人文知识语言学部分 17页

人文知识语言学部分我们对英语专业八级考试大纲以及近三年真题进行过认真地研究，并对人文知识的十个题目的知识考点分布做过仔细分析。结果发现对语言学知识的考查一般占了其中的3小题。通过分析把对语言学知识的考查重点归纳为以下几类：第一种：对知名的语言学家及其基本理论的重点考查。1.Thespeechacttheorywasfirstputforwardby__________.（2005年真题第40题）A.JohnSearleB.JohnAustinC.NoamChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday此题考点是对于言语行为理论的创立者的了解。JohnAustin在1969年首先提出了“言语行为理论”，其他人如JohnSearle等都是在Austin之后才提出或者进一步阐述该理论的。NoamChomsky创立的是转换生成语法，即TGGrammar，而M.A.K.Halliday创立的是系统功能语法，即Systemic-functionalGrammar。因此可知此题应选答案B。2.Thedistinctionbetweenparoleandlanguewasmadeby___________.（2006年真题第40题）A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure此题考点是哪位语言学家指出了parole（言语）和langue（语言）的区别。Saussure是现代语言学的奠基人之一，他的学说源于langue和parole活动的异质性。Halliday则是系统功能语法的创始人。Chomsky是转换生成语法的创始人，而Bloomfield是结构主义的创始人。所以答案应选D。第二种：重点考查对一些重要原理的基本应用。1.Theword“kid,child,offspring”areexamplesof____________.（2006年真题第39题）A.dialectalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonymsC.emotivesynonymsD.collocationalsynonyms此题考查的重点是对于近义词各种分类的理解和应用。题中kid一般用于非正式问题，child用于一般问题，用途广泛，而offspring则一般在正式文体中出现，因此答案应选B（文体性近义词）。2.Thewordtailoncereferredto“thetailofahorse”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal”.Thisisanexampleof__________.（2007年真题第40题）A.wideningofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaningC.meaningshiftD.lossofmeaning此题的考查重点是如何通过实例更好理解各种词义变化。此题里面thetailofahorse（马的尾巴）转变成thetailofanyanimal（任何动物的尾巴）是词义扩大的一个例子。第三种：重点考查对主要语言学理论概念的掌握和理解1.Syntaxisthestudyof____________________.（2005年真题第38题）A.languagefunctions.B.sentencestructuresC.textualorganization.D.wordformation此题重点考查对于句法学这一理论概念的理解。Syntax，即句法学，研究的是句子结构的规则，因此选B。2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage?（2005年真题第39题）-17-\nA.Arbitrariness.B.Productivity.C.Culturaltransmission.D.Finiteness.此题重点考查语言学中作为人类语言的主要特征。选项中除了finiteness局限性外，其他几项：Arbitrariness任意性，Productivity多产性，和Culturaltransmission文化传输性在语言学概论部分都提到了，都是属于人类语言的主要特征。因此答案选D。3.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionof__________.（2006年真题第38题）A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context此题考查的重点是semantics（语义学）和pragmatics（语用学）之间区别。两者的区别就在于语义学研究的是句子和语言本身的意义，而语用学研究的是在一定交际环境（context）下的话语的意义。因此答案选择D。4._________referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.（2007年真题第38题）A.PhonologyB.MorphologyC.SemanticsD.Sociolinguistics此题考查的重点是对语言学几个主要概念的理解。其中只有Morphology研究的是单词的内部结构及其形成的规则。Phonology音位学则主要研究人类语言中言语语音组合的方式、模式及变化。Semantics语义学研究的是句子和语言本身的意义，而Sociolinguistics研究的是语言和社会的关系，以及语言使用者所在的社会结构于语言的使用之间的关系。因此答案选择B。5.ThedistinctivefeaturesofaspeechvarietymaybethefollowingEXCEPT__________.（2007年真题第39题）A.lexicalB.syntacticC.phonologicalD.psycholinguistic此题考查的是对于任意一种言语的特点的了解。一种言语的特点可以是词汇方面、句法方面和音系方面，但不能是心理方面的。因此答案选D。根据以上对于近3年来八级真题中对语言学知识方面考试的内容归纳可以看出，考生必须了解和掌握的都是非常基本的一些语言学概念及其应用。一般来说，对语言学方面的知识考查大体上包含这几部分：语言和语言学（LanguageandLinguistics），语音学（Phonetics），音位学（Phonology），形态学（Morphology），句法学（Syntax），语义学（Semantics），语用学（Pragmatics），词义演变（SemanticChange），语言与社会（LanguageandSociety）。下面是将根据语言学知识考查的主要几个章节，简明扼要地概括考生需要了解和掌握的基本语言学知识点。1．语言和语言学（LanguageandLinguistics）1）designfeatures（普遍特征）:arbitrariness（任意性）,duality（二重性）,creativity（多产性）,displacement（移位性），interchangibility（可交替性），culturaltransmission（文化传输性）。2）prescriptiveanddescriptive（规定性和描述性研究）；synchronicanddichronic（共时与历时研究）3）competenceandperfomance（语言能力与应用）4）langueandparole（语言与言语）2．语音学（Phonetics）1）speechorgan(发音器官);2）consonant（辅音）：placeofarticulationandmannersofarticualtion（发音部位和发音方式），清浊特征（voicing）；3）元音(vowel)3．音位学（Phonology）-17-\n1）音位（phoneme）；音位变体（allophone）；2）minimalpair（最小语音对）；4）互补性分配（complementarydistribution）；5）freevariation（自由变体）；6）超音段特征（suprasegmentalfeatures）。4．形态学（Morphology）1）morpheme（词素）：freeandboundmorpheme（自由与黏着词素）；allomorph（词素变体）；2）word-formation（构词法）：compound（合成法），affixation（词缀法），conversion（转类法），blending（混合法），abbreviation（缩略法），back－formation（逆构法）。5．句法学（Syntax）1）Grammaticalcategories（语法范畴）；2）ICanalysis（直接成分分析法）；3）agreementandgovernment（一致关系和支配关系）；4）TGgrammar（转换生成语法）；5）systemic-functionalgrammar（系统功能语法）。6．语义学（Semantics）1）Leech’sseventypesofmeaning（利奇的七种意义）；2）semantictriangle（语义三角）；3）synonymy（同义关系）；4）antonymy（反义关系）；5）hyponymy（上下义关系）；6）polysemy（一词多义）；7）homonymy（同形/同音异义关系）。7．语用学（Pragmatics）1）Context（语境）；2）SpeechActTheory（言语行为理论）：a.JohnAustin:Locutionaryact（言内行为）,Illocutionaryact（言外行为）andPerlocutionaryact（言后行为）；indrectspeechactb.JohnSearle:representatives（阐述类）；directives（指令类）；commissives（承诺类）；expressives（表达类）；declarations（宣告类）3）CooperativePrinciple（合作原则）：Quality（质量）,Quantity（数量）,Relation（关系）andManner（方式）Maxim准则；conversationalimplicature（言外之意）；conversationalimplicature8．词义演变（SemanticChange）1）wideningofmeaning/generalization（词义扩大）；2）narrowingofmeaning/specializaiton（词义缩小）；3）meaningshift（词义转移）：degradation（词义降格）andelevation（词义升格）。9．语言与社会（LanguageandSociety）1）Speechconmunity（语言团体）；2）speechvariety（语言变体）；3）dialect（方言）；4）sociolect（社会方言）；-17-\n5）idiolect（个人语言）；6）register（语域）；7）pidgin（洋泾浜语）；8）creole（混合语）；9）bilingualism（双语现象）；10）diglossia（双言制）最后，根据以上几个章节的内容，分别有以下配套的练习以帮助巩固这些语言学基本理论的了解和掌握。练习Chapter1语言和语言学（LanguageandLinguistics）1.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.PerformanceC.langueD.Language2.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_______andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas3.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_______,A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission4.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled_______________.A.generallinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.psycholinguisticsD.appliedlinguistics5.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisastudy___________A.diachronicB.synchronicC.descriptiveD.prescriptive6.Findingsinlinguisticsstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionsofsomepracticalproblems,thestudyofsuchapplicationsisknownas__________.A.anthropologicallinguisticsB.computationallinguisticsC.appliedlinguisticsD.mathematicallinguistics7.Whichofthefollowingisn’tamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.PhonologyB.SyntaxC.PragmaticsD.Speech8.Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe____.A.prescriptiveB.sociolinguisticC.descriptiveD.Psycholinguistic9.ThefamousquotationfromShakespeare'splay“RomeoandJuliet”‘Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’wellillustrates_______. A.theconventionalnatureoflanguage B.thecreativenatureoflanguage C.theuniversalityoflanguage D.thebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunication10.Chomskyusestheterm___torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.A.langueB.competence　　C.paroleD.performance11.AccordingtoChomsky,whichistheidealuser'sinternalizedknowledgeofhislanguage?A.competenceB.paroleC.performanceD.langue-17-\n12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?A.LanguageisasystemB.LanguageissymbolicC.AnimalsalsohavelanguageD.Languageisarbitrary13.Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?"is______.A.informativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative14.Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?A.InterpersonalB.PhaticC.InformativeD.Metalingual15.Thefunctionofthesentence“Whatabeautifulday!”is____________.A.performativeB.emotiveC.informativeD.phatic16.Saussuretooka(n)_______viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.A.sociological…psychologicalB.psychological…sociologicalC.applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic17.Thestudyof_________doesNOTformthecoreoflinguistics.A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.computer-linguisticsD.phonology18.__________isregardedasthe“fatherofmodernlinguistics”.A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.HallidayD.Whorf19.Whichwordistheabsolutearbitraryone?A.bangB.headacheC.roseD.impolite20._________aretwosub-branchesoflinguisticsthatstudytheunitsatthegrammaticallevel.A.MorphologyandsemanticsB.MorphologyandsyntaxC.SyntaxandsemanticsD.Morphologyandphonology21.Theterm________linguisticsmaybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchronicB.diachronicD.comparativeC.historicalcomparative22.Childrencanspeakbeforetheycanreadorwriteshowsthat________.A.languageisarbitraryB.languageisusedforcommunicationC.languageisbasicallyvocalD.languageisproductive23.Whichofthefollowingisoneofthetwocorebranchesoflinguistics.A.MorphologyB.sociolinguisticsC.psycholinguisticsD.anthropology24.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby______.A.SaussureB.ChomskyC.HallidayD.thePragueSchool25.Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?A.soundsandlettersB.soundsandmeaningsC.lettersandmeaningD.soundsandsymbolsKeytoChapter11～5CBAAB6～10CDCAD11~15ACBCB16~20ACBCB21~25BCABBChapter2语音学（Phonetics）1.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.-17-\nA.voicelessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonant2.__________isavoicedalveolarstop.A.[z]B.[d]C.[k]D.[b]3.Thesound[f]is_________________.A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative4.A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle5.Liquidsareclassifiedinthelightof__________.A.mannersofarticulationB.placeofarticulationC.placeoftongueD.nonoftheabove6.InEnglish,thereisonlyoneglottal,itis_________.A.[l]B.[h]C.[k]D.[f]7.Thedifferencebetween[u]and[u:]uscausedby_________.A.theopennessofthemouthB.theshapeofthelipsC.thelengthofthevowelsD.noneoftheabove8.Ofallthespeechorgans,the____is/arethemostflexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords9.AllthebackvowelsinEnglisharepronouncedwithrounded-lips,i.e.rounded,EXCEPT____.A.[a:]B.[u:]C.[æ]D.[u]10.____________isthestudyofallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.A.MorphologyB.PhoneticsC.PhonologyD.Syntax11.Whichofthefollowingsoundsisabackvowel?A.[i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12.[p]isdifferentfrom[k]in___________.A.themannerofarticulationB.theshapeoflipsC.thevibrationofthevocalcordD.theplaceofarticulation13.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof_____.A.palatalB.alveolar　　C.bilabialD.dental14.Voicingasaqualityofspeechsoundsiscausedbythevibrationof_______.A.thevelumB.thevocalcords　　C.theglottisD.theuvula15.[e]isdifferentfrom[a]in_________.A.theshapeofthelipsB.theheightofthetongueC.thepartofthetonguethatisraisedD.thepositionofthesoftplace16.Wherearethevocalcords?A.InthemouthB.InthenasalcavityC.AbovethetongueD.Insidethelarynx17.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothethreeresonatingcavities?A.thepharynxB.thenasalcavityC.thelarynxD.theoralcavity18.“TheAdam’sApple”is____________.A.akindofappleB.relatedtoAdamC.thefrontpartoflarynxD.onthetopoflarynx19.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueforvowels?-17-\nA.Vowelsaresonorant.B.Intheproductionofvowels,thereisnoobstructionofair.C.Tongueheightisonecriteriontodistinguishvowels.D.Vowelsarealsocalledobstruents.20.WhichofthefollowingEnglishsoundsisNOTbilabial?A.[b]B.[m]C.[n]D.[p]KeytoChapter21~5ABDCA6~10BCCCB11~15DDBBB16~20DCCDCChapter3音位学（Phonology）1.Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.A.inphonemiccontrastB.incomplementarydistributionC.theallophonesD.minimalpair2.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled_______.A.phoneticcomponentsB.immediateconstituentsC.suprasegmentalfeaturesD.semanticfeatures3.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phoneB.soundC.allophoneD.phoneme4.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophones5.Whichofthefollowingisatypicaltonelanguage?A.EnglishB.ChineseC.FrenchD.Alloftheabove6.Usually,suprasegmentalfeaturesinclude________,lengthandpitch.A.phonemeB.speechsoundsC.syllablesD.stress7._________studiesthesoundsysteminacertainlanguage.A.PhoneticsB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Phonology8.__________areusedtofindthephonemesofalanguage.A.MinimalpairsB.FreevariationC.ConstrastivedistributionD.Complementarydistribution9.Ifthetwosimilarsoundsegmentsneveroccurinthesamephoneticenvironment,thentheyare________.A.twoseparatephonemesB.twoallophonesofaphonemeC.twofreevariationsofaphonemeD.aminimalpair10.Whichofthefollowingisnotasuprasegmentalfeature?A.AspirationB.IntonationC.StressD.Tone11.Whereistheprimarystressoftheword“phonology”?A.phoB.noC.loD.gy12.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only_______ispermissibleaccordingtothe-17-\nsequentialrulesinEnglish.(     )A.kibl           B.bkil           C.ilkb          D.ilbk13.Whichofthefollowinggroupsofwordsisaminimalpair?A.but–pubB.wet–whichC.pin-penD.fail-find14._______isanindispensablepartofasyllable.A.CodaB.OnsetC.StemD.Peak15.Amongthefollowing,thepartsofspeechthatisnormallyunstressedinanEnglishsentenceare__________.A.NounsB.VerbsC.AdverbsD.Prepositions16.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaminimalpair?A.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit17.Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistribution,theyare_______ofthesamephoneme.A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs18.Intheproductionofaconsonantsatleast________articulatorsareinvolved.A.twoB.oneC.threeD.four19._________involvemorethanonemannersofarticulation.A.StopsB.FricativesC.AffricatesD.Laterals20.Voicelesssoundsareproducedwhenthevocalfoldsare__________.A.closedB.apartC.totallyclosedD.completelyopenKeytoChapter31~5ACDDB6~10DDABA11~15BACDD16~20BBACBChapter4形态学（Morphology）1._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.SyntaxB.GrammarC.MorphologyD.Morpheme2._________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.Sentences3.“-s”intheword“books”is_______.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.aroot4.Theword“simplifications”has______morphemesinit.A.2B.3C.4D.55.Thewordsthatcontainonlyonemorphemearecalled______.A.boundmorphemesB.affixes　　C.freemorphemesD.roots6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafreemorpheme?A.bookB.boyishC.betD.child7.Theword“sitcom”isa(n)______________.A.blendedwordB.abbreviatedwordC.compoundwordD.clippedword8.Ofallthefollowingaffixes,whichisdifferentfromothers?A.–fulB.-lyC.-edD.-ity9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?-17-\nA.gasstationB.town-planningC.headacheD.medicare10.Theword“fridge”isformedthrough_________.A.compoundingB.blendingC.clippingD.backformation11.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalexampleofbackformation?A.editB.writeC.putD.cook12.WhichofthefollowingisNOTinventedbywayofacronym?A.NATOB.APECC.AIDSD.smog13.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtotheallomorphsoftheEnglishpluralmorpheme?A.[s]B.[z]C.[ei]D.[is]14.Ofallthefollowingfourwords,whichoneisdifferentfromtheotherthreeintermsofword-formation?A.NationalB.E-mailC.BrunchD.Medicare15.Howmanyboundmorphemesarethereintheword“internationalism”?A.2B.4C.3D.116.Thetwoaspectstothemeaningofawordaredenotationand___________.A. indication      B. connotation   C.conversation             D.implication17.A________wordisacombinationoftwoormorewordswhichfunctionsasasingleword.A.  compound     B.blend    C.shortened                      D.clipped18.Theword“typhoon”originatedin________. A. Japanese      B.French    C. Chinese              D.Spanish19.Intermsoflexicology,awordisacombinationofsoundand________.A. spelling      B.writing    C. meaning                  D.pronunciation20.Thedifferentformsofamorphemearecalled________.A. morphs      B. freeforms   C. allomorphs            D.roots21.___________arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.A. clippedwords      B.compounds    C.    blends                  D.acronyms22.Intheword“internationalism”,_________istheroot.A.interB.nationC.alD.ism23.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A.pencilboxB.friendlinessC.deadlineD.upstairs24.Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyis________.A.theinternalstructureB.wordC.therulesbywhichwordsareformedD.morpheme25.Whenthesuffix________isaddedtoanoun,itusuallychangesthisnounintoanadjective.A.lessB.nessC.fullyD.erKeytoChapter41~5CBCCC6~10BACDC11~15ADCAC16~20BACCC21~25DBBDA5．句法学（Syntax）-17-\n1.________mainlydealswithhowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.A.PragmaticsB.SyntaxC.SemanticsD.Phonetics2.Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical3.________putforwardtheideathatsentencecanbedefinedasthemaximumfreeform.A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure4.WhatdoesLADstandfor?A.LanguageassociativedistrictB.LanguageassociativedeviceC.LanguageacquisitiondeviceD.Languageacquisitiondistrict5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare______innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite6.Thetwoclausesina_______sentencearestructurallyequalpartsofthesentence.A.simpleB.complexC.completeD.coordinate7.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby____in1957.　A.L.BloomfieldB.F.Saussure　　C.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday8.Transformationalrulesdonotchangethebasic_______ofsentences.A.meaningB.formC.positionD.structure9.AccordingtoICAnalysis,howmanyultimateconstituentsarethereinthesentence“Johnleftyesterday”?A.2B.3C.4D.110.TGGrammarstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageand__________.A.societyB.cultureC.psychologyD.acquisition11.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothekeyconceptsofTGGrammar?A.DeepandsurfacestructureB.UniversalgrammarC.LanguageacquisitiondeviceD.Psychologicalfactors12.__________proposedthetheoryofSystemic-functionalGrammar.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.SaussureD.Bloomfield13.DifferentfromChomsky,Hallidaystudieslanguagefroma________perspective.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.culturalD.conventional14.Chomskyholdstheviewthatlanguageisaformof_______;whileHallidayregardslanguageasaformof___________.A.knowing,thinkingB.knowing,doingC.thinking,doingD.doing,knowing15.Aspeaker’sactualutteranceinChomsky’sterminologyiscalled___.A.deepstructureB.linguisticuniversalsC.universalgrammarD.surfacestructure16.ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistof____________elements.A.2B.3C.4D.517.Halliday’sSystemic-functionalGrammartakes_______astheobjectofstudy.A.actualusesoflanguageB.idealspeaker’slinguisticcompetenceC.children’slanguageD.adult’slanguage18.IfweuseICAnalysistoanalyzethesentenceIboughtthebookatthepriceof25yuanyesterday,,whereisthefirstcut?-17-\nA.BetweenyuanandyesterdayB.BetweenIandboughtC.BetweenbookandatD.Betweenboughtandthe19.__________isthedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenoun(number,gender,etc)andverb(tense,aspect,etc).A.PartsofspeechB.WordclassC.GrammaticalcategoriesD.Functionsofwords20.Whatdoes“IC”standforasasyntacticnotionandanalyticaltechnique?A.InferentialConnective.B.ImmediateConstituent.C.InflexionalComponent.D.ImplicativeCommunication.KeytoChapter51～5BDCCC6~10DCABA11~15DBBAD16~20BABCB6．语义学（Semantics）1.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich“girl”and“lass”belongiscalled_____synonyms.　　A.stylisticB.dialectal　　C.emotiveD.collocational2.Therelationshipbetween“fruit”and“apple”is______.A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.synonymy3.“Interviewer”and“interviewee”areapairof______opposites.　　A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.relational4.“Alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationaloppositesC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabove5.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms6._____isNOTapairofhomophones.A."Fair"(lovely)and"fare"(moneychargedforajourneybybus,ship,taxi,etc)B."Flea"(anyofvarioussmall,wingless,bloodsuckinginsects)and"flee"(toescape)C."Lead"(toguide)and"lead"(metalofadullbluish-greycolourthatmeltseasily)D."compliment"(anexpressionofpraise,admiration,orcongratulation)and"complement"(somethingthatcompletes,makesupawhole,orbringstoperfection)7.“Clear”and“Vague”areapairof_____.A.relativeantonymsB.derivativeantonymsC.rootantonymsD.freeantonyms8.Inthesentence:“Wehavecoursestomakegrownmanyoungandyoungmangroan.”______areusedtocreateanimpressiveeffect.A.homophonesB.homographsC.perfecthomonymsD.polysemants9.Thegroupofwords_____makeupasemanticfield.A.rose,lily,tulipvioletB.shoes,socks,glasses,booksC.red,white,rose,milkD.father,teacher,dog,son10.“Hopeful”and“hopeless”arecalled______onthebasisofmorphologicalstructure.A.absoluteantonymsB.rootantonymsC.derivativeantonymsD.contraries-17-\n11._____areusedinthesentence“WithIBMwehavethepowertomanagethepower”.A.homophonesB.homographsC.fullhomonymsD.polysemants12._________isthestudyofmeaning.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.PhoneticsD.Phonology13._________putforwardthefamousclassicsemantictriangleinsemantics.A.Chomsky&HallidayB.Ogden&RichardsC.Austin&LabovD.Wittgenstein&Austin14.Inthesemantictriangle,“referent”refersto__________.A.conceptB.thethoughtC.therealworldD.meaning15.“Woman”in“Thewomanintheroomispretty”refersto_______,accordingtosemantictriangle.A.thoughtB.referenceC.referentD.linguisticform16.“Politician”and“statesman”areapairof_____________.A.collocationalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonymsC.emotivesynonymsD.dialectalsynonyms17.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“gentleman”canbeexpressedas__.　　A.+animate，+male，+human，-adult　　B.+animate，+male，+human，+adult　　C.+animate，-male，+human，-adultD.+animate，-male，+human，+adult18.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled________.A.apolysemousB.asynonymousC.anabnormalD.amultiple19.“Dog”and“pig”are________.A.co-hyponymsB.superordinateC.hyponymsD.antonyms20.Thecolor“yellow”hasdifferentmeaningstoChineseortowesternpeople,thatisits__________.A.conceptualmeaningB.cognitivemeaningC.associativemeaningD.stylisticmeaning21.Homophonesareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectsof________.A.humorB.sarcasmC.ridiculeD.alloftheabove22.________istherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalterms,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.A.SynonymyB.HomonymyC.HyponymyD.Polysemy23.________referstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavethanonemeaning.A.HyponymyB.HomonymyC.SynonymyD.Polysemy24.“Surprise”and“amaze”areapairof____________.A.dialectalsynonymsB.emotivesynonymsC.semanticallydifferentsynonymsD.stylisticsynonyms25.Theambiguityin“passtheport”iscausedby_________.A.lexicalitemsB.agrammaticalstructureC.homonymyD.polysemy26.________areusedin“Thereisabeautifulsightatoursite”.A. homographs      B. homophones   C. antonyms   D.synonyms27.Whichofthefollowingisdifferentfromtheotherthreeaccordingtotheclassificationofantonymsonthebasisofmorphologicalstructure?-17-\nA. large&small      B.clear&vague    C. buy&sell   D.useful&useless28.Antonymsareusedtomakea(n)____inthesaying“Easycome,easygo”.A.contrastB.cohesionC.ironyD.emphasis29.Sourcesofhomonymsinclude_____.A.changesinsoundandspellingB.borrowingC.shorteningD.alloftheabove30.Whichofthefollowingarecontraries?A.oldandyoungB.deadandaliveC.buyandsellD.westandeastKeytoChapter61~5BBDCD6~10CCAAC11~15CBBCC16~20BBAAC21~25DCDCD26~30BDADA7．语用学（Pragmatics）1.A_____analysisofanutterancewillrevealwhatthespeakerintendstodowithit.A.semanticB.syntacticC.pragmaticD.grammatical2._________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.SenserelationD.Concept3.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context4.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact5.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs6.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicatures7.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.A.inthelate50’softhe20thcenturyB.intheearly1950’sC.inthelate1960’sD.intheearly21stcentury8.__________isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrincipleB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrinciple9.Themaximof______requiresthataparticipant’scontributionberelevanttotheconversation.A.quantityB.qualityC.relationD.manner10.Ifasentenceisregardedaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomes________.A.asentenceB.anactC.aunitD.anutterance-17-\n11.A:Howareyoutoday?B:Fine,andmyfamilyisalsofine.Thisconversationfloutsthemaximof__________.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.maxim12.Theutterance“We’realreadyworking25hoursaday,eightdaysaweek.”Obviouslyviolatesthemaximof____A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner13.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothefivetypesofillocutionaryactsclassifiedbySearle?A.representativeB.directiveC.expressiveD.initiative14.“Wouldyouliketogotothecinemawithme?”isa(n)____________.A.representativeB.directiveC.expressiveD.commisive15.“Inowdeclarethemeetingopen”isa(n)__________.A.declarationB.directiveC.expressiveD.commisive16.“Ipromisetocome.”isa(n)_________.A.expressiveB.directiveC.declarationD.commisive17.“Ihaveneverseenthemanbefore.”isa(n)_________.A.directiveB.declarationC.representativeD.commissive18.Locutionaryactis___________.A.theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintentionB.theactofconveyingliteralmeaningC.theactofresultingfromtheutteranceD.theeffectofthespeech19.AccordingtoAustin,whichofthefollowingcanbeconsideredasaperformative?A.Theearthisround.B.Iclaimthatismywatch.C.Heisn’there.D.It’sWednesday.20.Themeaningofanutteranceisconsideredas__________.A.abstractB.context-dependentC.decontextualizedD.concrete21.“Wedothingswithwords”---thisisthemainideaof__________.A.theSpeechActtheoryB.theCo-operativeprinciplesC.thePoliteprinciplesD.pragmatics22.__________maybeusedasanexampleofindirectspeechact.A.“Couldyouclosethedoor?”B.“IherebydeclareMr.Clintonelected.”C.“Goodmorning.”D.“Icommandyoutoreportat6p.m.”23.Forthefollowingconversation:A:Didyougotothecinemalastnight?”B:Istayedathome.________istheconversationalimplicature.A.B.wenttothecinema.B.Awenttothecinema.C.B.didnotgotothecinema.D.AandBwenttothecinematogether.24.Inthefollowingconversation:A:BeirutisinPeru,isn’tit?B:AndRomeisinRomania,Isuppose.Bviolatesthe________Maxim.A.MannerB.RelationC.QuantityD.Quality25.Intheconversation:-17-\nA:WhereisMr.Wang?B:SomewhereinBeijing.Bviolatesthe________Maxim.A.MannerB.RelationC.QuantityD.QualityKeytoChapter71~5CADCB6~10DAACD11~15BADBA16~20DCABB21~25AACBD8．词义演变（SemanticChange）1.Thefourmajorwaysofsemanticchangeare________.A.narrowing,extension,elevationanddegradationB.specialization,extension,narrowinganddegradationC.narrowing,extension,generalizationanddegradationD.degradation,extension,elevationanddegeneration2.___________referstothestretchofmeaning.A.SpecializationB.GeneralizationC.DegradationD.Elevation3.GeneralizationcanbeillustratedbythefollowingexamplesEXCEPT________.A.holidayB.orientationC.sanctuaryD.shroud4.Whichofthefollowingmeanstheshrinkingofmeaning?A.GeneralizationB.DegradationC.SpecializationD.Elevation5.Whichwordisdifferentfromtheotherthreeintermsofsemanticchange?A.liquorB.stinkC.hospitalD.bribery6.Thefactthatalexicalitemmayundergoashiftinmeaningiscalled______inlinguistics.A.widengingofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaningC.meaning-shiftD.losingofmeaning7.Theword“fame”originallymeant“report”,butnowitmeans“goodreputation”.Thisisanexampleof___________.A.specializationB.elevationC.extensionD.generalization8.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoelevationintermsofsemanticchange?A.InnB.marshalC.lordD.sad9.In__________,themeaningofawordnarrowstowardanunfavorableone.A. generalization     B. elevation   C. degradation        D.specialization10.Theambiguityofthemeaningof“theloveofJohn”iscausedby______ofmeaning.A.degradationB.extensionC.transferenceD.elevation11.Theword“holiday”undergoesthesemanticchangeof______withitsmeaningchangedfrom“sacreddays”to“allholidays”.A.generalization       B.specialization    C.  elevation     D.degradation12.Themeaningof“stink”is______from“allkindsofsmell”to“veryunpleasantsmell”.A. generalized      B. specialized  C.   degraded              D.elevated13.Inthecourseofseveralgenerations,semanticchangehas_______themeaningoftheword“meat”.-17-\nA.narrowedB.widenedC.shiftedD.elevated14.Whichofthefollowingwordhasexperiencedmeaningelevation?A.InnB.MeatC.SillyD.Rumbleseat15.Themeaningoftheword“corn”hasbeen_________.A.extendedB.elevatedC.degradedD.narrowedKeytoChapter81~5ABDCD6~10CBDCC11~15ABAAD9．语言与社会（LanguageandSociety）1.Byusing_________wemayaddseveralsynonymstotheword“die”,suchas“passaway”,“gotosleep”andetc.A.euphemism      B. vulgarism   C.  initialism       D.metaphor2.Theword_____isusuallyNOTusedbyBritishpeople.A.“tube”B.“pub”C.“railroad”D.“taxi”3.WhatcanhelpusbestdistinguishAmericanandBritishEnglish? A. pronunciation      B. spelling   C.   vocabulary   D.alloftheabove4._________isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosocialfactors.A.PsycholinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.Computer-linguisticsD.Anthropolinguistics5._________isaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesandisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposedsuchastrading.A.PidginB.RegisterC.sociolectD.idiolect6.__________isapidginlanguage,whichhasbecomethenativelanguageofagroupofspeakers,beingusedforallormanyoftheirdailycommunicativeneeds.A.PidginB.RegisterC.CreoleD.idiolect7.Sometimes,twovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachbeingusedfordifferentpurposes.Thisphenomenonis________.A.bilingualismB.diglossiaC.pidginD.creole8._________referstotheuseofatleasttwolanguageseitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.A.bilingualismB.diglossiaC.pidginD.creole9.Amorestandardvarietyofdiglossia,thatiscalledthe_________,isusedingovernment,themedia,education,andforreligiousservices.A.LowvarietyB.HighvarietyC.DualvarietyD.pidgin10.Alinguistic________referstoawordoranexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A.euphemismB.tabooC.slangD.pidgin11.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtodialectalvarieties?A.IdiolectB.SociolectC.RegionaldialectsD.Diglossia12.Speechcommunityis___________________.A.avarietyoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongtoaparticularsocialclassB.agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandwhohaveatleastonespeechvarietyincommonC.thelanguagesystemofanindividualasexpressedbythewayheorshespeaks-17-\nandwritesD.thevarietyofalanguagewhichhasthehigheststatusinacommunityornation13.Theformofagivenlanguageusedinacertaingeographicalspaceiscalled_______.A.styleB.registerC.dialectD.pidgin14.Thedialectwhichiscausedbysocialstatusiscalled_________.A.regionaldialectB.sociolectC.idiolectD.bilingualism15.Whichofthefollowinglanguagevarietyisthevarietyofalanguagewhichhasthehigheststatusinacommunityornationandwhichisusuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage?A.PidginB.CreoleC.StandardvarietyD.SociolectKeytoChapter91~5ACDBA6~10CBABB11~15DBCBC-17-