经济学复习大纲 5页

Chapter11.TenPrinciplesofEconomicsHowpeoplemakedecisions?(4条)Howpeopleinteract（3条）Howtheeconomyasawholeworks（3条）2.Opportunitycost:whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.3.OpportunitycostVSaccountingcost4.Comparativeadvantage:theabilitytoproduceagoodatalower5.opportunitycostthananotherproducer.Marketfailure:asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.6.externality（正负外部性的影响）7.HigherinflationleadstolowerunemploymentChapter41.Supplyanddemandaretheforcesthatmakemarketeconomieswork.2.Market:agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodandservice.3.fourMarkettypes:★Perfectcompetition★Monopoly★Oligopoly★MonopolisticCompetition4.DemandCurve（向下倾斜的）5.DeterminantsofDemand：uMarketprice（仅此因素是导致需求曲线上点对点的移动）uConsumerincomeuPricesofrelatedgoodsuTastesuExpectationsuThenumberofbuyers6.ChangeinQuantityDemandedversusChangeinDemand7.SupplyCurve（向上倾斜的）8.DeterminantsofSupplyuMarketpriceuInputpricesuTechnologyuExpectationsuNumberofsellers9.EquilibriumPriceandEquilibriumQuantity10.SurplusandShortage（过剩和短缺的情形）11.ThreeStepsToAnalyzingChangesinEquilibrium：uDecidewhethertheeventshiftsthesupplyordemandcurve(orboth).uDecidewhetherthecurve(s)shift(s)totheleftortotheright.\nuExaminehowtheshiftaffectsequilibriumpriceandquantity.Chapter51.Elasticity（弹性）2.Priceelasticityofdemandisthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedgivenapercentchangeintheprice.3.ElasticvsInelastic（怎样区分）4.DeterminantsofPriceElasticityofDemand：AvailabilityofCloseSubstitutes，NecessitiesversusLuxuries，DefinitionoftheMarket，TimeHorizon5.6.midpointmethod（中点法）7.TheVarietyofDemandCurve：PerfectlyInelasticEd=0，RelativelyInelasticEd<1，UnitElasticEd=1，RelativelyElasticEd>1，PerfectlyElasticEd=∞Chapter61．PriceCeilinguAlegallyestablishedmaximumpriceatwhichagoodcanbesold2.PriceFlooruAlegallyestablishedminimumpriceatwhichagoodcanbesold.3.Thepriceceilingisnotbindingifsetabovetheequilibriumprice.uThepriceceilingisbindingifsetbelowtheequilibriumprice,leadingtoashortage.4.Thepricefloorisnotbindingifsetbelowtheequilibriumprice.uThepricefloorisbindingifsetabovetheequilibriumprice,leadingtoasurplus.5.什么情况下会造成短缺或过剩？6.Taxincidence（税收归宿）:themannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarket.7.Theburdenofataxfallsmoreheavilyonthesideofthemarketthatislesselastic.Chapter131.Profit=Totalrevenue-totalcost.2.ExplicitandImplicitCosts3.FixedandVariableCostsTC=TFC+TVC4.5.Marginalcost(MC)6.CostCurvesandTheirShapes\n•RisingMarginalCost•U-ShapedAverageTotalCost•TherelationshipamongMC,ACandAVC•TypicalCostCurve7.efficientscaleChapter141.what’sAperfectlycompetitivemarket2.Buyersandsellersincompetitivemarketsaresaidtobepricetakers.3.TR=(PXQ)4.MR=DTR/DQ5.WhenMR=MCProfitismaximized.6.AshutdownandExit(long-runandshort-run)7.Short-RunSupplyCurveandLong-RunSupplyCurve(p300)8.marginalfirm:isthefirmthatwouldexitthemarketifthepricewereanylower9.thefirm’smarginalcostcurveisitssupplycurve.10.what’sImperfectcompetitionChapter161.Oligopoly:Onlyafewsellers,eachofferingasimilaroridenticalproducttotheothers.2.Nashequilibrium3.Gametheory(博弈论)4.Strategicdecisions：arethoseinwhicheachperson,indecidingwhatactionstotake,mustconsiderhowothersmightrespondtothataction.5.Repeatedgamesmayleadtocooperation.Chapter231.TheMeasurementofGDP：GDPisthemarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime（GDP的7个特征我用7中颜色标识出来的哈，详情见p434—p435）2.GDP(Y)isthesumofthefollowing:uConsumption(C)uInvestment(I)uGovernmentPurchases(G)uNetExports(NX)Y=C+I+G+NX3.NominalGDP&RealGDP4.GDPDeflator（GDP平减指数）:用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。Chapter241.consumerpriceindex(CPI):\n消费物价指数：普通消费者所购买的物品与劳务的总费用的衡量指标。2.WhentheCPIrises,thetypicalfamilyhastospendmoredollarstomaintainthesamestandardofliving.3.HowtheConsumerPriceIndexIsCalculated(fivesteps)FixtheBasket(固定篮子):FindthePrices(找出价格):ComputetheBasket’sCost(计算这一篮子东西的费用):ChooseaBaseYearandComputetheIndex(选择基年并计算指数):Computetheinflationrate(计算通货膨胀率):4.OtherPriceIndexes:producerpriceindex(PPI),生产物价指数5.ProblemsinMeasuringTheCostofLivinguSubstitutionbias替代偏向uIntroductionofnewgoods新产品的引进uUnmeasuredqualitychanges无法衡量的质量变动6.GDPdeflatorandCPIbothreflectchangeinprice,wecanusethesetwoindexestocomputetheinflationrate7.twoimportantdifferencesbetweenGDPdeflatorandCPI.：produceddomestically≠boughtbyconsumersTheCPIusesafixedbasket，butTheGDPdeflatorusescurrentlyproducedgoodsandservicestocomputetheindexChapter33&chapter34因为是刚讲完不久，大家印象都还深刻，不用怎么复习，所以我就不列要点了哈。祝各位美女考出好成绩哈！\n