英语语言学复习资料 15页

..语言学Linguistic各章重点，学习资料整理1.1Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanmunication.1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness任意性:Thepropertyoflanguagebywhichthereisingeneralnonatural(i.e.logical)relationbetweentheformofasinglelexicalunitanditsmeaning.②Duality二重性Languageconsistsoftwolevelsofstructures.Thelower(secondary)levelisadefinitesetofmeaninglesssounds,whichbinetoformmeaningfulunitswhichconstituteahigher(primary)level.③Creativity创造性Languageiscreativeinthesensethatitsuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.④Displacement移位性Bydisplacementismeantthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsthatarenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofmunication.1.3Functionsoflanguage..word.zl.\n..①Informative信息功能Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtoexpressthespeaker’sopinion,tostateafact,ortoreasonthingsout.②Interpersonalfunction人际功能Languageservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.③Performative行事功能Languagecanbeusedtodothings,toperformaction.e.g.“Isurrender.〞“I’lldoittonight.〞“Ideclarethemeetingopen.〞“Isentenceyoutothreeyearsinprison.〞④Emotivefunction感情功能Theuseoflanguagetorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.e.g.“Ouch!〞,“I’mterriblysorryabout…〞(alternativelycalledexpressivefunction)⑤Phaticmunion应酬交谈Theuseoflanguagetoestablishormaintainafortablesocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.E.g.greetings,farewells,andtalkingabouttheweather.⑥Recreationalfunction娱乐功能Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit.E.g.singing,poetrywriting.⑦Metalingualfunction元语言功能Theuseoflanguagetomakestatementsaboutlanguageitself.Thelanguageaboutwhichtheyaremadeiscalledtheobjectlanguage...word.zl.\n..1.1Whatislinguistics?Thescientificstudyoflanguage.1.2Microlinguistics①Phonetics语音学Thestudyofthenature,production,andperceptionofsoundsofspeech,inabstractionfromthephonologyofanyspecificlanguage.Variouslydividedintoacousticphonetics,articulatoryphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.②Phonology音系学Thestudyofthesoundsystemsofindividuallanguagesandofthenatureofsuchsystemsgenerally.③Morphology形态学Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning–morphemesandword-formationprocesses.④Syntax句法学Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthebinationofwordsintosentences.⑤Semantics语义学Thestudyofmeaning.⑥Pragmatics语用学Thestudyofthemeaningsthatsentenceshaveinparticularcontexts.1.3LanguageandcultureLanguageisanindispensablecarrierofculture.Culturefindsabetterrepresentationthroughlanguageuse.1.4MaximalOnsetPrinciple(MOP)最大节前辅音原那么..word.zl.\n..Whichstatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecode.1.1Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics①Descriptivevs.prescriptive描写vs.规定Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalyzeslinguisticfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifitlaysdownrulesforgrammaticalcorrectness.②Synchronicvs.diachronic共时vs.历时Thestudyoflanguageasitsexistsataparticularpointintimeissynchronic.③Languevs.parole语言vs.言语AdistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure(索绪尔1857-1913).Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechmunityandparolereferstotheactualizedlanguage,orrealizationoflangue.④petencevs.performance语言能力vs.语言运用petenceisthespeaker-listener’sknowledgeofhislanguageandperformanceistheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Chapter2SpeechSounds1.IPA：InternationalPhoneticAssociation(国际语音学协会).2.Thetheoryofcardinalvowels..word.zl.\n..Cardinalvowels:AsetofvowelsestablishedbyDanielJonesasfixedandunchangingreferencepointsforthedescriptionofvowelsinanylanguage.Byconvention,theeightprimarycardinalvowelsarenumberedfromonetoeight:8个根本元音：记住：p34,p35,p36三个表格。3.Phonemesandallophones①Minimalpair最小对立体:Twowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesound(onephoneme)andwhichalsodifferinmeaning.E.g.theEnglishwordsbitandbetareaminimalpair②plimentary：4.PhonologicalprocessAssimilation同化:aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofneighboringsound.Assimilationisoftenusedsynonymouswithcoarticulation.①Ifafollowingsoundinfluencesaprecedingsound,itisregressiveassimilation逆同化:e.g.can,tan,tenth,ninth,sink,mink,gooseberry,raspberry,cupboard,fivepence,haveto,usedto,pancake,sunglass.②ifaprecedingsoundinfluencesafollowingsound,itisProgressiveassimilation顺同化e.g.works,words,pears,..word.zl.\n..writes,rides,eyes,laughed,loved,played.5.ThethreevariantsofthepluralforminEnglish:①：the/s/appearsaftervoicelesssounds②：the/z/appearsaftervoicedsounds③：the/əz/appearsaftersibilants6.StressStressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.①:句子的重音。②：单词的重音7.Tone.EnglishisnottonelanguagebutChineseis.Chapter31.Morpheme:isthesmallestunitoflanguageinregardtotherelationshipbetweensoundingandmeaning,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning.2.Determiner:..word.zl.\n..前位：all,both,half;double,twice,threetimes,etc;one-third,two-fifths,etc;what,such,(a/an)中位：：a(n),the　this,that,these,those　my,your,his,her,our,Jim’s,mymother’s　　some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough,what(ever),which(ever),whose,etc后位：one,two,three,etc;first,second,third,etc;next,last,other,another,etc;many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several,plentyof,alotof,lotsof,agreat/large/goodnumberof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamountof;such3.WordFormation(1)pound复合词blackboard,bookworm,braindrain(2)Derivation衍生；派生teacher,clockwise,uninstall(3)Invention新创词语nylon,condom,boycott,Xerox(4)Blending混成法modem,BoBo,blog,e-book,e-zine,bit(binary+digit)(5)Abbreviation缩写词；略语fax,bus,flu(6)Acronym首字母缩写词CEO，ATM，Back-formation逆构词法edit,lase,enthuse(7)Analogicalcreation类推造字work、wrought、worked,Slay、slew、slayed..word.zl.\n..(1)Borrowing借用；借词typhoon,mahjong,mortgage,i.Loanwords借词Loanblend混合借词Chinatown吉普车ii.Loanshift转移借词bridge,artificialsatellite,iii.Loantranslation翻译借词Chapter41.SyntacticRelations①PositionalRelation:Positionalrelation,orwordorder,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.②Relationofsubstitutability:替代关系Whetherasequenceofwordscanbesubstitutedforasinglewordandthestructureremainsthesame.③Relationofco-occurrence:同现关系Wordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentence.2.ImmediateConstitute直接成分分析法N:名词V:动词adj:形容词adv:副词det:限定词part:助词Prep:介词aux:情态动词NP:名词短语VP:动词短语PP:介词短语AP:形容词短语C/S从句，句子3.EndocentricandExocentricConstructions..word.zl.\n..①Endocentric:向心构造UsuallyNP,VP,APbelongtoendocentrictupesbecausetheconstituentitemsaresubordinatetotheHead.CoordinationandSubordinationbelongtoEndocentric.②Exocentric:离心构造Thereisnodefinable"centre"or"head"insidethegroup.Usuallyincludesbasicsentence,PP,Predicate(V+O)construction,andconnectiveconstruction(be+plement).1.Recursiveness:递归性Embedding：嵌入式Embeddingreferstothemeansbywhichoneclauseisincludedinthesentenceinsyntacticsubordination.The3basictypes:plement,adjunct(oradverbial)andrelativeclauses.Chapter51.Meaning:Representativelistofthemaindefinitionswhichreputablestudentsofmeaninghavefavored.记P94表格。..word.zl.\n..1.TheReferentialTheory:指称论concept2.Senserelations①Synonymy同义关系Synonym:同义词分为完全同义词和局部同义词②Antonymy反义关系Antonym:反义词i:Gradableantonymy:good-bad,long-shortii:plementaryantonymy：alive-deadiii:Converseantonymy:buy-sell,borrow-give③Hyponymy上下义关系：一种意义包含的关系上义词：superodinate下义词：Hyponyms3.ponentialAnalysis:成分分析P103出判断题Entailment:包含关系a=1,b=1a=0,b=?Presupposing:前提关系a=1,b=1a=0,b=1Inconsistent:矛盾a=1,b=0a=0,b=1Chapter8..word.zl.\n..1.Pragmatics=context+meaning2.SpeechActTheory:JohnLangshawAustin①Performatives:施为句　performacts特点：第一人称，现在时，直语气，主动语态②Constatives:叙事句Itisadescritionofwhatthespeakerisdoingatthesametimeofspeaking.(stateafact;report;describe)3.AtheoryoftheIllocutionaryAct①Locutionary:言行为②Illocutionary:言外行为③Perlocutionary:言后行为4.TheCooperativePrincipleP1775.CharacteristicsofImplicature:①Calculability:可推测性②Cancellability:可撤销性〔加一句话可撤销〕③Non-detachability:不可别离性④Non-conventionality:非常规性Chapter9..word.zl.\n..Chapter101.CAI:puter-assistedinstruction计算机辅助教学CAL:puter-assistedLearning计算机辅助学习CALL:puter-assistedLanguagelearning计算机辅助语言学习Chapter111.ContrastiveAnalysis(CA)P270-2712.ErrorAnalysis(EA)Mistake:具备petence,但没有performanceError:没有petenceChapter121.ThePragueSchoolThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforits..word.zl.\n..contributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonogy.代表人物：TrubetskoyFunctionalsentenceperspective(FSP)功能句子观Theprincipleisthattheroleofeachutterancepartisevaluatedforitssemanticcontributiontothewhole.2.TheLondonSchoollMalinowski’stheories:Meaningisnotsomethingthatexistsinsounds,butsomethingthatexistsintherelationsofsoundsandtheirenvironment.lFirth’stheories:Languageisasocialprocess.Meaningisuse,themeaningofanysentenceconsistsoffiveparts〔P285第二段〕lHallidayandSystemic-FunctionalGrammarHalliday’sSFisasociologicalorientedfunctionallinguisticapproachwhichcanbeappliedtolanguageteaching,sociolinguistics,discourseanalysis,stylistics,andmachinetranslation.①:Systemicgrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork,ormeaningpotential..word.zl.\n..②:FunctionalGrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction.3.12.4AmericanStructuralism①Earlyperiod:BoasandSapirtheSapir-WhorfHypothesis,Sapirdefineslanguageas“apurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofmunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofasystemofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols〞.②Bloomfield’stheoryBehaviorisminlinguisticsholdsthatchildrenlearnlanguagethroughachainof“stimulus-responsereinforcement〞,andtheadult’suseoflanguageisalsoaprocessofStimulus-Response.③Post-BloomfieldianlinguisticsZ.Harris,C.Hockett,G.Trager,usetheputertocarryoutdiscoveryprocedures,Harris’stheoryiscircular,dependingheavilyonmeaning,K.Pike,Tagmemics,everythingintheworldishierarchical.4.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar由Chomsky提出..word.zl.\n..①TheInnatenessHypothesisChomskybelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnateandthatchildrenarebornwithwhathecallsaLanguageAcqusitionDivice(LAD)②GenerativeGrammerAsystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsatructuraldescriptionstosentences.③TheClassicalTheory:Chomskyputsforward3kindsofgrammar:finitestategrammar,phrasestructuregrammar,andtransformationalgrammar..word.zl.