月直播：语言学复习指导 26页

AnIntroductoryCoursetoLinguisticsGuidanceforGeneralReviewChuXiuwei\n本课程的教学目标：通过本课程的学习，学生能初步了解或掌握语言学的基本知识，学会分析语料，了解如何进行语言学研究，由此为进一步的语言学习或研究奠定基础；同时，学生能了解语言的本质、掌握语言习得，特别是外语的教与学的实质及相关研究的科学成果，以利于更好地从事英语的学或教。本课程不要求学生死记硬背术语概念和研究结论，但要求学生基本上理解领会语言学的基本知识，并能初步运用语言学的理论知识对某些语言现象和外语教学中的一些问题做出一定的解释。1复习大纲\n据此，本课程期末考试命题以胡壮麟、姜望琪等编的《语言学教程》（修订版）为依据，旨在考核应试者是否理解掌握现代语言学各个主要研究领域的基本概念、基本理论和原则、研究方法，以及所取得的主要研究成果，是否能运用语言学的理论知识对某些语言现象（主要是英语语言现象）和外语教学中的一些问题做出一定的解释。考试内容除了语言学的一些核心基本概念、理论外，主要是与外语的教与学直接或间接相关的知识点。所以，在复习过程中，学生应以把握语言学研究的整体架构为主要目标，同时特别注意各章节中的重点和／或难点。1复习大纲\n现将各章节中的重点、难点陈列如下，其中＊表示是重点内容，要求学生理解掌握并能运用于相关分析；＃表示是难点，要求学生理解基本概念；＃＊表示即是难点又是重点。Chapter1:InvitationstoLinguisticsThedesignfeaturesoflanguage＊,Functionsoflanguage＃,Branchesoflinguistics＊,Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics＃＊1复习大纲\nChapter2SpeechSoundsScopeofphonetics＃＊,Phonetictranscription＃,ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds＃＊,Phoneticsandphonology＃,Phone,phonemeandallophone＃＊,Minimalpair,phonemiccontrast,andcomplementarydistribution＃,Phonologicalprocesses＃1复习大纲\nChapter3LexiconThedefinitionandidentificationofwords＃,Theclassificationofwords＃＊,Thecreationofnewwordsorexpressions＃＊,Definingmorphology＃＊,Morpheme,morphandallomorph＃,Typesofmorphemes＃＊,Word-formation＃＊1复习大纲\nChapter4SyntaxSyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations＃＊,Immediateconstituentanalysis＃＊,Endocentricandexocentricconstructions＃＊,Theinnatenesshypothesis＃,Transformationalrules＃1复习大纲\nChapter5MeaningDenotationandconnotation＃＊,Senseandreference＃＊,Senserelationsbetweenwords＃＊,Componentialanalysis＃＊,Sentencemeaning＃Chapter6PragmaticsSentence-meaningversusutterance-meaning＊,Performativesandconstatives＃,Indirectspeechact＃,Thecooperativeprinciple＃＊,Conversationalimplicature＃＊1复习大纲\nChapter7Language,CultureandSocietyTheSapir-WhorfHypothesis＃,Whyteachcultureinlanguageclass?＃＊Theevaluationofvarietiesof(a)language＃＊,Varietiesoflanguage＃＊,Communicativecompetence＊,Bilingualismanddiglossia＃Chapter8LanguageandComputerCAI/CALvs.CALL＃,Machinetranslation(MT)＃,Corpusandcorpuslinguistics＃1复习大纲\nChapter9LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeachingTherelationoflinguisticstoforeignlanguageteaching＊,Majorfactorsinsyllabusdesign＃,Theresearchfocusinlanguageeducation＃＊,Thesignificanceoflinguisticsinlanguagelearning＃＊,Erroranalysis＃＊,Thesignificanceoftesting＊,Requirementsofagoodtest＃复习大纲\n2考试样题及答案本课程试题题型采用单项选择题、语言学术语与解释选择搭配题、语言学文献阅读理解题、简答题和论述题五种，各种题型所占比例为：单项选择题（共10题），20%；语言学术语与解释选择搭配题（共10题），15%；阅读理解题（1篇短文共5个问题），10%；简答题（共1题），10%；论述题（共1题），15%。满分70分；考试时间为80分钟。考试采用闭卷形式，答题一律用英语。下面的样题只是为大家展示试题的样例。这里提醒大家一定要认真复习课件内容并完成复习思考题。\n2考试样题及答案西南师范大学网络教育学院期末考试样题专业：英语2008年月A卷课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】闭卷考试时间：80分钟满分：70分答案必须做在答题卷上，做在试卷上不予记分。Ⅰ.Ineachquestiontherearefourchoices.Decidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestion,orwouldbestcompletethesentence.WritethecorrespondingletteronyourANSWERSHEET.(20%)Inthefollowingsounds,_____isavoicedstop.A.[b]B.[t]C.[p]D.[k]\n2考试样题及答案2.Alinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguageuseas______.A.unnaturalB.somethingtobefearedC.naturalD.abnormal3.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“boy”canbeexpressedas_____.A.+human,+male,+adultB.+human,-male,+adultC.+human,-male,-adultD.+human,+male,-adult4.Conjunctions,preposition,pronounsandarticlescanbeclassifiedas____.A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.pro-formsD.contentwords5.Iftwosoundsareofnodistinctivevalue,butarevarietiesofthesamephoneme,theyarecalled______.A.phonesB.speechsoundsC.allophonesD.morphsKeys:ACDBC\n2考试样题及答案ColumnA1.dualityofstructure2.freemorphemes3.endocentricconstruction4.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet5.Psycholinguistics6.thesyntagmaticrelation7.derivationalmorphemes8.regionaldialect9.sequentialrules10.presuppositionⅡ.MatcheachofthefollowingtermsinColumnAwithoneoftheappropriatedefinitionsinColumnB.WritethecorrespondingletteronyourANSWERSHEET.(10%)\n2考试样题及答案ColumnBA.thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmind.B.theboundmorphemeswhichareconjoinedtoothermorphemes(orwords)toderiveorformanewwordC.theorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels:alowerlevelofsoundswhichcombinetoformahigherlevelofmeaningfulunitsD.astandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.E.linguisticvarietiesusedbypeoplelivingindifferentregions.F.theruleswhichgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.G.onewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituentsH.thekindofmeaningwhichthespeakerdoesn'tassertbutassumesthehearercanidentifyfromthesentenceI.themorphemeswhichcanconstitutewordsbythemselvesJ.theonebetweenoneitemandothersinalinearsequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent\n2考试样题及答案Keys:1.C2.I3.G4.D5.A6.J7.B8.E9.F10.H\n2考试样题及答案Ⅲ.READINGCOMPREHENSION.Readthefollowingpassages;choosethecorrectanswerforeachquestionandwritethecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.(20%)PassageOne(Questions1-5)Aseveryoneknows,wordsconstantlytakeonnewmeanings.Sincetheydonotnecessarily,norevenusually,taketheplaceoftheoldones,weshouldpicturethisprocessastheanalogyofatreethrowingoutnewbrancheswhichthemselvesthrowoutsubordinatebranches.Thenewbranchessometimesovershadowandkilltheoldonebutbynomeansalways.Weshallagainandagainfindtheearliestsensesofawordflourishingforcenturiesdespiteavastovergrowthoflatersenseswhichmightbeexpectedtokillthem.\n2考试样题及答案Whenawordhasseveralmeaningshistoricalcircumstancesoftenmakeoneofthemdominantduringaparticularperiod.Thus“station”isnowmorelikelytomeanarailway-stationthananythingelse;“speculation”morelikelytobearitsfinancialsensethananyother.Untilthiscentury,“plane”hadasitsdominantmeaning“aflatsurface”or“acarpenter’stooltomakeasurfacesmooth”,butthemeaning“anaeroplane”isdominantnow.Thedominantsenseofawordliesuppermostinourminds.Wheneverwemeettheword,ournaturalimpulseistogiveitthatsense.Weareoftendeceived.Toanoldauthorthewordmaymeansomethingdifferent.Oneofmanyaimsistomakethereadingofoldbookseasyasfarascertainwordsareconcerned.Ifwereadanoldpoemwithinsufficientregardforthechangeofthedictionarymeaningsofwordswewon’tbeabletounderstandthepoemtheoldauthorintended.Andtoavoidthis,knowledgeisnecessary.\n2考试样题及答案Weseegoodwordsorgoodsensesofwordslosingtheiredgeormorerarelygettinganewedgethatservessomedifferentpurposes.“Verbicide”,themurderofaword,happensinmanyways.Inflationisthecommonest:thosewhotaughtustosay“awfully”for“very”,“tremendous”for“great”,and“unthinkable”for“undesirable”wereverbicides.IshouldbegladifIsentanyreaderawaywithasenseofresponsibilitytothelanguage.Itisunnecessarytothinkwecandonothingaboutit.Ourconversationwillhavelittleeffect,butifwegetintoprint--perhapsespeciallyifweareleader-writersorreporters--wecanhelptostrengthenorweakensomedisastrouswords,canencourageagoodandresistabadAmericanism.Formanythingsthepressprintstodaywillbetakenupbyagreatmassofpeopleinafewyears.\n2考试样题及答案1.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis_____.onlyoldwordstakeonnewmeaningB.atreethrowsoutnewbranchesasthewordspickupnewmeaningsC.wordsobtainnewmeaningsfromtimetotimeD.itispossiblefortheoldwordstolosetheiroldsenses2.Bymentioningthetreethrowingoutnewbranches,theauthorhopesto_____.A.stressthenaturalphenomenaB.picturetheprocessofgrowthofnewbranchesC.explainwhattheanalogyisD.illustratehisviewinaclearerway3.Weareoftencheatedbysomewordsinthat______.A.theirdominantmeaningshavenotbeendeterminedB.sometimestheymeansomethingdifferentfromtheirdominantmeanings\n2考试样题及答案C.ournaturalimpulsemakesamistakeD.thedominantsenseofawordisnotaccurateinourminds4.Intheauthor’sview,ifsomeonetaughtustosay“awfully”for“very”,______.A.wewereadvisednottoacceptitB.weweregettinganewedgeforadifferentpurposeC.wesawanexampleofagoodwordbeingmisusedD.wesawawordservingforadifferentpurpose5.Themainideaofthelastparagraphisthat______.A.wecandonothingaboutitunlesswegetintoprintB.weshouldtakeresponsibilitytothelanguageifnecessaryC.ourconversationhaslittleeffectonthesituationbecausewehaven’tgotintoprintD.agreatmassofpeoplewillacceptwhatthepressprintssothatwecanencouragethegoodandresistthebad.Keysto1-5:CDBCD\n2考试样题及答案IV.SHORT-ANSWERQUESTIONS:Answerthefollowingquestionin100to120words.WriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(10%)HowaretheEnglishwordsclassified?ANSWER:1)Accordingtotheirvariability,wordscanbeclassifiedintovariableandinvariablewords.Variablewordsarethosewordswhichcantakeinflectiveendings;invariablewordsarethosethatcannot.2分2)Accordingtotheirgrammaticalandsemanticproperties,wordscanbeclassifiedintolexicalandgrammaticalwords.1分3)Accordingtotheirmembershipwordscanbeclassifiedintoc1osed-classandopen-classwords.1分Aclosedclassisonewhosemembershipisinprinciplefixedorlimited.Conjunctions,prepositions,pronouns,andarticlesbelongtothisclass.1分Anopenclassisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleindefiniteorunlimited.Nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,numerals,andinterjectionsbelongtothisclass.1分\n2考试样题及答案4)Accordingtotheirsimilaritiesintermsofinflectionsanddistributionorbyanalyzingtheirvariousgrammatical,semanticandphonologicalproperties,wordsinalanguagecanbegroupedintodifferentclasses,i.e.wordclasses.2分Wordclassisclosetothenotionofpartsofspeechintraditionalgrammar.InEnglish,nineortenwordclassesareestablished.1分总体印象分：1分\n2考试样题及答案V.ESSAYQUESTION.Developthefollowingtopicintoanessayof120to160words.WriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(15%)Whatisanindirectspeechact?ANSWER:1)Accordingtothespeechacttheory,eachutteranceisproducedwithacertainillocutionaryforce,andaspeechactisperformedinthenameofthatillocutionaryforce.(2分)2)Forexample,inproducing“Getoutoftheroom!”,thespeakerperformsaspeechactofordering.（1分）3)Anindirectspeechactisaspeechactperformedindirectly,thatis,throughperforminganotherkindofspeechact.（4分）\n2考试样题及答案4)Forexample,peopleoftenindirectlyperformthespeechactofrequestingthroughperformingthespeechactofquestioning,asthemotherdoesinthefollowingconversation:Mother:Tommy,canyoupassmethesalt?Tom:Hereyouare.Mother:Thanks,honey.（3分）Obviously,themotherhereisnotaskingTomwhetherhehastheabilitytopassherthesalt;instead,sheismakinganindirectspeechact,i.e.arequest.（2分）5)Indirectspeechactsareoftenfelttobemorepolitewaysofperformingcertainkindsofspeechact,suchasrequestsandrefusals.（1分）6）总体印象分2分\nThat’sall.Thankyouforyourattentionandwishyougoodluckinthefinalexam!