宏观经济学术语 13页

Microeconomicsthestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets.微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。Macroeconomicsthestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。GDPisthemarketvalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.国内生产总值GDP给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumptionisspendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasedofnewhousing.消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。Investmentisspendingoncapitalequipmentinventories,andstructures,includinghouseholdpurchasesofnewhousing.投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。Governmentpurchasesarespendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,andfederalgovernment.政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。Netexportisspendingondomesticallyproducedgoodsbyforeigners(exports)minusspendingonforeigngoodsbydomesticresidents(imports)净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出(出口)减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口)。NominalGDPistheproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatcurrentprices.名义GDP按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。RealGDPistheproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatconstantprices.实际GDP按不变价格评价的物品和服务的生产。GDPdeflatorisameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100.\nGDPF减指数：用名义GD叫实际GDPW比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。MEASURINGTHECOSTOFLIVINGS活费用的衡量CPIismeasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.消费物价指数CPI：一个典型消费者所购买的一篮子产品与服务的价格相对于某个基年同样一篮子产品与服务的价格。Inflationrateisthepercentagechangeinthepriceindexfromtheprecedingperiod.通货膨胀率：前一个时期以来物价指数变动的百分比。Producerpriceindex(PPI)isameasureofthecostofabasketofgoodsandservicesboughtbyfirms.生产物价指数：企业购买的一篮子物品与劳务的费用的衡量指标。Indexation：theautomaticcorrectionofadollaramountfortheeffectsofinflationbylaworcontract.根据法律或合约对通货膨胀的影响进行货币数量的自动调整。Nominalinterestrateistheinterestrateasusuallyreportedwithoutacorrectionoftheeffectsofinflation.名义利率：通常公布的，未根据通货膨胀的影响校正的利率。Realinterestrateistheinterestratecorrectedfortheeffectsofinflation.真实利率：根据通货膨胀校正过的利率。RODUCTIONANDGROWTH与增长Productivityistheamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworkerstime.生产率：每单位劳动投入所生产的物品和劳务的数量。Physicalcapitalisthestockofequipmentandstructuresthatareusedtoproducegoodsandservices.物资资本：用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物存量。Humancapitalistheknowledgeandskillsthatworkersacquirethrougheducation,training,andexperience.\n人力资本：工人通过教育、培训和经验而获得的知识与技能。Naturalresourcesaretheinputsintotheproductionofgoodsandservicesthatareprovidedbynature.自然资源：由自然界提供的用于生产物品与劳务的投入，如土地、河流与矿藏。Technologicalknowledgeissociety’sunderstandingofthebeswaystoproducegoodsandservices.技术知识：社会对生产物品与劳务的最好方法的了解。Diminishingreturnsarethepropertywherebythebenefitfromanextraunitofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases.收益递减：随着投入量的增加，每一单位额外投入得到的收益减少的特性。Catch-upeffectisthepropertywherebycontinuesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythancountriesthatstartoffrich.追赶效应：开始时贫穷的国家倾向于比开始时富裕的国家增长更快。SAVING,INVESTMENT,ANDTHEFINANCIALSYSTEM^、投资和金融体系Financialsystemisthegroupofinstitutionsintheeconomythathelptomatchoneperson’ssavingwithanotherperson’sinvestment.金融体系：经济中促使一个人的储蓄与另一个人的投资相匹配的一组机构。Financialmarketsarefinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectlyprovidefundstoborrowers.金融市场：储蓄者可以通过它直接向借款者提供资金的金融机构。Bondisacertificateofindebtedness债券：一种债务证明书。Stockisaclaimtopartialownershipinafirm股票：企业部分所有权的索取权。\nFinancialintermediariesarefinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscanindirectlyprovidefundstoborrowers.金融中介机构：储蓄者可以通过它间接地向借款者提供资金的金融机构。Mutualfundisaninstitutionthatsellssharestothepublicandusestheproceedstobuyaportionofstocksandbonds.共同基金：向公众出售股份，并用收入来购买股票于债券资产组合的机构。Nationalsaving(saving)isthetotalincomeintheeconomythatremainsafterpayingforconsumptionandgovernmentpurchase.国民储蓄(储蓄)：在用于消费和政府购买后剩下的一个经济中的收入。Privatesavingistheincomethathouseholdshaveleftafterpayingfortaxesandconsumption.私人储蓄：家庭在支付了税收和消费之后剩下来的收入。Publicsavingisthetaxrevenuethatthegovernmenthasleftafterpayingforitsspending.公共储蓄：政府在支付其支出后剩下的税收收入。Budgetsurplusisanexcessoftaxrevenueovergovernmentspending.预算盈余：税收收入大于政府支出的余额。Budgetdeficitisashortfalloftaxrevenuefromgovernmentspending预算赤字：政府支出引起的税收收入短缺。Marketforloanablefundsarethemarketinwhichthosewhowanttosavesupplyfundsthosewhowanttoborrowtoinvestdemandfunds.可贷资金市场：想储蓄的人借以提供资金、想借钱投资的人借以借贷资金的市场。Crowdingoutisadecreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromgovernmentborrowing.挤出：政府借款所引起的投资减少。THEBASICTOOLSOFFINANC建本金融工具\nFinance:thefieldthatstudieshowpeoplemakedecisionsregardingtheallocationofresourcesovertimeandthehandlingofrisk.金融学：研究人们如何在某一时期内做出关于配置资源和应对风险的学科。Presentvalue:theamountofmoneytodaythatwouldbeneededtoproduce,usingprevailinginterestrates,agivenfutureamountofmoney.现值：用现行利率生产一定量未来货币所需要的现在货币量。Futurevalue:theamountofmoneyinthefuturethatanamountofmoneytodaywillyield,givenprevailinginterestrates.未来值：在现行利率既定时，现在的货币量将带来的未来货币量。Compounding:theaccumulationofasumofmoneyin,say,abankaccount,wheretheinterestearnedremainsintheaccounttoearnadditionalinterestinthefuture.复利：货币量的累积，比如说银行账户上货币量的累积，即赚得的利息仍留在账户上以赚取未来更多的利息。Riskaverse:exhibitingadislikeofuncertainty.风险厌恶：不喜欢不确定性。Diversification:thereductionofriskachievedbyreplacingasingleriskwithalargenumberofsmallerunrelatedrisks.多元化：通过用大量不相关的小风险代替一种风险来降低风险。Idiosyncraticrisk:riskthataffectsonlyasingleeconomicactor.企业特有风险：只影响一个公司的风险。Aggregaterisk:riskthataffectsalleconomicactorsatonce.市场风险：影响股市上所有公司的风险。Fundamentalanalysis:thestudyofacompany’saccountingstatementsandfutureprospectstodetermineits\nvalue.基本面分析：为决定一家公司的价值而对其会计报表和未来前景进行的研究。Efficientmarketshypothesis:thetheorythatassetpricesreflectallpubliclyavailableinformationaboutthevalueofanasset.有效市场假说：认为资产价格反映了关于一种资产价值的所有公开的、可获得的信息的理论。Informationallyefficient:reflectingallavailableinformationinarationalway.信息有效：以理性方式反映所有可获得的信息的有关资产价格的描述。Randomwalk:thepathofavariablewhosechangesareimpossibletopredict.随机行走：一种变量变动的路径是不可预期的。UNEMPLOYMENTANDITSNATURALRATEk和自然失业率Laborforceisthetotalnumberofworkers,includingboththeemployedandtheunemployed.劳动力：既包括就业者又包括失业者的工人总数。Unemploymentrateisthepercentageofthelaborforcethatisunemployed.失业率：劳动力中失业者所占的百分比。Labor-forceparticipationrateisthepercentageoftheadultpopulationthatisinthelaborforce.劳动力参工率：劳动力占成年人口的百分比。Naturalrateofunemploymentisthenormalrateofunemploymentaroundwhichtheunemploymentratefluctuates.自然失业率：失业率围绕它而波动的正常失业率。Cyclicalunemploymentisthedeviationofunemploymentfromitsnaturalrate.周期性失业：失业率对自然失业率的背离。Discouragedworkersareindividualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookingforajob\n丧失信心的工人：想工作但已放弃寻找工作的人。Frictionalunemploymentistheunemploymentthatresultsbecauseittakestimeforworkerstosearchforthejobsthatbestsuittheirtastesandskills.摩擦性失业：由于工人寻找最适合自己嗜好和技能的工作需要时间而引起的失业。Structuralunemploymentistheunemploymentthatresultsbecausethenumberofjobsavailableinsomelabormarketsisinsufficienttoprovideajobforeveryonewhowantsone.结构性失业：由于某些劳动市场上可提供的工作岗位数量不足以为每个想工作的人提供工作而引起的失业。Jobsearchistheprocessbywhichworkersfindtheappropriatejobsgiventheir\ntastesandskills寻找工作：在工人的嗜好与技能既定时工人寻找适当工作的过程。Unemploymentinsuranceisagovernmentprogramthatpartiallyprotectsworkers’incomeswhentheybecameunemployed.失业保险：当工人失业时为他们提供部分收入保障的政府计划。Unionisaworkerassociationthatbargainswithemployersoverwagesandworkingconditions工会：与雇主就工资、津贴和工作条件进行谈判的工人协会。Collectivebargainingistheprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemployment.集体谈判：工会和企业就就业条件达成一致的过程.Strikeistheorganizedwithdrawaloflaborfromafirmbyaunion罢工：工会组织工人从企业撤出劳动。Efficiencywagesareabove-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaseworkerproductivity效率工资：企业为提高工人生产率而支付的高于均衡水平的工资。THEMONETARYSYSTEM币制度Moneyisthesetofassetsinaneconomythatpeopleregularlyusetobuygoodsandservicesfromotherpeople.货币：经济中人们经常用于向其他人购买物品与劳务的一组资产。Mediumofexchangeisanitemthatbuyersgivetosellerswhentheywanttopurchasegoodsandservices.交换媒介：买者在购买物品与劳务时给予卖者的东西。Unitofaccountistheyardstickpeopleusetopostpricesandrecorddebts.计价单位：人们用来表示价格和记录债务的标准。Storeofvalueisanitemthatpeoplecanusetotransferpurchasingpowerfromthepresenttothefuture.\n价值储藏手段：人们可以用来把现在的购买力转变为未来的购买力的东西。Liquidityistheeasewithwhichanassetcanbeconvertedintotheeconomy’smediumofexchange.流动性：一种资产兑换为经济中交换媒介的容易程度。Commoditymoneyismoneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalue.商品货币：以有内在价值的商品为形式的货币。Fiatmoneyismoneywithoutintrinsicvaluefiatisusedasmoneybecauseofgovernmentdecree.法定货币：没有内在价值、由政府法令确定作为通货使用的货币。Currencyisthepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofpublic.通货：公众手中持有的纸币钞票和铸币。Demanddepositsarebalancesinbankaccountsthatdepositionscanaccessondemandbywritingacheck.活期存款：储户可以通过开支票而随时支取的银行账户余额。Federalreserve(Fed)：thecentralbankoftheUnitedStates.联邦储备：美国的中央银行。Centralbank:aninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomic.中央银行：为了监管银行体系和调节经济中的货币量而设计的机构。Moneysupplyisthequantityofmoneyavailableintheeconomy.货币供给：经济中可以得到的货币量。Monetarypolicyisthesettingofthemoneysupplybypolicymakersinthecentralbank货币政策：中央银行的决策者对货币供给的安排。Reservesaredepositsthatbankshavereceivedbuthavenotloanedout.准备金：银行得到但没有贷出去的存款。Fractional-reservebankingisabankinginwhichbanksholdonlyafractionof\ndepositsasreserves部分准备金银行：只把部分存款作为准备金的银行制度。Reserveratioisthefractionofdepositsthatbanksholdasreserves.准备率：银行作为准备金持有的存款比例。Moneymultiplieristheamountofmoneythebankingsystemgenerateswitheachdollarofreserve货币乘数：银行体系用1美元准备金所产生的货币量。Open-marketoperationisthepurchaseandsaleofU.S.governmentbondsbytheFed.公开市场活动：美联储买卖美国政府债券。Reserverequirementsareregulationsontheminimumamountofreservesthatbanksmustholdagainstdeposits法定准备金：关于银行必须根据其存款持有的最低准备金量的规定。DiscountrateistheinterestrateontheloansthattheFedtobanks.贴现率：美联储向银行发放贷款的利率。MONEYGROWTHANDINFLATIONS增长与通货膨胀Quantitytheoryofmoney:atheoryassertingthatthequantityofmoneyavailabledeterminesthepricelevelandthatthegrowthrateinthequantityofmoneyavailabledeterminestheinflationrate货币数量论：一种认为可得到的货币量觉决定物价水平，可得到的货币量的增长率决定通货膨胀率的理论。Nominalvariablesarevariablesmeasuredinmonetaryunits.名义变量：按货币单位衡量的变量。Realvariablesarevariablesmeasuredinphysicalunits.真实变量：按实物单位衡量的变量。\nClassicaldichotomyisthetheoreticalseparationofnominalandvariables.古典二分法：名义变量和真实变量的理论区分。Monetaryneutralityisthepropositionthatchangesinthemoneysupplydonotaffectrealvariables.货币中性：认为货币供给变动并不影响真实变量的观点。Velocityofmoneyistherateatwhichmoneychangeshands.货币流通速度：货币易手的速度。QuantityequationistheequationM*V=P*Ywhichrelatesthequantityofmoney,thevelocityofmoney,andthedollarvalueoftheeconomy’soutputofgoodsandservices.数量方程式：方程式M*V=P*Y,这个公式把货币量、货币流通速度和经济中物品与劳务产出的美元价值联系在一起。Inflationtaxistherevenuethegovernmentraisesbycreatingmoney.通货膨胀税：政府通过创造货币而筹集的收入。Fishereffectistheone-for-oneadjustmentofthenominalinterestratetotheinflationrate.费雪效应：名义利率对通货膨胀率所进行的一对一的调整。Shoeleathercostsaretheresourceswastedwheninflationencouragespeopletoreducetheirmoneyholdings.皮鞋成本：当通货膨胀鼓励人们减少货币持有量时所浪费的资源。Menucostsarethecostsofchangingprices.菜单成本：改变价格的成本。AGGREGATEDEMANDANDAGGREGATESUPPLY与总供给Recessionisperiodofdecliningrealincomesandrisingunemployment.衰退：真实收入下降和失业增加的时期。Depressionisasevererecession.萧条：严重的衰退。Modelofaggregatedemandandaggregatesupplyisthemodelthatmosteconomistsusetoexplainshort-run\nfluctuationsineconomicactivityarounditslong-runtrend.总需求与总供给模型：大多数经济学家用来解释经济活动围绕其长期趋势的短期波动的模型Aggregate-demandcurveisacurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyateachpricelevel.总需求曲线：表示在每一种物价水平时，家庭、企业、政府和外国客户想要购买的物品与劳务量的曲线。Aggregate-supplycurveisacurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellateachpricelevel.总供给曲线：表示在每一种物价水平时，企业选择生产并销售的物品与劳务量的一条曲线。Stagflationisperiodoffallingoutputandrisingprices.滞涨：产量减少而物价上升的时期。第二十四章THEINFLUERNCEOFMONETARYANDFISCALPOLICYONAGGREGATEDEMAND政策和财政政策对总需求的影响TheoryofliquiditypreferenceisKeynes’stheorythattheinterestrateadjuststobringmoneysupplyandmoneydemandintobalance.流动性偏好理论：凯恩斯的理论，认为利率的调整使货币供给与货币需求平衡。Multipliereffectistheadditionalshiftsinaggregatedemandthatresultwhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyincreasesincomeandtherebyincreasesconsumersspending.乘数效应：当扩张性财政政策增加了收入，从而增加了消费支出时引起的总需求的额外变动。Crowding-outeffectistheoffsetinaggregatedemandthatresultswhenexpansionaryfiscalpolicyraisestheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestmentspending.挤出效应：当扩张性财政政策引起利率上升，从而减少了投资支出时所引起的总需求减少。Automaticstabilizersarechangesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateacton.\n自动稳定器：当经济进入衰退时，决策者不必采取任何有意的行动就可以刺激总需求的财政政策变动。