现代语言学名词解释 20页

现代语言学名词解释现代语言学名词解释现代语言学一绪论1Linguisitics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescienticstudyoflanguage2Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants3Phonology”:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.4Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“is-h--”boyish,teach---teacher.5Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Foresample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”6Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Hthewordsealmeansdifferentthings.7Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,T“heIdword”domeansdifferentcontext.欢迎下载9\n1Sociolinguistics:ThestudyofIanguagewithrefereneetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinIanguage.9Psycholinguistics:ThestudyofIanguagewithrefereneetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.二音系学1Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.2Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.3PhonePhonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingaIanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegement.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon't.4Phoneme:Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.5allophoneThedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.6Complementarydistribution:Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincompkenebtarydistribution.7Minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesound欢迎下载9\nsegementwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.1Stress:Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableisprouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.2tones:Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.3intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.IntonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteveryIanguage,especiallyinaIanguagelikeEnglish三形态学1morphology:Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2inflectionalmorphology:Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.3derivationalmorphology:Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.4morpheme:MorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofIanguage.5freemorpheme:Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichare欢迎下载9\nindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselcesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.1boundmorphemeBoundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.2root:Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.3affix:Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.4prefix:Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.5suffix:Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.6derivation:Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreataword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.7compounding:Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatnewwords.四句法学1linguisticcompetence:Comskydefinescompeteneeastheidealuserknowledgeof欢迎下载9\ntherulesofhisIanguage,andperformaneetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.1sentence:Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatementquestionocommand.2transformationrulesSyntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.3D-structure:Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationarecommonlytermedasD-structure.4MoveaJustasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMovea五语义学1semantics:SemanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginIanguage.2sense:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractand欢迎下载9\ndecontextualized.1referenee:Refereneemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperienee.2synonymy:Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonymy.3polysemy:Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Awordhavingmorethanonemeaningiscalledapolysemicword.4antonymy:Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.5homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.6hyponymy:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinelusivewordandamorespecificword.7componentialanalysis:Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewprdmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.8grammaticalmeaning:Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceis欢迎下载9\ngovernedbythegrammaticalrulesoftheIanguage.1semanticmeaning:Thesemanticmeaningofasentenceisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.2predication:Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication.Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningoasentence.欢迎下载9\n七历史语言学1historicallinguistics:HistoricallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesIanguagechange.2apocope:Anotherwell-documentedsoundlossisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegement,aphenomenoncalledapocope.3epenthesis:AchangethatinvoIvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.4metathesis:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.5compounding:Compoundingisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.6derivation:Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots.7blending:Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.8back-formation:Back-formationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword.9semanticbroadening:Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessin欢迎下载9\nwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation..1semanticnarrowing:Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.2semanticshift:Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquireanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.3protolanguage:ItreferstoafamilyofaIanguage.4soundshift:Itreferstothesystematicmodificationofaseriesofphonemes.欢迎下载9\n欢迎下载10\n\nabsee管理员精华UID积分3990帖子1111阅读权限200注册20076-4状态离线#8使用道具发表于2007-7-2621:20资料个人空间短消息加为好友八社会语言学1sociolinguistics:SociolinguisticsisthestudyofIanguageinsocialcontext.2speechcommunity:AspeechcommunityisthusdefinedasagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesameIanguageoraparticularvarietyofIanguage.3speechvariety:Speechvariety,alsoknownasIanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.4Ianguageplanning:OnewayoutofthecommunicationdilemmaisIanguagestandardizationknownasIanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry,chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit,iitspronunciationandspellingsystem,acrossregionalboundaries.5idiolect:Suchapersonaldialectisreferedtoasidiolect.6standardIanguage:ThestandardIanguageisasuperposed,socially欢迎下载20\nprestigiousdialectofIanguage.ItistheIanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem,usedbythemassmedia.1nonstandardIanguage:Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,orvernacular,languages.2linguafranca:AlinguafrancaisavarietyofIanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.3pidgin:ApidginisavarietyofIanguagethatisgenerallyusedbynativespeakersofotherIanguagesasamediumofcommunication.4Creole:ACreoleIanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativeIanguageinsomespeechcommunication.5diglossia:DiglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesofIanguageco-existinaspeechcommunication,eachwithadistinctrangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.6bilingualism:BilingualismreferstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardIanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.7ethicdialect:AnethnicIanguagevarietyisasocialdialectofaIanguage,oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.8sociolect:Socialdialect,orsociolects,arevarietiesofIanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclasses.欢迎下载20\n1register:RegistersareIanguagevarietieswhichareappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,incontrasttoIanguagevarietiesthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Forthatreason,registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.2slang:SlangisacausaluseofIanguagethatconsistsofexpressivebutnonstandardvocabulary,typicallyofarbitrary,flashyandoftenephemeralcoinageandfigureofspeechcharacterizedbyspontaneityandsometimesbyraciness.3taboAlinguistictabooreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.4euphemism:EuphemismcomesfromtheGreekwordeuphemismos,meaning“tospeakwithgoodwords”.Aeuphemism,then,ismild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutewhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive.欢迎下载20\nabsee#9欢迎下载20管理员,◎UID5精华0积分3990帖子1111阅读权限200注册2007-6-4状态离线使用道具发表于2007-7-2621:20资料个人空间短消息加为好友九心理语言学1psycholinguistics:PsycholinguisticsisthestudyofIanguageinrelationtothemind.Asthesuggests,psycholinguisticsisviewedastheintersectionofpsychologyandlinguistics,drawingequallyupontheIanguageweacquire,produceandcomprehend.2cerebralcortex:Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,calledthecerebralcortex.3brainlateralization:Thelocalizationofcognitiveofcognitiveandpercpetualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledlateralization.4linguisticlateralization:Intheirresearchofbrainlateralization,psycholinguisticsareparticularyinterestedinlinguisticlateralization,whichisthebrainsneurospecializationforIanguage.欢迎下载20\n1dichoticlistening:EvidenceinsupportoflateralizationforIanguageinthelefthemispherecomesfromresearchesindichoticlisteningtasks2rightearadvantage:Stimuliheardinthelefteararereportedlessaccuratelythanthoseheardintherightcar.Thisphenomenonisknowastherightearadvantage.3criticalperiodhypothesis:Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone'slifeextendingfromaboutagetwotopubertyduringwhichthehumanbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularIanguageandIanguagelearningcanproceedeasily,swiftlyandwithoutexplicitinstruction.4linguisticdeterminism:WhorfproposedfirstthatallhigherlevelsofthinkingaredependentonIanguage.Thatis,languagedeterminesthought,hencethestrongnotionoflinguisticdeterminism.5linguisticrelativism:WhorfalsobelievedthatspeakersofdifferentIanguageperceiveandexperieneetheworlddifferently,thatis,relativetotheirlinguisticbackground,hencethenotion6subvocalspeech:WhenIanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtas“subvocalspeech”.欢迎下载20\noflinguisticrelativism.fob欢迎下载20\n管理员UID5精华0积分3990Ianguageacquisitionreferstochildrensdevelopmentofabsee#10使用道具发表于2007-7-2621:20资料个人空间短消息力口为好友十语言习得1languageacquisition:LanguageacquisitionisconcernedwithIanguagedevelopmentinhumans.Ingeneral,欢迎下载20欢迎下载20阅读权限200注册2007-6-4状态离线帖子1111theirfirstIanguage,thatis,thenativeIanguageofthecommunityinwhichachildhasbeenbroughtup.2telegraphicspeech:Theearlymultiwordutteraneeofchildrenhaveaspecialcharacteristic.Theytypicallylackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories.BecauseoftheirresemblaneetothestylyofIanguagefoundintelegrams,utteranceatthisacquisitionstageareoftencalledtelegraphicspeech.3holophrasticsentence:Chidren'sonwordutterancearealsocalledholophrasticsentences.4acquisition:AccordingtoKrashen,acquisitionreferstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstIanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.5learning:Learning,however,isdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondIanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.6Ianguagetransfer:LearnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirL1kno欢迎下载20\nwledgeinlearningasecondIanguage.ThisisknownasIanguagetransfer.6positivetransfer:Presumably,positivetransferoccurswhenanL1patternisidenticalwith,orsimilarto,atarget-languagepattern.7negativetransfer:Conversely,negativetransferoccurswhenanL1patternisdifferentfromthecounterpartpatternofthetargetIanguage.8contrastiveanalysis:TheContrastiveAnalysisapproachwasfoundedonthebeliefthat,byestablishingthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthenativeandtargetIanguagesystem,itwaspossibletopredictwhatproblemslearnersofaparticularsecondIanguagewouldfaceandthetypesoferrorstheywouldmake.9interlanguage:SLAisviewedasaprocessofcreative欢迎下载20\nconstruction,inwhichalearnerconstructsaseriesofinternalrepresentatonsthatcomprisesthelearner'sinterimknowledgeofthetargetIanguage,knownasinterlanguage.6formalinstruction:FormalinstructionoccursinclassroomswhenattemptsaremadetoraiselearnerconsciousnessaboutthenatureoftargetIanguagerulesinordertoaidlearning.7instrumentalmotivation:Thus,instrumentalmotivationoccurswhenthelearner'sgoalisfunctional.8integrativemotivation:Integrativemotivationoccurswhenthelearner'sgoalissocial.9acculturation:Arelatedissuewithintegrativemotivationhasbeentheextenttowhichlearnersdifferintheprocessofadaptingtothenewcultureofthe12community.Thisadaptationprocessiscalledacculturation.欢迎下载20