现代语言学名词解释 16页

-.现代语言学名词解释现代语言学一绪论1Linguisitics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescienticstudyoflanguage2Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticsmunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants3Phonology〞:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedinmunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.4Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish〞---boyish,teach---teacher.5Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarebinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Foresample,〞Johnlikelinguistics.〞6Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.〞Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.〞Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.7Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalled.word.zl.\n-.pragmatics.Forexample,“Ido〞Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.8Sociolinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.9Psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.二音系学1Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticmunicationiscalledphonetics.2Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedinmunicationiscalledphonology.3Phone:Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegement.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.4Phoneme:Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.5allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.6plementarydistribution:Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeinpkenebtarydistribution..word.zl.\n-.7Minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegementwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.8Stress:Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableisprouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.9tones:Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.10intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish{$isbest}三形态学1morphology:Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2inflectionalmorphology:Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.3derivationalmorphology:Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.4morpheme:Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage..word.zl.\n-.5freemorpheme:Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselcesorinbinationwithothermorphemes.6boundmorpheme:Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobebinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.7root:Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbebinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.8affix:Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.9prefix:Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.10suffix:Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.11derivation:Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreataword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.12pounding:Likederivation,poundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.poundingcanbeviewedasthebinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatnewwords.{$isbest}.word.zl.\n-.四句法学1linguisticpetence:skydefinespetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticmunication.2sentence:Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallyprisesanumberofwordstoformapletestatementquestionormand.3transformationrules:Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.4D-structure:Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationaremonlytermedasD-structure.5Moveа:Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа{$isbest}五语义学1semantics:Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaningin.word.zl.\n-.language.2sense:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractanddecontextualized.3reference:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.4synonymy:Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonymy.5polysemy:Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Awordhavingmorethanonemeaningiscalledapolysemicword.6antonymy:Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.7homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.8hyponymy:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.9ponentialanalysis:ponentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewprdmeaning..word.zl.\n-.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.10grammaticalmeaning:Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.11semanticmeaning:Thesemanticmeaningofasentenceisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions.12predication:Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication.Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.{$isbest}六语用学1pragmatics:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulmunication.2context:Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Generallyspeaking,itconsistsoftheknowledgethatissharedbythespeakerandthehearer.3utterancemeaning:Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofmunication,orsimplyinacontext..word.zl.\n-.4locutionaryact:Alocutionaryactistheactofutterancewords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexionandphonology.5illocutionaryact:Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeaker’sintention;Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.6perlocutionaryact:Aillocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething:itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.{$isbest}七历史语言学1historicallinguistics:Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.2apocope:Anotherwell-documentedsoundlossisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegement,aphenomenoncalledapocope.3epenthesis:Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.4metathesis:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.5pounding:poundingisaprocessofbiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit..word.zl.\n-.6derivation:Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots.7blending:Blendingisaprocessofforminganewwordbybiningpartsofotherwords.8back-formation:Back-formationisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesuffixofanexistingword.9semanticbroadening:Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbeesgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation..10semanticnarrowing:Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbeeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.11semanticshift:Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquireanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.12protolanguage:Itreferstoafamilyofalanguage.Aprotolanguageistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.Theprotoformcanbereconstructedbyidentifyingandparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages.13soundshift:Itreferstothesystematicmodificationofaseriesof.word.zl.\n-.phonemes.{$isbest}八社会语言学1sociolinguistics:Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontext.2speechmunity:Aspeechmunityisthusdefinedasagroupofpeoplewhoformamunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.3speechvariety:Speechvariety,alsoknownaslanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.4languageplanning:Onewayoutofthemunicationdilemmaislanguagestandardizationknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry,chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit,includingitspronunciationandspellingsystem,acrossregionalboundaries.5idiolect:Suchapersonaldialectisreferedtoasidiolect.6standardlanguage:Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem,usedbythemassmedia.7nonstandardlanguage:Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,orvernacular,languages..word.zl.\n-.8linguafranca:Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofmunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.9pidgin:Apidginisavarietyoflanguagethatisgenerallyusedbynativespeakersofotherlanguagesasamediumofmunication.10Creole:ACreolelanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbeeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechmunication.11diglossia:Diglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechmunication,eachwithadistinctrangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.12bilingualism:Bilingualismreferstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.13ethicdialect:Anethniclanguagevarietyisasocialdialectofalanguage,oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.14sociolect:Socialdialect,orsociolects,arevarietiesoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclasses.15register:Registersarelanguagevarietieswhichareappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,incontrasttolanguagevarietiesthatare.word.zl.\n-.associatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Forthatreason,registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.16slang:Slangisacausaluseoflanguagethatconsistsofexpressivebutnonstandardvocabulary,typicallyofarbitrary,flashyandoftenephemeralcoinageandfigureofspeechcharacterizedbyspontaneityandsometimesbyraciness.17taboAlinguistictabooreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite〞societyfromgeneraluse.18euphemism:EuphemismesfromtheGreekwordeuphemismos,meaning“tospeakwithgoodwords〞.Aeuphemism,then,ismild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutewhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive.{$isbest}九心理语言学1psycholinguistics:Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind.Asthesuggests,psycholinguisticsisviewedastheintersectionofpsychologyandlinguistics,drawingequallyuponthelanguageweacquire,produceandprehend.2cerebralcortex:Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutside.word.zl.\n-.surfaceofthebrain,calledthecerebralcortex.3brainlateralization:Thelocalizationofcognitiveofcognitiveandpercpetualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledlateralization.4linguisticlateralization:Intheirresearchofbrainlateralization,psycholinguisticsareparticularyinterestedinlinguisticlateralization,whichisthebrain’sneurologicalspecializationforlanguage.5dichoticlistening:Evidenceinsupportoflateralizationforlanguageinthelefthemisphereesfromresearchesindichoticlisteningtasks6rightearadvantage:Stimuliheardinthelefteararereportedlessaccuratelythanthoseheardintherightcar.Thisphenomenonisknowastherightearadvantage.7criticalperiodhypothesis:Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone’slifeextendingfromaboutagetwotopubertyduringwhichthehumanbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguageandlanguagelearningcanproceedeasily,swiftlyandwithoutexplicitinstruction.8linguisticdeterminism:Whorfproposedfirstthatallhigherlevelsofthinkingaredependentonlanguage.Thatis,languagedeterminesthought,hencethestrongnotionoflinguisticdeterminism..word.zl.\n-.9linguisticrelativism:Whorfalsobelievedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguageperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently,thatis,relativetotheirlinguisticbackground,hencethenotion10subvocalspeech:Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtas“subvocalspeech〞.oflinguisticrelativism.{$isbest}十语言习得1languageacquisition:Languageacquisitionisconcernedwithlanguagedevelopmentinhumans.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirfirstlanguage,thatis,thenativelanguageofthemunityinwhichachildhasbeenbroughtup.2telegraphicspeech:Theearlymultiwordutteranceofchildrenhaveaspecialcharacteristic.Theytypicallylackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories.Becauseoftheirresemblancetothestylyoflanguagefoundintelegrams,utteranceatthisacquisitionstageareoftencalledtelegraphicspeech.3holophrasticsentence:Children’sone-wordutterancearealsocalledholophrasticsentences.4acquisition:AccordingtoKrashen,acquisitionreferstothegradualand.word.zl.\n-.subconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailymunicativesituations.5learning:Learning,however,isdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.6languagetransfer:LearnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguagetransfer.7positivetransfer:Presumably,positivetransferoccurswhenanL1patternisidenticalwith,orsimilarto,atarget-languagepattern.8negativetransfer:Conversely,negativetransferoccurswhenanL1patternisdifferentfromthecounterpartpatternofthetargetlanguage.9contrastiveanalysis:TheContrastiveAnalysisapproachwasfoundedonthebeliefthat,byestablishingthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthenativeandtargetlanguagesystem,itwaspossibletopredictwhatproblemslearnersofaparticularsecondlanguagewouldfaceandthetypesoferrorstheywouldmake.10interlanguage:SLAisviewedasaprocessofcreativeconstruction,inwhichalearnerconstructsaseriesofinternalrepresentationsthatprisesthelearner’sinterimknowledgeofthetargetlanguage,knownasinterlanguage..word.zl.\n-.11formalinstruction:Formalinstructionoccursinclassroomswhenattemptsaremadetoraiselearner’sconsciousnessaboutthenatureoftargetlanguagerulesinordertoaidlearning.12instrumentalmotivation:Thus,instrumentalmotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalisfunctional.13integrativemotivation:Integrativemotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalissocial.14acculturation:Arelatedissuewithintegrativemotivationhasbeentheextenttowhichlearnersdifferintheprocessofadaptingtothenewcultureofthe12munity.Thisadaptationprocessiscalledacculturation..word.zl.