语言学必考名词解释 11页

..-1.Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechmunityLangue:thelinguisticpetenceofthespeaker.2.Designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.3.Synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind4.Arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.5.Duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofareposedofelementsofthesecondary.Levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.6.Displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsand-.word.zl-\n..-conceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofmunication.1.petence:languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.2.Prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.Prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.3.Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.4.Assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.〞contact〞or〞contiguous〞assimilation.5.Connotation:aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.6.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,i.e.totalkaboutthingsincontext.-.word.zl-\n..-1.Sense:theliteralmeaningofawordoranexpression,independentofsituationalcontext.2.Linguisticdeterminism:oneofthetwopointsinSapir-Whorfhypothesis,i.e.languagedeterminesthought.3.Parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).4.Interlinguage:thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguage,i.e.thelanguagesystembetweenthetargetlanguageandthelearner’snativelanguage.5.Transfer:theinfluenceofmothertongueuponthesecondlanguage.Whenstructuresofthetwolanguagesaresimilar,wecangetpositivetransferoffacilitation;whenthetwolanguagesaredifferentinstructures,negativetransferofinferenceoccursandresultsinerrors.6.Perlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething,it’stheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.-.word.zl-\n..-1.Hyponymy:arelationbetweentowwords,inwhichthemeaningofoneword(thesuperordinate)isincludedinthemeaningofanotherword(thehyponym)2.Allophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated.Bothandareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.3.Erroranalysis:istheprocessofdeterminingtheincidence,nature,causeandconsequenceofunsuccessfullanguage4.Utterance:1.Aspokenword,statement,orvocalsound2.Theactionofsayingorexpressingsomethingaloudthesimpleutteranceofafewplatitudes3.Anuninterruptedchainofspokenorwrittenlanguage5.Interference:aprocessmoremonlyknownasnegativetransfer,whichoccurswhenanL1patterisdifferentfromthecounterpartpatternofthetargetlanguage.6.Predicationanalysis:isawaytoanalyzethemeaningofsentences.Asentence,posedofasubjectandpredicate,isabasicunitformeaninganalysisiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence-.word.zl-\n..-1.Cohesion:referstothewayinwhichtext“hangtogether〞;totheresourceswithinlanguagethathelprelateideasandinformationandmakelinksbetweendifferentpartsofatext2.Polysemy:wordshavetwoormorethantwosenses3.Speechact:referstoanactionperformedbytheuseofanutterance.4.Linguistics:generally,itisdefinedasthescientificstudyofthelanguage5.Phonetics:isthestudyofproductionofspeechsounds6.Semantics:isgenerallydefinedasthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits.tobemorespecific,themeaningwithwhichlinguististsareconcernedisdefinedaslinguisticsemantics语言学考试范围1.Doesthetrafficlighthaveduality?Explainthereasons.2.ICanalyzesthesentencestructurewithbracketsoratreediagram.LovelyJaneranaway.3.WhatareLeech’sseventypesofmeaning?-.word.zl-\n..-Conceptualmeaning.Connotativemeaning.Socialmeaning.Affectivemeaning.Reflectedmeaning.Collocativemeaning.Thematicmeaning3.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmodernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar?4.Explainsurfacestructureanddeepstructure.5.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?6.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?7.Analyzethestructureofasyllable.Giveoneexampletoillustrate.8.Explainthetwoterms“sense〞and“reference〞andwhatistheirrelationship?9.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenerrorsandmistakes?WhatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningWhatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?-.word.zl-\n..-(1)Thenamingtheory命名论----Oneoftheoldestnotionsconverningmeanings,andalsoaveryprimitiveone,wasthenamingtheoryproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Sowordsarejustnamesorlabelforthings.命名论是最原始的语义理论，该理论是把词看作所指事物的名称。Thelimitationsofthenamingtheory:Firstofall,thenamingtheoryseemsapplicabletonounsonly.Nounscanbeconsideredasnamesorlabels,butverbs,adjectives,andadverbs,suchas“think〞“hard〞“slowly〞aredefinitelynotlabelsofobjects.b.Besides,withinthecategoryofnouns,therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworldatallsuchas“ghost〞“dragon〞“unicorn〞andalsonounsthatdonotdenoteconcretethings,butabstractnotionssuchas“joy〞“impulse〞.命名论只能适用于名词，对于动词、形容词、副词就无法解释了。即使是在爱名词范围内也无法解释世界上本不存在的东西，例如“ghost〞“dragon〞“unicorn〞之类和一些抽象的概念，例如“快乐joy〞“冲动impulse〞等。(2)theconceptualistview意念论-------.word.zl-\n..-Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.,betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.意念论认为词汇与该词汇所指的事物之间的关系不是直接的，而是间接的，是靠人脑中的意念来连接的。词汇是通过意念来指称事物，意念便是词汇的意义。TheconceptualistviewisbestillustratedbytheclassicsemantictriangleortriangleofsignificancesuggestedbyOdgenandRichards.意念论可由著名的语义三角形来表述。语义三角形是论述和解释语义现象的一种经典理论。SemantictriangleProposedbyOgden&Richardsintheir“TheMeaningofMeaning〞.Theysawtherelationshipbetweenthewordandthethingitreferstoisnotdirect.It’smediatedbyconcept.thoughtorreferencesymbolreferentInthisdiagram,thesymbolorformreferstolinguisticelements(words,phrases),thereferentreferstothethingsintherealworld,andthoughtorreferencerefersto“concept〞.e.g.Thedogovertherelooksunfriendly.Theword“dog〞isdirectlyassociatedwithacertainconcept-.word.zl-\n..-inourmind,i.e.whata“dog〞islike,butitisnotdirectlylinkedtothereferent(theparticulardog)inthisparticularcase.Thus,thesymbolofawordsignifiesthingbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindofthespeakerofalanguage,andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword.OgdenandRichardspresentedtheclassic“SemanticTriangle〞asmanifestedinthefollowingdiagram,inwhichthe“symbol〞or“form〞referstothelinguisticelements(word,sentence,etc.),the“referent〞referstotheobjectintheworldofexperience,and“thought〞or“reference〞referstoconceptornotion.Thus,thesymbolawordsignifies“things〞byvirtueofthe“concept〞,associatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindofthespeakerofthelanguage.The“concept〞thusconsideredismeaningoftheword.语义三角形最大的问题在于词语与所指事物没有必然的联系。同一个事物可能或者可以用不同的词来表示。(3)contextualism语境论Whatiscontextualism?“Contextualism〞isbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfrom,orreduceitto,observablecontext:the“situationalcontext〞andthe“linguisticcontext〞.-.word.zl-\n..-语境论认为语言的意义离不开使用语言的语境，语义存在与语境之中。语义不是抽象的，它是由语境所决定的。Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatial-temporalsituation,asthefollowingfactorsarerelatedtothesituationalcontext:它的前提是假设人们可以从语境中推知词义的意义，四个核心因素：(1)thespeakerandthehearer;讲话人和听话人(2)theactionstheyareperformingatthetime;当时双方在做的事情(3)variousexternalobjectsandevents;其他外在的事件或事物(4)Deicticfeatures.指示成分〔语境中的代词〕The“linguisticcontext〞isanotheraspectofcontextualism.Itconsiderstheprobabilityofoneword’sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanother,whichformspartofthemeaning,andanimportantfactorinmunication.Foxexample:themeaningoftheword“black〞differinthetwocollocationsof“blackhair〞and“blackcoffee〞(4)Behaviorism行为主义论ThebehaviorismviewisillustratedbyBloomfield.Behaviorismreferstotheattempttodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer〞.Behaviorismsomewhatclosetocontextualismemphasizesonthe-.word.zl-\n..-psychologicalresponse.行为主义论和语境论的相似之处，行为主义论也把语义放到语境中去研究，但它更注重人的心理活动，认为语言的意义存在于语言使用者在交际过程中对所承受的话语的反响。-.word.zl-