经济学英语术语 9页

TheWordsForExamation:1、Microeconomics:Microeconomicsfocusonindividualmarketsanddecisionsbyindividualhouseholdsandfirms.2、Privatesector:Theresourcesownedbyprivateindividuals3、Publicsector:Theresourcesownedbythestate.4、Primarysector:Theextractiveindustries,e.g.forestry,fishing,coal5、Secondarysector:Theconvertsmaterialsintogoods,e.g.manufacturing6、Tertiarysector:Theservicesector,e.g.finance,tourism.7、Opportunitycost:Opportunitycostisthesacrificeforegoneinthenextbestalternative,IfafirmInvestsmoreinprojectAratherprojectB,forexamplethenprojectBistheopportunitycost.IfweuseourincometobuyXnotY,Yistheopportunitycost.8、Factorsofproduction:Land;Labour;Capital;Entrepreneurship9、Disadvantagesoffreemarket:publicgoods;meritgoods;externalities;instablity.10、Demandcurve:Ademandcurveshowsthequantitythatconsumersarewillingandabletopurchaseateachandeveryprice,allotherthingsunchanged.Ifotherthingsdochangetheconsumersarelikelytowantmoreorlesseachandeverypriceandthedemandcurveshifts11、Advantagesofplanedeconomy:TheGovernmentcaninfluencethedistributionofincometomakeitmoreequal;TheGovernmentcandeterminewhichgoodsaresupplied.12、Typesofgoods:Capitalgoods;Consumptiongoods;Freegoods13、Substitutioneffect:WiththefallinpriceofgoodA,Abecomesrelativelycheaperthanothergoodsandinevitablyswitchtotherelativelycheapergood14、Marketdemandcurve:Thehorizontalsummationofindividualsdemandcurve.15、Marginalutility:istheextrasatisfactiongainedfromconsuminganotherunitofagood16、Totalutility:isthetotalsatisfactiongainedfromconsumingagivennumberofgoods.17、Priceelasticityofdemand:Measuresthesensitivityofdemandtoachangeinprice.18、Crosselasticityofdemand:Measuresthesensitivityofthedemandforonegoodtoachangeinpriceofanother.CrosselasticityofgoodAwithrespecttogoodB=percentagechangeinquantitydemandedofgoodA/percentagechangeinthepriceofgoodB19、Incomeelasticityofdemand:Measuresthesensitivityofthedemandtoachangeinincome20、Usesofcrosselasticity:Firmscanestimatetheeffectontheirdemandofacompetitorspricecut;Firmscanestimateimpactondemandfortheirproductiftheycutpriceofacomplement.1.Supplycurve:showsthequantitythatproducersarewillingandabletosupplyateachandeveryprice,allotherthingsunchanged.2.Equilibrium:occurswhenthequantitysuppliedequalsthequantitydemanded.3.Equilibriumprice:thepriceatalevelwheresupplyequatesthedemanded.4.Shortrun:fixedfactorsarenotchanged.5.Longrun:allfactorsarevariable.6.Indirecttaxes:thetaxesareplacedonthesupplierandhavetheeffectofraisingcosts.7.Consumersurplus:isthedifferencebetweenthepricetheconsumeriswillingtopayandthepricetheconsumeractuallypays.8.Producersurplus:isthedifferencebetweenthepricetheproduceriswillingtosupplyandthepricetheyactuallyreceive.9.Communitysurplus:isthewelfareofsocietywhichismadeupofconsumersurplusandproducersurplus.\n10.Externalities:occurswhenthereisadivergencebetweensocialandprivatecostsandbenefits.11.Marginalcost:meanstheextracostofproducinganotherunit.12.Marginalrevenue:meanstheextrarevenuefromsellinganotherunit.13.Meritgoods:thesearegoodswhicharesociallydesirable.14.Demeritgoods:thesearegoodswhicharenotsociallydesirable.15.Thepriceelasticityofsupply:measurestheresponsivenessofsupplytoachangeinprice.1.Marginal:边际theextra;marginalcostistheextracostofproducinganotherunit,themarginalrevenuefromsellinganotherunit..2.Average:平均dividethetotalintonumberofunits3.Averageproduct:平均产量theaverageoutputperunitofthevariablefactor4.fixedcosts:固定成本thecostswhichdonotchangewithoutput5.variablecosts:可变成本thecostswhichdovarywithoutput6.averagecosts:平均成本theaveragecostsperunitofthetotaloutput7.shortruncostcurve:短期成本曲线theminimumcostperunitfordifferentlevelsofoutputgivenafixedfactor8.internaldiseconomyofscale:内在规模不经济theunitcostperunitriseswithmoreoutput9.bulkbuying:大量购买largerfirmstendtobuylargerquantitiesofinputsandsoareinapositionwithadvantage10.specialization:专业化therepetitionthatemployeescanbeundertakeasspecialist,whichleadtohigherproductivity11.financialeconomy:金融经济theindustrythatoftenborrowmoneyatsomerate,lubricatetheeconomy.12.Costminimization:成本最小化thesituationleadcostcombinationthatmadeperpoundofeachfactorofproductionisequal13.Input:投入goodsandservicesthatusedtoproducethegoodsorservices14.Marginalrevenue:边际收益theextrarevenuefromsellinganotherunit15.Normalprofit:正常利润paytheremunerationtothemanufacturerwhoprovidedtheentrepreneurialtalent16.Abnormalprofit:超额利润thepartoftheprofitsthatmorethantheaveragemarketnormalprofitcwhentheotherconditionsinsocialaverage17.Productiveefficiency：生产效率thefirmobtainthehighproductivitytheproduceatthelowestcostperunit,viceversa.18.Theoryofsecondbest:次佳理论ifadistortionorinefficiencyexistsinonemarketitisinefficienttotreatothermarketasifthatdistortiondidnotexist.19.Perfectcompetition:完全竞争themarketstructureinthesituationwithoutanyblockupandinterference20.Barrier:壁垒thepricemustbepaidthattheothermanufacturerswhichwanttoaccessthisindustry.1．long-runsupplycurve：Thelong-runsupplycurveinaperfectlycompetitivemarketshowstherelationshipbetweenmarketpriceandquantitysupplied.2．constantcostindustry：Aconstantcostindustryisanindustryinwhichthetypicalfirm’saveragetotalcostsdonotchangeastheindustryexpands.Thismeansthatthefirmwillhaveahorizontallong-runsupplycurve.3．increasingcostindustry：Anincreasingcostindustryisanindustryinwhichthetypicalfirm’slongrunaveragetotalcostincreasesastheindustryexpands.Thismeansthefirmwillhaveanupwardslopinglongrunsupplycurve.\n1．decreasingcostindustry：Adecreasingcostindustryisanindustryinwhichthetypicalfirm’saveragetotalcostsdecreaseastheindustryexpands.Thismeansthatthefirmwillhaveadownwardslopinglongrunsupplycurve.2．Monopoly：Amonopolyisafirmthatistheonlysellerofagoodorservicethatdoesnothaveaclosesubstitute.3．barriertoentry：Abarriertoentryisanythingthatkeepsnewfirmsfromenteringanindustryinwhichfirmsareearningeconomicprofits.4．patent：Apatentistheexclusiverighttoaproductforacertainperiodoftimefromthedatetheproductwasinvented.5．Productdifferentiation:Bymakingtheirproductseemverydifferentfromthecompetitionthroughtheirmarketingandbranding,afirmcanestablishamonopolyposition.6．naturalmonopoly：Anaturalmonopolyisasituationinwhichonefirmcansupplytheentiremarketataloweraveragetotalcostthancantwoormorefirms.7．Monopolisticcompetition:Monopolisticcompetitionisamarketstructureinwhichbarrierstoentryarelow,andmanyfirmscompetebysellingsimilar,butnotidentical,products.8．Pricediscrimination:Pricediscriminationisthepracticeofsellingthesamegoodorserviceatdifferentpricesnotbecauseofthecostofproduction,buttheconsumers’willingnessandabilitytopay.12shortrunmonopolisticcompetition:Inmonopolisticcompetitionfirmscanbehavelikemonopoliesintheshort-run,includingusingmarketpowertogenerateprofit.13longrunmonopolisticcompetition:Inthelong-run,otherfirmsenterthemarketandthebenefitsofdifferentiationdecreasewithcompetition;themarketbecomesmorelikeperfectcompetitionwherefirmscannotgaineconomicprofit.14perfectPricediscrimination:theconsumerischargedthemaximumhe/sheiswillingtopayforeachunit.thepriceisdifferentforeverysingleunit.thisremovesallconsumersurplus.15oligopoly：Anoligopolyisamarketstructureinwhichasmallnumberofinterdependentfirmscompete.16Duopoly:theduopolyoccurwhentwofirmsdominateamarket.17Nashequilibrium.：Anequilibriumwhereeachfirmchoosesthebeststrategy,giventhestrategieschosenbyotherfirms,iscalledaNashequilibrium.18Collusion：Collusionisanagreementamongfirmstochargethesameprice,ortootherwisenotcompete.19Gametheory：Gametheoryisthestudyofhowpeoplemakedecisionsinsituationswhereattainingtheirgoalsdependsontheirinteractionswithothers.20payoffmatrixforpricingstrategy:Apayoffmatrixisatablethatshowsthepayoffsthateachfirmearnsfromeverycombinationofstrategiesbythefirms.21Nonpricecompetition:Non-pricecompetitionisamarketingstrategy"inwhichonefirmtriestodistinguishitsproductorservicefromcompetingproductsonthebasisofattributeslikedesignandworkmanship".22Concentrationratio:theNfirmConcentrationratiomeasuresthemarketshareofthelargestNfirms.23fulllineforcing:fulllineforcingmakingretailersbuythewholeproductrangeeveniftheyonlywanttooneproduct.24Exclusivesupply:sellingtoonlyoneoutletinanarea.25soletrader:Asoleproprietorshipalsoknownasasoletrader,orsimplyproprietorshipisatypeofbusinessentitywhichisownedandrunbyoneindividualandwherethereisnolegaldistinctionbetweentheownerandthebusiness.Allprofitsandalllossesaccruetotheowner(subjecttotaxation).26Partnership:individualsworktogetherandsharejointresponsibilityforanydecisions;unlimitedliability.\n1.Marginalproductoflabour劳动的边际产量Marginalproductoflabouristheextraoutputproducedbyanadditionalworker.2.Demandforlabour对劳动力的需求Thedemandforlabourisderivedfromthemarginalrevenueproductoflabour.3.Aggregatedemand总需求Aggregatedemandisthetotalplannedexpenditureonfinalgoodsandservicesinaneconomy.4.Marginalcostoflabour劳动的边际成本Marginalcostoflabourisextracostofhiringanotheremployee5.Elasticityofdemandforlabor劳动力的需求弹性Elasticityofdemandforlaboristhelabordemand(andsupply)ofthechangeontheinfluenceofchangesinwagelevels.6.Paradoxofthrift节约悖论Savingisagoodthingfortheindividualandisacommendablevirtue,butforthewholecountryisconcerned.Itisabadthingwhichwillleadtothedeclineofnationaleconomicdepression7.Pricelevel价格水平Pricelevelisaweightedaverageofthepricesofvariousgoodsandservicesintheeconomicsociety,8.Tradeunions行会，商会Tradeunionsareorganisationswhichrepresentemployees.9.Labourimmobility劳动力的不流动性Workerscannotmovefromonejobtoanotherduetogeographicaloroccupationalimmobility10.Perfectlycompetitivelabourmarket完全竞争劳动力市场Therearemanyfirmsandmanyemployees;eachfirmisawagetaker.11.Bilateralmonopoly双边垄断Thisaccurswhenamonopolybuyeroflabourfacesamonopolyseller,theoutcomedependsonthebargainingstrengthofeachside.12.Transferearnings转让收益Thisistheamountthatafactorofproductionmustearntokeepitinitspresentusageinthelongrun.13.GrossDomesticProduct国内生产总值GrossDomesticProductshowsthevalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproducedbyfactorsofproductionwithinacountry.14.GrossNationalProduct国民生产总值GrossDomesticProductshowsthevalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproducedbyfactorsofproductionownedbyacountry’scitizens,regardlessofwhereintheworldthisisearned.15.Lorenzcurve洛伦茨曲线Lorenzcurveillustratesthedistributionofincomesinaneconomy.16.Aggregatedemand总需求Aggregatedemandisthetotalplannedexpenditureonfinalgoodsandservicesinaneconomy.17.Plannedinjections计划注入Plannedinjectionsrepresentspendinginadditiontothatofthehouseholdsintheeconomy.18.Plannedwithdrawals计划漏出Plannedwithdrawalsrepresentincomewhichthehouseholdshaveearnedwhichtheydonotwanttospendwithintheeconomy.19.Consumption消费Thelevelofconsumptionintheeconomyistheplannedlevelofspendingonfinalgoodsandservicesbyhouseholds.20.Savings储蓄Savingsarerelatedtoconsumption.Ifwearespendingmoreofourincome,wearesavingless.\n1.Netinvestment:itistheincreaseinthecapitalstock-someinvestmentsimplyreplacecapitalwhichhaswornout.2.Plannedinvestmen:itisthelevelofinvestmentwhichfirmsintendtoundertakeatthebeginningoftheperiod.3.Actualinvestment；itisthelevelwhichhadoccurredantheendoftheperiod.4.Marginalefficiencyofcapital(MES):itshowsrateofreturnoneachadditionalunitofcapital.5.Accelerator:itshowstherelationshipbetweennetinvestmentandtherateofchangeofnationaloutput.6.Interest:itshowsthatthereturngeneratedoncapitalandthecostofborrowingmoney.7.Realinterestrates:meansthattheinteresthavebeenadjustedforinflation.8.Themultiplier:itshowshowaincreaseintheplannedinjectionintotheeconomyleadstoalargeincreaseinoutputandincome.9.Stableprice:thatistokeepinflationundercontrol.ThisisimportanttokeepUkfirmcompetitiveabroadandtohelpfirmplan.10.Fullemployments:thatiswhenallthosewillingandabletoworkatthegivenrealwageareworking.11.Abalanceofthebalanceofpayments:adeficitmeansmoremoneyisleavingthecountrythaniscomingin;asurplusmeansanothercountryhasadeficit.A‘balance’maybedesirable.12.Regional:Aimtoreduceunemploymentandincreasetheincomeofdepressedregionsorareas.13.Demandsidepolicies：attemptstoinfluenceaggregate.14.regulation:thegovernmentcanmakeitdifficultforfirmtoexpandinricherareasandeasiertoexpandinpoorerregions.15.Enterprisezones:theyareverysmalldistrictsintheurbanareas.Majorincentivesaregiventothfirmsettinguphere.16.Reflationarypolicies:increasingaggregatedemand.17.Deflationarypolicies:decreasingaggregatedemand.18.Inflationarygap:thisoccurswherethelevelofaggregatedemandexceedsthelevelofoutputatallfullemployment.19.Deflationarygap:thisoccurswherethelevelofaggregatedemandislowthelevelofoutputatallfullemployment.20.Discountedcashflow:techniqueofassessinginvestment,firmsestimatefutureexpectedrevenuesandcostsanddiscountthesetogettheirpresentvalue.1Propertytax(财产税):Ataxonproperty.Thisisapopulartaxatthelocallevelforcities,counties,andschooldistricts.Inmanyplacesithasbeenaprimarysourceoffundingforpublicschools.Becausethisinvariablyleadstotremendousdifferencesinschoolfunding,withwealthyareasgettingthemostfunding,schoolshavemovedtowardincometaxesandsalestaxesforrevenue.2Automaticstabilizer(自动稳定器)：Afeatureofthefederalgovernment'sbudgetthattendstoreducetheupsanddownsofthebusinesscyclewithouttheneedforanyspeciallegislativeaction,thatisstabilizationpolicies.Thetwokeyautomaticstabilizersareincometaxesandtransferpayments.3Expansionistpolice(扩张政策)：Astabilizationpolicyconsistingofanincreaseingovernmentspendingand/oradecreaseintaxes(fiscalpolicy)and/oranincreaseintheamountofmoneyincirculation(monetarypolicy).Thispolicyisdesignedtoavoidorcorrecttheproblemsassociatedwithabusiness-cyclecontraction.4Contractionarypolicy（紧缩政策）：Astabilizationpolicyconsistingofadecreaseingovernmentspendingand/oranincreaseintaxes(fiscalpolicy)and/oradecreaseintheamountofmoneyincirculation(monetarypolicy).Thispolicyisdesignedtoavoidorcorrecttheproblemsassociatedwithabusiness-cycle\nexpansion.5Keynesianfiscalpolicy(凯恩斯财政政策):theeconomywillnotnecessarilybeinequilibriumatfullemployment,andthattheGovernmentneedtointervenetogetittofullemployment.6Stabilizationpolicies(稳定政策)：Economicpoliciesundertakenbygovernmenttocounteractbusinesscyclefluctuationsandpreventhighratesofunemploymentandinflation.Thesearealsotermedcounter-cyclicalpolicies.Tocounterabusinesscyclecontractionandhighratesofunemployment,expansionarypoliciesthatpromoteincreasingeconomicactivityareappropriate.Tocounteraninflationaryexpansion,contractionarypoliciesarerecommended.7Moneymultiplier(货币乘数):Themagnifiedchangeinmoney,bothcheckabledepositsandcurrency,resultingfromachangeinbankreserves.Comparedtothesimpledepositmultiplier,themoneymultiplierbuildsontheinverseoftherequired-reservesratio,butalsotakesintoconsiderationthatbankskeepexcessreserves,andthepublictransferssomecheckabledepositsintocashandsavings.8Monetarybase（货币基础）：Alsotermedthehigh-poweredmoney,thetotalofcurrencyheldbythenonbankpublic,vaultcashheldbybanks,andFederalReservedepositsofthebanks.ThiscontainsthemonetarycomponentsoverwhichtheFederalReserveSystemhasrelativelycompletecontrolandisoftenusedasaguidefortheFed'smoneycontrolabilityandmonetarypolicy.9Moneymarket(货币市场)：AfinancialmarketthattradesU.S.Treasurybills,commercialpaperandothershort-termfinancialinstruments.Thismarketisoftenusedbybusinesseswhentheyneedshort-termfundstobridgethegapbetweenpayingoperatingcostsandcollectingrevenuefromproductsales.Assuch,theterm"money"inmoneymarketindicatesthatbusinessesareusinghighlyliquidinstrumentstoraisethemoneyneedforoperatingexpenses.10Financialasset（金融资产）:Alegalclaimtoorownershipofaphysicalasset.Commonfinancialassetsarestocks,bonds,money,andgovernmentsecurities.Thesearealsotermedpaperassets.1.monetarytransmissionmechanism货币传导机制Thisshowshowchangesinmoneysupplyordemandcaninfluencethelevelofnationalincome.2.capitalgoodsmarket资本货物市场Theextentoftheincreaseininvestmentwilldependonhowsensitiveinvestmentisinrelationtochangesintheinterestrate.3.investmentproject投资项目Investmentprojectiswithinprescribedtimelimitperformsadevelopmentgoal(oragroupoftarget)andplanning,investmentpoliciesandinstitutionsaspectsandotheractivitiesMosaic.4.liquiditytrap流动性陷进Itoccurswhenanincreaseinthemoneysupplydoesnotaffecttheinterestrate(andsodoesnotaffectinvestmentoraggregatedemand).5.generalpriceindex一般物价指数Reflectanaverageofchangeofallcommoditiesprices.6.cost-pushinflation成本推动型的通货膨胀Highercostsforcingfirmstoincreaseprices.7.retailpriceindex零售价格指数Akindofeconomicindexwhichreflecturbanandruralcommodityretailpricetrendofchange.8.redistributionofincome收入再分配Somegroupswhoseearningsaretoolinkedtoinflationwillfindtheirrealearningsfall;alsoborrowersmaygainwhilstlendersloseunlessloansareindexlinked.9.velocityofcirculation流通速度Thenumberofaverageturnoverincertainperiodoftimes10.unemploymentbenefit失业津贴\nToprovidematerialhelpstheunemploymentworkerwhosuspendssourceofincometemporarily.1.naturalrateofunemployment自愿失业率Thisistherateofunemploymentwheninflationiscorrectlyanticipated.2.jobacceptance可就业量Numberofworkerswillingandabletoacceptajobateachrealwage.Astherealwageincreases,sodoesthenumberofpeoplewillingtoacceptjobs.3.classicalunemployment自然失业Iftherealwageisaboveequilibriumbecauseofunionpower,itcouldbearguedthat‘ab’is‘voluntary’-theunionshavevolunteeredworkersforunemployment.4.tradeoff相机抉择，权衡利弊Thegovernmentaccordingtocertainperiodofeconomicandsocialstatus,selectsdifferenttypesofantieconomiccyclefiscalpolicytoolsflexibly,interveneintheeconomyoperationandachievefinancialgoals.5.plannedexpenditure计划支出Thisaggregatedemandscheduleshowsthetotallevelofplannedexpenditureonfinalgoodsandservicesatdifferentprices.6.fullcapacity能力充分利用Atthislevelofoutputtheeconomyisatfullcapacity.Nomorecanbeproducedintheshortrunevenifpriceincreases.Supplyistotallyinelastic.7.moneyillusion货币幻觉Itisapsychologicalillusionwhichreferstopeoplejustreacttomonetarythenotionalvalue,andignoretheactualpurchasingpowerchanges.8.newclassical新古典主义Inliterarycriticism,thistermreferstotherevivaloftheattitudesandstylesofexpressionofclassicalliterature.9.menucost调配成本Thecostsofchangingthepricesinpublicitymaterial,displays,andslotmachines10.Phillipscurve菲利蒲斯曲线Itshowstherelationshipbetweeninflationandunemployment.floatingexchangeratesystem（浮动汇率制度）：priceisdeterminedbymarketforcesofsupplyanddemand.2.fixedsystem(固定汇率制度)：thegovernmentintervenestomaintaintheexternalvalueofthecurrency.3．tradeweightedindex（贸易加权指数）：measuresthevalueofsterlingagainstabasketofcurrencieswhichareweightedaccordingtotheirimportanceinUKtrade.4.hotmoney(游资)：speculateonthecurrencyinthehopethatthepoundwillbecomemorevaluableinthefuture,theseareshorttermcapitalmovement.5.effectiveexchangerate(有效汇率)：takesintoaccounthowmuchtradeThecountrydoeswiththeothercountries,andweightsmovementsaccordingly.6.managedexchangerate(管理汇率)：governmentintervenesonoccasiontoinfluencetheprice,butdoesnotfixit.7.atightmonetarypolicy(紧缩的财政政策)：whichincreasesinterestratesandreducesaggregatedemand.8.balanceofpayments(国际收支)：arecordofacountry’stransactionswiththerestoftheworld,itconsistsofthecapitalandthecurrentaccount.9.expenditureswitchingpolicies(转换支出政策)：theseareattemptstomakeimportsrelativelyexpensivecomparedtoexports.10.policypackage(一揽子政策)：itmaybenecessarytouseacombinationofpolicies.11.expenditurereducingpolicies(消减支出政策)：thegovernmentattemptstoreducespendingthroughout\ntheeconomy.12.absoluteadvantage(绝对优势)：acountryhasanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofagoodifanequalqualityofresourcescanproducemoreofthegoodthananothercountry.13.comparativeadvantage(相对优势)：ifacountrycanproducegoodxwithaloweropportunitycostthananothercountry,ithasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofx.14.freetrade(自由贸易)：nobarrierstoimportingorexporting,sotradeoccursunhindered.15.economiesofscale(规模经济)：byspecializingcountriesmayincreasetheiroutputandgainlowerunitcosts.16.quotas(配额)：theseplacealimitonthenumberofforeigngoodsandservicesallowedintoacountry.17.exchangecontrols(外汇管制)：theseplacealimitontheamountofmoneywhichcanbechangedintoforeigncurrency18.infantindustry(新生工业)：smallfirmsneedtobeprotectedtogivethemtimetoexpandandgaineconomiesofscale,whichwillallowthemtocompeteonaninternationalbasis.19.notariffbarriers(非关税壁垒)：administrativeprocedureswhichmakesitdifficultforforeignfirmstoselltheirgoodsinthecountry.20.voluntaryexportrestrain(自动出口限制)：onegovernmentmaypressurizeanothertoreduceitsexports.1.Visibletrade(有形贸易)：twosidestradedproductsistangible,suchasclothing,food,etc2.Tariff（关税）:akindoftaxwhensomecountryinputoroutputetheirgoods3.Incomepercapita（人均收入）:domesticincomedividedbythenativepopulation,namelyaverageeveryoneincome4.Inwardinvestment(内部投资):Enterprisedevelopaninvestmentfortheirownsuchasforeignexchangepurchaseequipmentetc5.Weightedaverage(加权平均)：Giveeachvalueaweight,thencalculatedtheaverage6.Businesscycle(贸易周期):acountryappeareconomicexpansionandeconomictighteningintheperiod7.singlemarket(单一市场)：enterprisedevelopasingleproducttooverridethesinglemarket8.goldreserve(黄金储备)：acountrymonetaryauthoritiesheldgoldasafinancialassettobalanceinternationalpayments,exchangerates,maintainoreffectexchangerate.9.commonexternaltariff(共同对外关税)：twoormorecountriesconcludedacustomsunion,becomeunityofthecustomsterritory,mutuallycanceltariffsandtraderestrictionsfromtheallianceofnationalimportproductsexecuteunifiedcommonexternaltariff.10.freetradearea(自由贸易区)：Twoormorestatesreachacertainagreementortreatyinordertocanceltariffs11.customunion(关税同盟)：twoormorecountriesconcludedagreement,establishauniformcustomsterritory,intheunitybetweenthecustomsboundarycontractorcanceltariffs,outsidetheunitycountryorregion'smerchandiseimportsareacommontariffrateandforeigntradepolicies.12.cpitalgoods(资本产品)：investmentincapitalgoodsincreasesproductivityandleadstofuturegrowth13.savings(储蓄)：savingenableinvestmentbyprovidingthefundsforfirmtoinvest14.TheEU(欧盟)：customunion，i.e.freetradebetweenmembercountriesandcommonexternaltariffswithnonmembers\n15.termsoftrade(贸易条件)：therateofexchangeofonegoodforanotherbetweentradingpartners16.quotas(配额)：theseplacealimitonthenumberofforeigngoodsandserviceallowedintoacountry17.dumping(倾销)：preventforeignfirmssellinggoodsatlosstodestroythedomesticindustry18.Tradecreation(贸易创造)：newtradeiscreatedbetweenmembercountrieswhichcanbenefitformfreetrade19.inventorycycle(存货周期)：firmareoftenslowtoadjusttochangesinthelevelofeconomicactivity.20.Exchangecontrols(外汇管制)：theseplacealimitontheamountofmoneywhichcanbechangedintoforeigncurrency