedindumping?IsthispredatorybehavioronthepartoftheBraziliansteelcompany?81\nChapter8:InternationalFactorMovementsMultipleChoiceQuestions1.Whichofthefollowingdiffersinitsessentialanalyticalframework?A.InternationaltradeingoodsB.InternationalconflictresolutionC.InternationaltradeinservicesD.InternationaltradeinfactorsofproductionE.Internationalborrowingandlending2.TheslopeoftheproductionfunctionmeasuresA.thephysicalincreaseinoutputascountrygrows.B.thedollar-valueincreaseinoutputasacountrygrows.C.theincreaseinnumberofworkersasimmigrationproceeds.D.themarginalproductoflabor.E.themarginalproductofcapital.3.InternationalfreelabormobilitywillunderallcircumstancesA.increasetotalworldoutput.B.improvetheeconomicwelfareofeveryone.C.improvetheeconomicwelfareofworkerseverywhere.D.improvetheeconomicwelfareoflandlords(orcapitalowners)everywhere.E.Noneoftheabove.4.IftheworldattainedaperfectHeckscher-Ohlinmodelequilibriumwithtrade,thenA.workersinthelaborabundantcountrywouldmigratetothecapitalabundantcountry.B.workersinthelaborabundantcountrywouldwishtomigratetothecapitalabundantcountry.C.workersinthelaborabundantcountrywouldhavenodesiretomigratetothecapitalabundantcountry.D.workersinthecapitalabundantcountrywouldwishtomigratetothelaborabundantcountry.E.workersinthecapitalabundantcountrywouldmigratetothelaborabundantcountry.5.Duringthemassmigrationperiodoflate19th-early20thcenturies,A.wagesroseintheorigincountriesandfellinthedestinationcountries.B.wagesfellintheorigincountriesandroseinthedestinationcountries.C.wagesgenerallyrosefasterintheorigincountries.D.wagesgenerallyrosefasterinthedestinationcountries.E.wagesgenerallyfellfasterintheorigincountries.81\n1.InternationalborrowingandlendingmaybeinterpretedasoneformofA.intermediatetrade.B.inter-temporaltrade.C.tradeinservices.D.unrequitedinternationaltransfers.E.Noneoftheabove.2.TherelativepriceoffutureconsumptionisA.theinterestrate.B.unknownatanygiventime.C.therealinterestrate.D.therelativeinterestrate.E.Noneoftheabove.3.AcountrythathasacomparativeadvantageinfutureproductionofconsumptiongoodsA.willtendtobeaninternationalborrower.B.willtendtohavelowrealinterestrates.C.willtendtobeaninternationalinvestororlender.D.willtendtohavegoodworkethics.E.Noneoftheabove.4.AU.S.multinationalcorporationA.hasacontrollingshareinaforeignsubsidiaryandisnotitselfforeigncontrolled.B.isforeigncontrolledandhasnocontrollingshareinaforeigncompany.C.hasacontrollingshareinaforeignsubsidiaryandmayitselfbeforeigncontrolledbyaforeigncompany.D.isaU.S.companywhosemajormarketsareoutsidetheUnitedStates.E.Noneoftheabove.5.WhyagoodisproducedintwodifferentcountriesisknownasthequestionofA.internalization.B.verticalintegration.C.exploitation.D.location.E.Noneoftheabove.6.Thehomelocationofmostoftheworld'slargemultinationalcompaniesisA.NorthAmericaandEurope.B.NorthAmericaandAsia.C.EuropeandSouthAmerica.D.EuropeandAsia.81\nA.Noneoftheabove.1.Whichofthefollowingbestreferstotheoutrightconstructionorpurchaseabroadofproductivefacilitiesbydomesticresidents?A.ForeigndirectinvestmentB.PortfolioInvestmentC.Short-termcapitalinvestment.D.Long-termcapitalinvestmentE.Noneoftheabove.2.MostdirectinvestmentintheUnitedStateshascomefromA.Japan.B.Canada.C.WesternEurope.D.SouthAmerica.E.Asia.3.MostU.S.directforeigninvestmentoccursinA.communications.B.agriculture.C.petroleum.D.manufacturing.E.Noneoftheabove.4.MostforeigndirectinvestmentintheUnitedStatesoccursinA.communications.B.agriculture.C.petroleum.D.manufacturing.E.Noneoftheabove.5.Multinationalcorporationsmayprovidebenefitstotheirhomecountriesforthefollowingreasonsexceptwhichone?A.SecurerawmaterialsforthesourcecountryB.Allowforexportsofproducts,whichinvolvecompany-specifictradesecretsC.Allowdomesticfirmstosecuretimelydeliveriesofcommoditiesorproducts,whichdonotenjoyastableordeepmarketinternationallyD.ShifthomecountrytechnologyoverseasvialicensingE.Noneoftheabove.6.TradeanalysisinvolvingmultinationalcorporationsdiffersfromourconventionaltradeanalysisbevausemultinationalcorporationanalysisinvolvesA.absolutecostdifferentialsratherthancomparativecostdifferentials.81\nA.theinternationalmovementoffactorinputsaswellasthatoffinishedgoods.B.purelycompetitivemarketsratherthanimperfectlycompetitivemarkets.C.portfolioinvestmentsratherthandirectforeigninvestment.D.Noneoftheabove.1.DirectforeigninvestmentmaytakeanyofthefollowingformsexceptA.investorsbuyingbondsofanexistingfirmoverseas.B.thecreationofawhollyownedbusinessoverseas.C.thetakeoverofanexistingcompanyoverseas.D.theconstructionofamanufacturingplantoverseas.E.Noneoftheabove.2.WhichofthefollowingcouldlogicallyexplainwhyforeigndirectinvestmentmightbeattractedtotheUnitedStates?A.U.S.wageratesexceedingtheproductivityofU.S.laborB.U.S.priceceilingsthatholddownthepriceofenergyC.Especiallyhighprice/earningratiosassociatedwiththestockofU.S.firmsD.AnticipationsoffuturereductionsinU.S.non-tariffbarriersE.Noneoftheabove.3.ThemarketpowerofaninternationalcompanyoperatingwhollyownedsubsidiariesintheUnitedStatesmayleadtowelfarelossesfortheUnitedStatesunlessoffsetbycostreductionsorpositiveexternalities.WhichtypeofcostreductionwouldnotleadtooffsettingwelfaregainsforthewholeU.S.economy?A.R&Dgeneratingimprovedtechnolog.B.IntroductionordevelopmentofmoreproductivemachineryC.NewworkrulespromotingworkerefficiencyD.LowerwagesextractedfromworkersE.Noneoftheabove.4.MultinationalcorporationsA.increasethetransferoftechnologybetweennations.B.makeitharderfornationstofosteractivitiesofcomparativeadvantage.C.alwaysenjoypoliticalharmonyinhostcountriesinwhichtheirsubsidiariesoperate.D.requiregovernmentalsubsidiesinordertoconductworldwideoperations.E.Noneoftheabove.5.AmericanlaborunionshaverecentlymaintainedthatU.S.multinationalcorporationshavebeenA.exportingAmericanjobsbyinvestingoverseas.81\nB.exportingAmericanjobsbykeepinginvestmentintheUnitedStates.C.importingcheapforeignlaborbyshiftingU.S.investmentoverseas.D.importingcheapforeignworkersbykeepingU.S.investmentathome.E.Noneoftheabove.1.MultinationalcorporationsA.alwaysproduceprimarygoods.B.alwaysproducemanufacturedgoods.C.alwaysproduceservices.D.mayproduceprimaryormanufacturedgoods.E.Noneoftheabove.2.___________referstohighlyeducatedandskilledpeoplewhomigratefrompoordevelopingcountriestowealthyindustrialcountries.A.DirectinvestmentB.PortfolioinvestmentC.TransferpricingD.BraindrainE.Noneoftheabove.3.InternationallabormobilityA.leadstowageconvergencebyraisingwagesindestinationcountryandloweringinsourcecountry.B.isinaccordancewiththespecificfactorsmodelC.isinaccordancewiththeHeckscher-Ohlinfactorproportionsmodel.D.leadstowageconvergencebyraisingwagesinsourceandloweringthemindestinationcountry.E.isinaccordancewithscaleeconomymodel.4.Inpractice,internationallabormobilityisA.acompletecomplementtotradeflows.B.apartialcomplementtotradeflows.C.acompletesubstitutefortradeflows.D.apartialsubstitutefortradeflows.E.Noneoftheabove.5.IfoneobservesthatJapanwastraditionallyanetforeignlender,onecouldconcludethatrelativetoitsinternationaltradeandfinancialpartnersA.Japan'sinter-temporalproductionpossibilitiesarebiasedtowardfutureconsumption.B.Japan'sinter-temporalproductionpossibilitiesarelargerthanthatoftheothercountries.C.Japan'sinter-temporalproductionpossibilitiesarebiasedtowardpresentconsumption.D.Japan'sinter-temporalproductionpossibilitiesarenotbiased.81\nA.Noneoftheabove.1.Rapidlygrowingdevelopingcountriestendtobeborrowersontheinternationalcapitalmarkets.FromthisinformationwemaysurmisethattheyhaveacomparativeadvantageinA.capitalgoods.B.futureincome.C.disposableincome.D.consumergoods.E.presentincome.2.Itmaybearguedthattheoretically,internationalcapitalmovementsA.tendtohurtthedonorcountries.B.tendtohurttherecipientcountries.C.tendtohurtlaborindonorcountries.D.tendtohurtlaborinrecipientcountries.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Transactionsbetweenbranchesofthesamemultinationalcorporationsaccountfor________ofU.S.imports.A.onequarterB.onethirdC.onehalfD.threequartersE.all4.Theshiftoflabor-intensiveassemblyoperationsfromtheUnitedStatestoMexicanmaqiladoramaybebestexplainedintermsofatheoryofA.location.B.verticalintegration.C.horizontalintegrationD.internalization.E.Noneoftheabove.5.WhencomparingtheUnitedStatestotheUnitedKingdom,between1985and1990,therelativegrowthofforeign-ownedfirmsinmanufacturingA.grewfasterintheU.K.,whoseproportionofforeign-ownedfirmsislarger.B.grewfasterintheU.S.,whoseproportionofforeign-ownedfirmsislarger.C.grewfasterintheU.S.,whoseproportionofforeign-ownedfirmsissmaller.D.grewfasterintheU.K.,whoseproportionofforeign-ownedfirmsissmaller.E.Noneoftheabove.81\n1.TheinflowofforeigndirectinvestmentintotheUnitedStateshasalwaysbeenperceivedA.withtrepidation.B.withresentment.C.withequanimity.D.withsatisfaction.E.Noneoftheabove.2.ThepurchasebyGermany'sDaimler-BenzofAmerica'sChryslercorporationisgenerallyviewedasA.directforeigninvestmenttypicaloftrendsinthe1980s.B.acapitaloutflowfromtheUnitedStates,sinceDaimler-Benz"milked"theassetsofChrysler.C.amajorsuccessstoryofglobalization.D.anexampleofinternationalverticalintegration.E.Noneoftheabove.3.Inatypicalshort-runproductionfunction,aslaborincreasesA.themarginalproductofcapitaldecreases.B.theoverallproductoflabordecreases.C.theaverageproductoflabordecreases.D.themarginalproductoflabordecreases.E.Noneoftheabove.4.AmericanlaborunionsaccuseU.S.multinationalcorporationsofallexceptwhich?A.Theyenjoyunfairadvantagesintaxation.B.Theyexportjobsbyshiftingtechnologyoverseas.C.Theyexportjobsbyshiftinginvestmentoverseas.D.Theyoperateatoutputlevelswherescaleeconomiesoccur.E.Noneoftheabove.81\nEssayQuestions1.TheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelisfamousforbeingelegantandmathematicallysophisticated,yetfailingtodescribereality.OnemanifestationofthisfactisTrefler'sCaseofMissingTrade.Explainwhatexactlyismissing.Inwhatsenseisitmissing?Howwouldyouexplainwhyitismissing?Howcanarelaxationoftheidenticalproductionfunctionsexplainthecaseofthemissingtrade?2.Factor-intensityreversalsdescribeasituationinwhichtheproductionofaproductmaybeland-intensiveinonecountry,andrelativelylaborintensiveinanother(atgivenrelativewagelevels).Forexample,cottonmaybelandintensiveintheU.S.,andlaborintensiveinEgyptwherelandisrelativelyscarceandexpensive.Supposefactor-intensityreversalswerecommon.Howwouldthataffecttheconclusionthatacountryinwhichlandisrelativelyscarcewillnotbethecountrywithacomparativeadvantageintheland-intensiveproduct?3.WhyisitthatNorth-Southtradeinmanufacturesseemstobeconsistentwiththeresultsorexpectationsgeneratedbythefactor-proportionstheoryofinternationaltrade,whereasNorth-Northtradeisnot?4.OneofthecommonlyusedassumptionsinderivingtheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelisthattastesarehomothetic,orthatifthepercapitaincomeswerethesameintwocountries,theproportionsoftheirexpendituresallocatedtoeachproductwouldbethesameasitisintheothercountry.Imaginethatthisassumptionisfalse,andthatinfact,thetastesineachcountryarestronglybiasedinfavoroftheproductinwhichithasacomparativeadvantage.Howwouldthisaffecttherelationshipbetweenrelativefactorabundancebetweenthetwocountries,andthenature(factor-intensity)oftheproducteachexports?Whatifthetastebiasfavoredtheimportedgood?5.WhydoyousupposethatSouth-Southtradedoesnotconforminvolume,butdoesconforminpatternwithexpectationsgeneratedbytheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel?81\nQuantitative/GraphingProblems1.InHomeandForeigntherearetwofactorsofproduction,landandlabor,usedtoproduceonlyonegood.Thelandsupplyineachcountryandthetechnologyofproductionareexactlythesame.Themarginalproductoflaborineachcountrydependsonemploymentasfollows:NumberofWorkersMarginalproductEmployedofLastWorker13022932842752662572482392210211120Initiallythereare11workersemployedinHomebutonly3workersinForeign.Findtheeffectoffreemovementoflaborfromthehighwagetothelowwagecountry.Whensucheconomicmigrationceases,whatwillbethelevelsofproduction,realwagesandtheincomeoflandownersineachcountry?2.SupposeAustralia,aland(K)-abundantcountryandSri-Lanka,alabor(L)-abundantcountrybothproducelaborandlandintensivegoodswiththesametechnology.FollowingthelogicoftheHeckscher-OhlinmodelfromChapter4,whatwillbetheincentiveformigrationoncetradeisestablishedbetweenthesetwocountries?Then,usingtheanalysisinChapter5,showthatatariffbyonecountrywillcreateanincentiveforlabormigration.Fromwhichcountrytowhichcountrywillbethemigration?Explainhowyouarrivedatyouranswer.3.UsethediagrambelowderivedfromFigure4-4toidentifythepre-tradesituationforAustraliaandSri-Lanka,asdiscussedinquestion2above.WhereontheK/Laxiswillyoufindeachofthetwocountries?Whichofthetwocountrieshasahigherrelativewage,w/r?Whichproductisthelaborintensive,andwhichisthelandintensiveone?Showwheretherelativepriceofclothtofoodwillbefoundoncetradeopensbetweenthesetwocountries.Showwheretherelativewagesofeachwillappear.81\n4.Usingthefigureabovefromquestion3,demonstratewhathappenstothecompositionofproduction(thatisquantityofclothper1unitoffood)inAustraliaoncetradeisestablishedbetweenthetwocountries.Whichcountrywillexportcloth?WhathappenstotherelativeincomeofworkersinAustraliaasaresultoftrade?Doesitincreaseordecrease?WouldlandownersinAustralialobbyfororagainstfreetrade?5.ImaginethattherelativecapitalabundanceofAustraliawassomuchgreaterthanthatofSri-Lanka,thatwewouldhavetolocateAustraliafartotherightontheK/Laxis.Ifthisweresofartotherightthattherewasnoareaofoverlaponthew/raxis,thenwhatproductwouldAustraliaexport?Isthisanswerdifferentfromthatinquestion4above?Willtherelativewagesascalculatednowbethesameordifferentfromthosecalculatedinquestion4?81\nChapter9:TheInstrumentsofTradePolicyMultipleChoiceQuestions1.SpecifictariffsareA.importtaxesstatedinspecificlegalstatutes.B.importtaxescalculatedasafixedchargeforeachunitofimportedgoods.C.importtaxescalculatedasafractionofthevalueoftheimportedgoods.D.thesameasimportquotas.E.Noneoftheabove.2.AdvaloremtariffsareA.importtaxesstatedinadsinindustrypublications.B.importtaxescalculatedasafixedchargeforeachunitofimportedgoods.A.importtaxescalculatedasafractionofthevalueoftheimportedgoods.B.thesameasimportquotasC.Noneoftheabove.3.Theexcesssupplycurveofaproductwe(H)importfromforeigncountries(F)increasesasA.excessdemandofcountryHincreases.B.excessdemandofcountryFincreases.C.excesssupplyofcountryHincreases.D.excesssupplyofcountryFincreases.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Ifagoodisimportedinto(large)countryHfromcountryF,thentheimpositionofatariffincountryHA.raisesthepriceofthegoodinbothcountries("the"LawofOnePrice").B.raisesthepriceincountryHandcannotaffectitspriceincountryF.C.lowersthepriceofthegoodinbothcountries.D.lowersthepriceofthegoodinHandcouldraiseitinF.E.raisesthepriceofthegoodinHandlowersitinF.5.Ifagoodisimportedinto(small)countryHfromcountryF,thentheimpositionofatariffIncountryHA.raisesthepriceofthegoodinbothcountries("the"LawofOnePrice").B.raisesthepriceincountryHandcannotaffectitspriceincountryF.C.lowersthepriceofthegoodinbothcountries.D.lowersthepriceofthegoodinHandcouldraiseitinF.E.raisesthepriceofthegoodinHandlowersitinF.6.Ifagoodisimportedinto(large)countryHfromcountryF,thentheimpositionofatariffincountryHinthepresenceoftheMetzlerParadox,81\nA.raisesthepriceofthegoodinbothcountries("the"LawofOnePrice").B.raisesthepriceincountryHandcannotaffectitspriceincountryF.C.lowersthepriceofthegoodinbothcountries.D.lowersthepriceofthegoodinHandcouldraiseitinF.E.raisesthepriceofthegoodinHandlowersitinF.3.TheeffectiverateofprotectionmeasuresA.the"true"advalorumvalueofatariff.B.thequotaequivalentvalueofatariff.C.theefficiencywithwhichthetariffiscollectedatthecustomhouse.D.theprotectiongivenbythetarifftodomesticvalueadded.E.Noneoftheabove.4.Ifthetariffoncomputersisnotchanged,butdomesticcomputerproducersshiftfromdomesticallyproducedsemiconductortoimportedcomponents,thentheeffectiverateofprotectioninthecomputerindustrywillA.increase.B.decreaseC.remainthesame.D.dependonwhethercomputersarePCsor"Supercomputers".E.Noneoftheabove.5.Ifthetariffoncomputersisnotchanged,butthegovernmentthenaddshithertononexistenttariffsonimportedsemi-conductorcomponents,thentheeffectiverateofprotectioninthecomputerindustrywillA.increase.B.decreaseC.remainthesame.D.dependonwhethercomputersarePCsor"Supercomputers".E.Noneoftheabove.6.Ifasmallcountryimposesatariff,thenA.theproducersmustsufferaloss.B.theconsumersmustsufferaloss.C.thegovernmentrevenuemustsufferaloss.D.thedemandcurvemustshifttotheleft.E.Noneoftheabove.7.Ifasmallcountryimposesatariff,thenA.theproducersmustsufferaloss.B.theconsumersmustsufferaloss.C.thegovernmentrevenuemustsufferaloss.D.thedemandcurvemustshifttotheleft.E.Noneoftheabove.81\n3.Theimpositionoftariffsonimportsresultsindeadweight(triangle)losses.TheseareA.productionandconsumptiondistortioneffects.B.redistributioneffects.C.revenueeffectsD.efficiencyeffects.E.Noneoftheabove.4.SupposetheUnitedStateseliminatesitstariffonballbearings.BallbearingpricesintheUnitedStateswouldbeexpectedtoA.increase,andtheforeigndemandforU.S.exportswouldincrease.B.decrease,andtheforeigndemandforU.S.exportswouldincrease.C.increase,andtheforeigndemandforU.S.exportswoulddecrease.D.decrease,andtheforeigndemandforU.S.exportswoulddecrease.E.Noneoftheabove.5.AspecifictariffprovideshomeproducersmoreprotectionwhenA.thehomemarketbuyscheaperproductsratherthanexpensiveproducts.B.itisappliedtoacommoditywithmanygradevariations.C.thehomedemandforagoodiselasticwithrespecttopricechanges.D.itisleviedonmanufacturedgoodsratherthanprimaryproducts.E.Noneoftheabove.6.AlowertariffonimportedsteelwouldmostlikelybenefitA.foreignproducersattheexpenseofdomesticconsumers.B.domesticmanufacturersofsteel.C.domesticconsumersofsteel.D.workersinthesteelindustry.E.Noneoftheabove.7.Whenagovernmentallowsrawmaterialsandotherintermediateproductstoenteracountrydutyfree,thisgenerallyresultsina(an)A.effectivetariffratelessthanthenominaltariffrate.B.nominaltariffratelessthantheeffectivetariffrate.C.riseinbothnominalandeffectivetariffrates.D.fallinbothnominalandeffectivetariffrates.E.Noneoftheabove.8.Ofthemanyargumentsinfavoroftariffs,theonethathasenjoyedsignificanteconomicjustificationhasbeentheA.cheapforeignlaborargument.B.infantindustryargument.C.evenplayingfieldargument.D.balanceofpaymentsargumentE.domesticlivingstandardargument.81\n3.ThemainredistributioneffectofatariffisthetransferofincomefromA.domesticproducerstodomesticbuyers.B.domesticbuyerstodomesticproducers.C.domesticproducerstodomesticgovernment.D.domesticgovernmenttodomesticconsumers.E.Noneoftheabove.4.TheprinciplebenefitoftariffprotectiongoestoA.domesticconsumersofthegoodproduced.B.foreignconsumersofthegoodproduced.C.domesticproducersofthegoodproduced.D.foreignproducersofthegoodproduced.E.Noneoftheabove.5.Asglobalizationtendstoincreasetheproportionofimportedinputsrelativetodomesticallysuppliedcomponents,A.thenominaltariffautomaticallyincreases.B.therateof(effective)protectionautomaticallyincreases.C.thenominaltariffautomaticallydecreases.D.therateof(effective)protectionautomaticallydecreases.E.Noneoftheabove.6.Whichofthefollowingpoliciespermitsaspecifiedquantityofgoodstobeimportedatonetariffrateandahighertariffratetoimportsabovethisquantity?A.ImporttariffB.VoluntaryexportsrestraintC.TariffquotaD.AdvalorumtariffE.Noneoftheabove.7.Shouldthehomecountrybe"large"relativetoitstradepartners,itsimpositionofatariffonimportswouldleadtoanincreaseindomesticwelfareifthetermsofthetraderectangleexceedthesumoftheA.revenueeffectplusredistributioneffect.B.protectiveeffectplusrevenueeffect.C.consumptioneffectplusredistributioneffect.D.protectivedistortioneffectplusconsumptiondistortioneffect.E.Noneoftheabove.8.Aproblemencounteredwhenimplementingan"infantindustry"tariffisthatA.domesticconsumerswillpurchasetheforeigngoodregardlessofthetariff.B.theindustrymaynever"mature".C.mostindustriesrequiretariffprotectionwhentheyaremature.81\nA.thetariffmayhurttheindustry'sdomesticsales.B.Noneoftheabove.3.Whichofthefollowingisafixedpercentageofthevalueofanimportedproduct?A.SpecifictariffB.AdvaloremtariffC.NominaltariffD.EffectiveprotectiontariffE.Noneoftheabove.4.Ataxof20centsperunitofimportedgarlicisanexampleofa(n)A.specifictariff.B.advaloremtariff.C.nominaltariff.D.effectiveprotectiontariff.E.Noneoftheabove.5.Ataxof20percentperunitofimportedgarlicisanexampleofa(n)A.specifictariff.B.advaloremtariff.C.nominaltariff.D.effectiveprotectiontariff.E.Noneoftheabove.6.WhichtypeoftariffisforbiddenintheUnitedStatesonConstitutionalgrounds?A.ImporttariffB.ExporttariffC.SpecifictariffD.ProhibitivetariffE.Noneoftheabove.7.ThedeadweightlossofatariffA.isasociallossbecauseitpromotesinefficientuseofnationalresources.B.isasociallossbecauseitreducestherevenueofthegovernment.C.isnotasociallossbecauseitmerelyredistributesrevenuefromonesectortoanother.D.isnotasociallossbacuaseitispaidforbyrichcorporations.E.Noneoftheabove.8.TariffsarenotdefendedonthegroundthattheyA.improvethetermsoftradeofforeignnations.B.protectjobsandreduceunemployment.C.promotegrowthanddevelopmentofyoungindustries.D.preventover-dependenceofacountryononlyafewindustries.E.Noneoftheabove.81\n3.ThemostvocalpoliticalpressurefortariffsisgenerallymadebyA.consumerslobbyingforexporttariffs.B.consumerslobbyingforimporttariffs.C.consumerslobbyingforlowerimporttariffs.D.producerslobbyingforexporttariffs.E.producerslobbyingforimporttariffs.4.ApolicyoftariffreductioninthecomputerindustryisA.intheinterestoftheUnitedStatesasawholeandintheinterestofcomputerproducingregionsofthecountry.B.intheinterestofUnitedStatesasawholebutnotintheinterestofcomputerproducingregionsofthecountry.C.notintheinterestoftheUnitedStatesasawholebutintheinterestsofcomputerproducingregionsofthecountry.D.notintheinterestoftheUnitedStatesasawholeandnotintheinterestsofcomputerconsumers.E.Noneoftheabove.5.ThefactthatindustrializedcountrieslevyverylowornotariffonrawmaterialsandsemiprocessedgoodsA.helpsdevelopingcountriesexportmanufacturedproducts.B.hasnoeffectondevelopingcountryexports.C.hurtsdevelopingcountryeffortstoexportmanufacturedgoods.D.hurtsdevelopingcountryeffortstoexportrawmaterials.E.Noneoftheabove.6.TheMetzlerParadoxA.explainswhytheUnitedStatesusesbothspecificandadvalorumtariffs.B.explainswhytheUnitedStatesusesmanynone-tariffbarrierstoimports.C.referstothefactthattheUnitedStatesexportedlabor-intensivegoods.D.isnotconsideredtobeofpracticalapplicationintherealworld.E.Noneoftheabove.7.TheMetzlerParadoxA.couldtheoreticallyhappenwhenasmallcountryleviesatariff.B.referstoasituationwhenanOptimalTariffhurtsacountry'seconomicwelfare.C.referstoasituationwhentheimpositionofatarifflowersdomesticprices.D.referstoasituationwhentheimpositionofatariffhelpsforeignexporters.E.Noneoftheabove.8.AnOptimalTariff81\nA.couldtheoreticallyhappenwhenasmallcountryleviesatariff.B.referstoasituationwhenatariffhurtsacountry'seconomicwelfare.C.referstoasituationwhentheimpositionofatarifflowersdomesticprices.D.referstoasituationwhentheimpositionofatariffhelpsforeignexporters.E.Noneoftheabove.3.AnOptimalTariffisconsideredunlikelytobeobservedintherealworldbecauseofA.TheMetzlerParadox.B.itispracticallyimpossibletodefineoptimalityintradepolicyterms.C.thelikelihoodofforeignrepercussions.D.realcountriesareconsideredtobe"small"intheworldtradecontext.E.Noneoftheabove.81\nEssayQuestions1.Economictheoryingeneral,andtradetheoryinparticulararerepletewithequivalencies.Forexample,itisarguedthatforanyspecifictariffonecanfindanequivalentadvalorumtariff;andthatforanyquotaonecancalculateatariffequivalent.Discussconditionsorsituationsunderwhichaspecificandanadvalorumtariffarenotequivalent.Discussconditionsorsituationswhenatariffandaquotaarenotequivalent.2.TheMetzlerParadoxisaspecialcaseoftheoptimumtariffconcept.Discussthisassertion.Wouldtheoptimumtarifftendtobeahighoneoralowoneinthecasewherethisparadoxexists?Whatconditionswouldbeneededintheinternationalmarketsforacountry'sexportsforthisparadoxtoexist?Whydoyousupposeempiricalsupportfortheexistenceofthisparadoxhasnotbeenforthcomingtodate?3.Somearguethattariffsalwayshurttheimposingcountry'seconomicwelfare,andaretypicallydesignedtoshiftresourcesfromonesectortoanother,protectedorpreferredone,withinaneconomy.Findanddiscussacounterexampletothisargument.4.Theeffectiverateofprotectionisaweightedaverageofnominaltariffsandtariffsonimportedinputs.Ithasbeennotedthatinmostindustrializedcountries,thenominaltariffsonrawmaterialsorintermediatecomponentsorproductsarelowerthanonfinal-stageproductsmeantforfinalmarkets.Whywouldcountriesdesigntheirtariffstructuresinthismanner?Whotendstobehelped,andwhoisharmedbythiscascadingtariffstructure?5.ThetwodeadweighttrianglesaretheConsumptiondistortionandProductiondistortionlosses.ItiseasytounderstandwhytheConsumptiondistortionconstitutesalossforsociety.Afterallitraisesthepricesofgoodstoconsumers,andevencausessomeconsumerstodropoutofthemarketaltogether.ItseemsparadoxicalthattheProductiondistortionisconsideredanequivalentburdenonsociety.Afterall,inthiscase,profitsincrease,andadditionalproduction(withitsassociatedemployment)comesonline.Thiswouldseemtobeanoffsetratherthananadditiontotheburdenorlossbornebysociety.ExplainwhytheProductiondistortionisindeedalosstosociety,andwhatiswrongwiththelogicthatleadstotheapparentparadox.81\nQuantitative/GraphingProblems1.IntheFigureabove,intheabsenceofTradehowmanyWidgetsdoesthiscountryproduceandconsume?2.Intheabsenceoftradewhatisthecountry'sconsumerplusproducersurplus?3.Withfreetradeandnotariffs,whatisthequantityofWidgetsimported?4.Withaspecifictariffof$3perunit,whatisthequantityofWidgetimports?5.ThelossofConsumerSurplusduetothetariffequals6.Thelowestspecifictariffwhichwouldbeconsideredprohibitiveis81\n练习册各章选择题答案章答案题号三四五六七八九十十一1ACDCBBBCB2ABDBDDCED3DBBCAEDAA4DDABBCEEA5BEDBCCBBA6BAACDBBCAD7ACAACCDDA8AABDAAABC9ADCEDCBDE10DDEECDBEC11CCDBCABDC12BDCDAAADD13BEDACCCCB14DDCDBDAAA15DCBEBDCAB16BBACEDBDC17BACBABBCB18CBBBCABCA19CDBBDBCCB20CEBADDDEC21BCECDACDB22ADBEDADBD23ABBBCDBBB24BDBBCDBBE25EDBEEDABD26ECCBDDBDB27BBEACCBAA28EDBCEBAAC29DDBBBCABB30DDBACCECD31AAEBDABBC32BDEEDCCCD33AEACBEDAA34ADCBDBECBC35BBCECDEBD36BEDCD37BC81