语言学导论-第3章 34页

WordStructure:Morphology\nMorphology形态学Thepartofthegrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.\nArewordsthesmallestunits?Manywordscanbedividedintosmallerparts,E.g.:dogswalkingblackensplayerdog-swalk-ingblack-en-splay-erthepartsalsooccurinotherwords:Compare:cat-s;runn-ing;dark-en-s;eat-er\nThesesmallerpartsoccurconsistentlywithmanywords:-s:dogs,cats,…—thepluralconsistently-ing:walking,running,…—anounfromaverb-en:blacken,darken,…—averbmeaning‘becomeADJ’fromanadjectiveADJ-er:player,eater,…—anagentivenominalfromaverb,apersonorthingwhodoesthatactivity\nBasicUnitsPhonology:phonemeMorphology:morpheme词素Basicdefinition:AmorphemeisaminimalunitofsoundandmeaningThesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesmeaning(maybeawordornotaword)Aminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction\nConnection:Sound&MeaningAphonemesometimeshasmorethanonesoundform,whilebeingthesameabstractunit/p/phoneme[p][ph]allophonesMorphemes?Allomorphs\nInphonologyallophones:thesamephoneme,inparticularcontexts.Inmorphologyallomorphs:thesamemorpheme,inparticularcontexts(whatitisattachedto)Morpheme&Allomorphs\nExample:EnglishpluralAlsomoose:ox:moose-Øox-enRegularIrregular\nMorpheme:‘minimalunitofsoundandmeaning’Afurtherdivision:whethertheycanoccurontheirownornot:No:-sindog-s;-edinkick-ed;cran-incran-berryYes:dog,kick,berryBoundmorpheme黏着词素Freemorpheme自由词素Bound&Freemorpheme\nInacomplexword(twoormoremorphemes):teacherteach-errootaffixRoot(stem,base):thebasicorcoremorpheme.词干词基Affix:thethingsaddedtotheroot.Root&Affix词根&词缀\nRoot(stem,base)词根:freeE.g.teacher,dresses,unkindboundE.g.inept,unkempt,repeat(Note:receive,submit,permit,…onemorpheme)Affix词缀:Prefix前缀:unhappyInfix中缀:absogoddamlutely(俚语slangs)Suffix后缀:happinessRoot&Affix\nFreeMorpheme自由词素Definition:canoccurbyitself,notattachedtoothermorphemesE.g.:girl,teach,book,class,the,of,etc.A.lexicalmorpheme(openclass)feature:haslexicalmeaning;newexamplescanbefreelyaddede.g.:N,Verb,Adj,Adv(contentwords)B.functionalmorpheme(closedclass)feature:newexamplesarerarelyadded(butnotimpossibletoadd)e.g.:Pro,Prep,Conj,Art.(functionwords)Openclass开放性词类Closedclass封闭性词类\nDefinition:mustbeattachedtoanothermorphemeBoyBoysBoyBoy’sBeautyBeautifulExpensiveInexpensiveNewword???BoundMorpheme黏着词素\nBoundMorpheme黏着词素A.Derivationalmorpheme派生词素toformnew(different)wordsmaychangesyntacticclassE.g.:-able,-ex,un-,re-,-ness,etc.B.Inflectionalmorpheme屈折词素nonewwordaddednotchangesyntacticclasstoindicatethegrammaticalfunctionE.g.:Only8kindsinEnglish:N.:-’s,-s(pluralnouns),V.:-ing,-ed/-en,-s(S-Vagreement)Adj./Adv.:-est,-er.\nWORDSimple/ComplexInfl/DerivprettierstringydelightreusetriumphedfastestmistreatExercises:√√√√√√√√√√√√√\nHowaretheseformsrelated-InflectionorDerivation?go,goes,going,gonediscover,discovery,discoverer,discoverable,discoverabilitylovely,lovelier,loveliestinventor,inventor’s,inventors,inventors’democracy,democrat,democratic,democratizeExercises:p41\nHowaretheseformsrelated-InflectionorDerivation?Exercises:Thefarmer’scowsescaped.Itwasraining.Thosesocksareinexpensive.Thestrongestrowercontinued.Thepitbullhasbittenthecyclist.Shequicklyclosedthebook.Thealphabetizationwentwell.Jimneedsthenewercopy.\nClassificationofMorphemeslexicalfree(openclasses)Morphemesfunctional(closedclasses)boundderivationalinflectional\nWhat’sthedifferencebetween“able”and“-able”?able(adj.in“I’mabletodoit”)-able(e.g.,“enjoyable”)ablelexical(free)morpheme-ablederivationalmorpheme\nWordformationDerivation派生法Compounding合成法Blending拼缀法Clipping截短法Acronyms首字母缩略法Onomatopoeia拟声Backformation逆成法Borrowing借用Coining新造……\n2.Compounding合成法Complexwords:rainyrainbowrain-yrainbowroot+affixroot+rootDerivationCompounding\n3.Reduplication重叠词fullorpartialrepetitionofafreemorpheme;sometimeswithvariationso-sozigzagbye-byedilly-dallyhotchpotchmishmash…人人，天天，一点点，冷冰冰，来来往往，点点滴滴，……\n4.Blending拼缀法similartocompounding,butsomepartsofthefreemorphemesinvolvedarelost1stpartof1stword+endof2ndworde.g.brunchbreakfast+lunchsmogsmoke+fogmotelmotor+hotel\nnewscastnews+broadcasttelexteleprinter+exchangebitbinary+digitReaganomicsReagan+economicsfantabulousfantastic+fabulous\n5.Clipping截短法partofafreemorphemeiscutoff,i.e.,shorteningapolysyllabicword;oftenincasualspeeche.g.prof.mathgaslabdormadbikefluLizKathyprofessormathematicsgasolinelaboratorydormitoryadvertisementbicycleinfluenzaElizabethCatherine\n6.Acronyms首字母缩略法abbreviatealongertermbytakingtheinitiallettersTwowaysofpronunciation：A.followthepronunciationpatternsofEng.NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)TOEFL(TestofEng.asaForeignLanguage)AIDS(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)NASA(NationalAeronautics&SpaceAdministration)UFO(?)\nB.IfunpronounceableeachletterissoundedoutseparatelyAcronymslosetheircapitalstobecomeeverydayterms:laser(lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation)radar(radiodetectingandranging)zip(zoneimprovementplan)MTV(musictelevision)VCR(videocassetterecorder)ATM(automatictellermachine)I.Q.(intelligencequotient)MRT(MassRapidTransit)TGIF(?);ASAP(?);WYSIWYG(?)\n7.Backformation逆成法e.g.editoreditdonationdonateburglarburglezipperziptelevisiontelevisebabysitterbabysitNote:teachteacher:derivationalaffixationeditoredit:backformation\n8.Onomatopoeia拟声法wordsimitatesoundsinnatureorintechnology,butneedtoconformtophonologicalsystemofthelanguageAdog:bowwoworwoof-woof,汪汪Aclock:tick-tock,滴答Arooster:cock-a-doodle-doo咕咕咕Acamera:click,喀擦Aduck:quack嘎嘎Acat:meow喵喵Ringofabell:ding-dong,叮咚Acow:moo,哞哞Abee:buzz,嗡嗡Asnake:hiss,嘶嘶\n9.Borrowing借用法(Borrowedwordsorloan-words):thetakingoverofwordsfromotherlanguagesA.Loantranslation:directtranslationoftheelementsofawordintotheborrowinglanguagehotdog热狗superman超人Redology,Confucius,Runningdogs,papertigers,FourBooks,FiveClassics,Scarliterature,…Tatami(Japanese),alcohol(Arabic),jasmine(Persian)B.Transliterationcool酷DINK丁克YUPPIE雅痞Kungfu,fengshui,tofu,dimsum,Shangrilataikonaut,mahjong,yinyangtaichi(shadowboxing)\n10.Coining新造法Coining(Coinage):Creatingacompletelynewfreemorpheme,whichisunrelatedtoanyexistingmorphemes;ararethinge.g.googol,aspirin,nylon,Note:differentfromeverydayuseof“coinage”\n11.ExtensionofwordformationrulesPartofawordistreatedasamorphemethoughit’snotburger(mar)athona(lco)holichamburgertelethonworkaholiccheeseburgerdanceathonbuffaloburgerwalkathonfishburgervegeburgertofuburger\n12.FunctionalshiftFunctionalshift(orconversion,categorychange):AchangeinthepartofspeechVNaguess,amust,aspy,aprintout,walk,run,laugh,touchNVposition,process,contact,notice,party,fax,butter,bottle(computer-relatedterms)input,output,formatVADJsee-through,astand-upcomedian\nExercise：IdentifythewordformationprocessinfomercialmicechirphealthydemoheadlineenthusePRC