北外_02_07_语言学与应用语言学真题版 7页

.word可编辑.2002年语言学与应用语言学（100points）AllthequestionsaretobeansweredinEnglishontheanswersheetsprovided.1.Displacement,arbitrariness,productivity,culturaltransmission,discretenessanddualityaresometimeslistedasthe6corefeaturesofhumanlanguage.Choose3outofthe6andexplainwithexampleswhattheymean.(12points)2.Brieflyexplainwhatphoneticsandphonologyareconcernedwithandwhatkindofrelationsipsholdbetweenthetwo.(10points)3.Inderivingnewwordsviaaprefixsuchasmis-,thereseemstobesomeconstraintonwhatispermitted.Thewordsinthefirstcolumbelowareacceptableformations,butintheothercolumnsarenot.Workoutwhattherule(s)mightbeformakingnewadjectiveswiththeprefixmis-.(18points)ColumnI:misadventuremisjudgementmisplacedmistrustfulColumnII:*mishappy*mismeal*misglad*misroleColumnIII:*mismilk*missad*misword*miscrazy4.UsingwhatyouknowaboutGrice'scooperativeprincipleanditsfourmaxims,analyzethefollowingshortexchange.(20points)同事甲：小张昨晚去哪儿了？同事乙：今天在早上我看见一辆白色富康停在小林家门口。5.Ineachofthefollowingsentences,thesecondpartcancelssomeinformationgivenbythefirstpart.However,thisseemstoresultinquiteacceptableutterancesingroup(1)andinveryawkwardutterancesinguoup(2).Explainwhy.(20points)Group(1)a.老张有三个孩子，其实还不止三个。b.我只喜欢黄色和蓝色，不过试试红色也未尝不可。c.约翰的普通话说得还可以，确切地说是非常棒。Group(2)*d.我特后悔选修了这门课，其实我没有选修这门课。*e.她这次考试又不及格，不过她上次及格了。.专业.专注.\n.word可编辑.*f.我在乡下日子过得很苦，说真的我没在向下呆过。6.PutyourselfintothepositionofanEnglishteacherinChina.WhatareyourgoalsandthegoalsofthestudentsandtheeducationalsysemintheteachingandlearningofEnglish?Whenthegoealsdonotconverge,howcanyoureconcilethedifferencesbetweenthem?(20points)2003年语言学与应用语言学AllthequestionsaretobeansweredinEnglishontheanswersheetsprovided.1.Wordsinourmentallexiconareknowntoberelatedtooneanother.Discusstherelationshipsbetweenwords,usingexamplesfromtheEnglishlanguage.(15points)2.SomegrammarbookssaytherearethreebasictensesinEnglish-thepresent,thepastandthefuture;otherssaythereareonlytwobasictenses,-thepresentandthepast.ExplainwhattenseisandwhetheritisjustifiabletosaythereisafuturetenseinEnglish.(35points)3.(1)GiveanaccountofwhatyouknowabouttheEnglishsubjuntivemood.(20points)(2)Ifyouaretoteachagroupofseniormiddleschoolstudentsthesubjunctivemoodin45minutes,howareyougoingtoplainyourclass?(20points)4.Ithasbeenobservedthatwomentendtoapproximatemorecloselytothestandardlanguagethanmendo.Whydoyouthinkisthisso?(30points)5.Whatdoyouthinkaretehsimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesbetweenlearningafirstandasecondlanguage?(30points)2004年语言学与应用语言学IMPORTANT!!!AllthequestionsaretobeansweredinEnglishontheanswersheetsprovided.1.ShakespearehasJulietsay:Whatisinaname?Thatwhichwecallarose.专业.专注.\n.word可编辑.Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.Whatdoyouthinktheabovelinessaytoyouabouttherelationshipbetweentheform(sounds)andmeaning(concept)ofawordinspokenlanguage?ExplainwithpositiveevidenceaswellasexceptionsfromtheEnglishlanguage.(15points)2.Howmuchdoesourlanguageinfluencethewaywethink?Howdeeplydolanguageandcultureinterpenetrateandinfluenceoneanother?Thesequestionsaboutlanguagehavefascinatedthinkersthroughouttheages.Forexample,JohannGottfriedHerderandWilhelmvonHumboldtintheGermanRomantictraditionregardedlanguageasaprismaorgridspreadoverthingsintheworldsothateachlanguagereflectsadifferentworldview.Writeashortessaytoexplainyourpositiononthisview.(35points)3.IsEnglishalanguagethatusesaphoneticalphabetsystem?Explainbrieflywhyorwhynotwithexamples.(15points)4.Supposeyouweregivenfourcards,eachofwhichhadadifferentphonemeofEnglishprintedonit:/k/,/b/,/l/,/i/Nowarrangethesecardstoformall"possible"wordsthatthesefourphonemescouldform.Discusswhatrulesyouhavefollowedtocomeupwiththesewords.(20points)5.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowthatyouunderstandtheambiguityinvolved:(10points)a.Dickfinallydecidedontheboat.b.Theprofessor'sappointmentwasshocking.c.Thegovernorisadirtystreetfighter.d.TerryloveshiswifeandsodoI.e.Nosmokingsectionavailable.6.Itisarguedthatgrammaticallyjudgmentsdonotdependonwhetherthesentenceismeaningfulornot,asshownbythesentence"Colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously",whichdoesn'tmakemuchsensebutissyntacticallywellformed.Howwouldyourespondtothisargument?(25points)7.TOEFLoftenrequirestheexamineestospecifythesituationalcontextafterlisteningtoaconversation.Seeforexampleatape-scriptbelowforanexamitem:VoiceA(male):Howmuchisthistie?.专业.专注.\n.word可编辑.VoiceB(female):Forty.VoiceC(male):Wheredoesthisconversationmostprobablytakeplace?WhatdoyouthinkistheTOEFLpeople'sbeliefaboutwhatconstituteslinguisticcompetenceandhowlinguisticcompetencecanbetested?(30points)2005年语言学与应用语言学AllthequestionsaretobeansweredinEnglishontheanswersheetsprovided.1.Examinethefollowingtwostatementsaboutlanguage,anddiscussthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthem.Doyouagreewiththetwostatements?Explainyouranswer.(25points)1)Sapir(1921:"Language"):"Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols"(p.8)2)BlochandTrager(1942:"OutlineofLinguisticAnalysis"):"Alanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichasocialgroupco-operates"(p.5)2.Whatarephonemes,phonesandallophones?ExplaintheirrelationshipwithexamplesfromEnglishorChinese.(15points)3.Isitpossibletoseperatesemanticsandpragmatics?Whyorwhynot?Whataretheimplicationsofyouranswerforsecondlanguageteaching?(30points)4.IthasbeennoticedthatChineselearnersofEnglishtendtomakemistakesinthemarkingofpasttense,evenattheadvancedlevelofproficiency.Whatdoyouthinkarethepossiblecausesofthisproblem?Howcanlanguageteachershelpsolvethisproblemandwhy?(30points)5.Lookatthefollowingrealnewspaperheadlinesandexplainwhytheyareconsideredambiguous.Thenrevisetheheadlinessothattheycanexpresstheintendedmeaningsunambiguously.(20points)(1)ComplaintsaboutNBARefereesGrowingUgly(2)MilkDrinkersAreTurningtoPowder(3)TwoSistersReunitedAfter18YearsatCheckoutCounter(4)EnragedCowInjuresFarmerwithAx.专业.专注.\n.word可编辑.(5)SafetyExpertsSaySchoolBusPassengersShouldBeBelted6.Ininterpretingutterancessuchas(1)and(2),thehearergenerallytreatstheeventsdescribedinthetwosentencesineachgroupascausallyrelatedeventhoughsuchrelationshipisnotencodedinthemeaningsofthesentences.Thatis,thehearertendstothinkhtatHelenfellonthegroundBECAUSEOFTom'spushingandthatthevasebrokeBECAUSEitwasdropped.Explainwhy.(30points)(1)TompushedHelen.Helenfellontheground.(2)Peterdroppedthevase.Itbroke.2006年语言学与应用语言学AllthequestionsaretobeansweredinEnglishontheanswersheetsprovided.1,whydoyouthinkthat,allotherthingsbeingequal,womenusemorestandardvariantsofstablesociolinguisticvariablesthanmen?(20points)2,lookatthesentence:‘colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously’.Explainwhythesentenceissemanticallyoddeventhoughitissyntacticallywellformed.(25points)3,what,inyourview,makesatext,ratherthanaseriesofunconnectedutterances?Whataretheimplicationsofyouranswerforsecondlanguageteaching?(30points)4,Ithasbeennotedthatfirstlanguage(L1)acquisitioniscompletelysuccessful,butsecondlanguage(L2)learningisusuallynot.AsTowell&Hawkins(1994:p.14)observe,‘veryfewlearnersappeartobefullysuccessfulinthewaythatnativespeakersare’.HowdoyouaccountforthisdifferenceinultimateattainmentbetweenL1andL2acquisition.(25points).专业.专注.\n.word可编辑.5,analysethefollowingspeecherrors,bycommentingonhowtheymighthavearisen:(20points)a,herodehisbiketoschooltomorrow.(ßyesterday)b,gonemild(ßwild/mad)c,hemisfumbledtheball.(ßmishandled/fumbled)d,that’storrible.(ßterrible/horrible)6,researchhasfoundthattwo-year-oldEnglishchildrenproducenegativesentencessuchasa)tod),butnote):a)hedoesn’tlikecabbage.b)Doesn’tlikecabbage.c)Himnolikecabbage.d)Nolikecabbage.e)*himdoesn’tlikecabbage.Howcanyouaccountforthis?(30points)语言学和应用语言学07试卷AllthequestionsaretobeansweredinEnglishontheanswersheetsprovided1.Imagineyouwereatabusstopandtwopeopleapproachedyouoneaftertheother.Thefirstsaid“哎，几点了？”andtheothersaid“不好意思，打扰一下，请问您戴表了么?”Whatassumptionswouldyoumakeifyouwereaddressedinthesetwowaysandwhywouldyoumakethem?2.Explainthisstatementandgiveatleasttwoexamplesofit“Instudyingothercultures,wedosofromtheperspectiveofourownculture.”3.1）GiveanaccountofwhatyouknowabouttheEnglishpresentperfecttense.2)Ifyouaretoteachagroupofjuniormiddleschoolstudentsthepresentperfecttensein45minutes,howareyougoingtoplanyourclass?.专业.专注.\n.word可编辑.4.Ateacherdrilledhis/herstudentsinthestructurecalledindirectquestions:Doyouknowwheremybookis?Doyouknowwhattimeitis?Didhetellyouwhattimeitis?Asadirectresultofthedrills,allthestudentswereabletoproducethestructurecorrectlyinclass.Afterclass,astudentcameuptotheteacherandasked,“DoyouknowwhereisMrs.Smith?”,whichshowsthatonlyminutesaftertheclassthestudentusedthestructureincorrectlyinspontaneousspeech.Whatdoyouthinkisthereasonforthismisuse?Wsthelessonawasteoftime?Whyorwhynot?4.1)Whatdoyouthinkarethedifferencesbetweenagoodlanguagelearnerandapoorlanguagelearner?2)Ifweknowwhatstrategiesgoodlanguagelearnersuse,doesitfollowthatteachingso-calledpoorlanguagelearnerstousethosestrategieswillresultintheirsuccessfullanguagelearning?Whyorwhynot?.专业.专注.