英语语言学习题与答案 25页

Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguistics1.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)2.LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanA.contactB.communicationC.relationD.community3.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bang4.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”isA.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative5.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎(岁岁)平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.Recreational6.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness7.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal8.referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole9.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality10.answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics11.dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.Comparativelinguistics11.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)12.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.13.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.14.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.15.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.16.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguage\nsystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.1.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.2.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.3.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.4.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.5.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.111.Fillintheblanks.(10%)6.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansofcommunication.7.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed8.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis9.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthetheory.10.Linguisticsisthestudyoflanguage.11.Modernlinguisticsisinthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.12.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofoverwriting.13.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisastudy.14.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.15.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)16.Designfeature17.Displacement18.Competence19.SynchroniclinguisticsV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)20.Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?(南开大学，2004)21.Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?(北京第二外国语大学，2004)VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)22.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?(青岛海洋大学，1999)\nKey:I.1~5BACCCII.11~15FFTFFIII.21.verbal23.metalingualfunction25.scientific27.speech[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.icywarmtea]6~10BACAC16~20FFFFF22.productivity/creativity24.yo-he-ho26.descriptive28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue30.competenceIV.31.Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32.Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33.Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34.Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35.Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelementsforinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.37.\nItshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesiscollectdatacheckagainsttheobservablefactscometoaconclusion.Chapter2SpeechSoundsI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice2.Conventionallyaisputinslashes(//).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones4.TheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoasA.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvula5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centering6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i:]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.Consonant11.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.lax\norlongvs.short.11.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.12.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.111.Fillintheblanks.(20%)13.Consonantsoundscanbeeitheror,whileallvowelsoundsare14.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing.15.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionoftheandthelips.16.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthetowhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.17.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout.18.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating.19.InEnglishthereareanumberof,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.20.referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.21.isthesmallestlinguisticunit.22.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthecomingfromthelungs.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)23.Soundassimilation24.Suprasegmentalfeature25.Complementarydistribution26.DistinctivefeaturesV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)27.Whatisacousticphonetics?(中国人民大学，2003)28.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?(南开大学，2004)VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengive\nanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.(青岛海洋大学，1999)(1)voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop(2)lowfrontvowel(3)lateralliquid(4)velarnasal(5)voicedinterdentalfricative答案I.6~10DBABB16~20TTTFF22.friction24.height26.minimalpairs28.Co-articulation30.airstream1~5ACDAAII.11~15TTTFFIII.21.voiced,voiceless,voiced23.tongue25.obstruction27.diphthongs29.PhonemesIV.31.Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32.Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33.Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34.Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.\nVI.37.Omit.Chapter3LexiconI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedasA.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwords2.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivational3.Therearemorphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six4.InEnglishiseandtionarecalled.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesD.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formation6.isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.addition7.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof.A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending8.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymy9.Thestemofdisagreementsis.A.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeD.disagreement10.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorph11.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)12.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.13.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.14.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.15.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.16.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.17.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.18.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.19.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.\n11.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.12.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)13.Anispronouncedletterbyletter,whileanispronouncedasaword.14.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith.15.Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:,and16.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot.17.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongtoclass,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongstoclass.18.isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.19.isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.20.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthelevel.21.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda.22.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:and.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)23.Blending24.Allomorph25.Closed-classword26.MorphologicalruleV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)27.HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?(厦门大学，2003)28.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?underlinedformsfromCOLUMNII(武汉大学，IIa.foesubconsciousUNESCOoverwhelmedVI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)29.MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththe2004)I(1)acronym(2)freemorphemeb.(3)derivationalmorphemec.(4)inflectionalmorphemed.\n(1)prefixe.calculationKey:I.1~5AACBBII.11~15FTFTTIII.21.initialism,acronym23.solid,hyphenated,open25.close,open27.conversion29.derivative,compoundIV.6~10BCADB16~20FTFFF22.vocabulary24.morpheme26.back-formation28.morpheme30.affix,boundroot31.Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32.Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34.Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1)c(2)a(3)e(4)d(5)bChapter4Syntax1.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)2.Thesentencestructureis.A.onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical3.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageareinnumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite4.Therulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational5.Asentenceisconsideredwhenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati?calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical6.Aintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator\n1.Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.socialD.functional2.PhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandA.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.3.Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is.A.thecityB.RomeC.cityD.thecityRome4.Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongstoconstruction.D.coordinateA.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateisa5.Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.sentence.A.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundD.complex6.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)7.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.8.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.9.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.10.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.11.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.12.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.13.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.14.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.15.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.16.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)17.Asentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.18.Aisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.19.Amaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.\n1.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled.2.Asentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.3.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledanclause.4.Majorlexicalcategoriesarecategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.5.conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.6.aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.7.Thetheoryofconditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)8.Syntax9.ICanalysis10.Hierarchicalstructure11.TracetheoryV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)12.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?(武汉大学，2004)13.Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.(北京第二外国语大学，2004)VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)14.DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:Key:I.1~5DCDDDII.11~15TTTTFIII.21.simple23.subject25.complex27.openThestudentwrotealetteryesterday.6~10ADDBA16~20FTFTT22.sentence24.predicate26.embedded28.Adjacency30.Case29.ParametersIV.\n31.Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.32.ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituentswordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.33.Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.34.Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.V.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.36.(1)more|beautifulflowers(2)morebeautiful|flowersChapter5Meaning[Mainlytakenfromlxm1000w'sexercises.icywarmtea]I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth2.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents.A.theconceptualistviewB.contexutalismC.thenamingtheoryD.behaviorism3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.\nC.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.1.“CanIborrowyourbike?”“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposes2.isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisC.Phonemicanalysis6.“Alive”and“deadA.gradableantonymsC.complementaryantonymsB.ComponentialanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysisare.B.relationalantonymsD.Noneoftheabove7.dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense8.referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy9.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled.A.homonymsB.polysemiesC.hyponymsD.synonyms10.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeatures11.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)12.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.13.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.14.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.15.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.16.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.17.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.18.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.19.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.20.“Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.21.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)\n7.canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.8.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnolinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.9.meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.10.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled.11.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalled12.oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.13.analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.14.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalledrestrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.15.A(n)isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.16.Accordingtothetheoryofmeaning,thewordsinalan?guagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)17.Entailment18.Proposition19.Componentialanalysis20.ReferenceV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)21.Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?Dogs,cats,pets,parrots;trunk,branches,tree,roots(青岛海洋大学，1999)22.Whatarethethreekindsofantonymy?(武汉大学，2004)VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)23.Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesaresharedbythe(a)wordsandthe(b)words,andwhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesdistinguishbetweentheclassesof(a)wordsand(b)words.(1)a.bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,chiefb.bull,rooster,drake,ram(2)a.table,stone,pencil,cup,house,ship,carb.milk,alcohol,rice,soup\n1999)(1)a.book,temple,mountain,road,tractorb.idea,love,charity,sincerity,bravery,fearKey:I.6~10CACDA16~20TFTTT22.direct24.synonyms26.Relational28.selectional30.naming1~5ABDDBII.11~15FFTFTIII.21.Semantics23.Reference25.homophones27.Componential29.argumentIV.31.Entailment:Itisbasicallyasemanticrelation(orlogicalimplication),anditcanbeclarifiedwiththefollowingsentences:a.TomdivorcedJane.b.JanewasTom’swife.Intermsoftruthvalue,thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweenthesetwosentences:whenAistrue,Bmustbealsotrue;whenBisfalse,Amustalsobefalse.WhenBistrue,Amaybetrueorfalse.ThereforewecansayAentailsB.32.Proposition:Itistheresultoftheabstractionofsentences,whicharedescriptionsofstatesofaffairsandwhichsomewritersseeasabasicelementofsentencemeaning.Forexample,thetwosentences“CaesarinvadedGaul”and“GaulwasinvadedbyCaesar”holdthesameproposition.33.Compositionalanalysis:Itdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents,orsemanticfeatures.Forexample,themeaningofthewordboymaybeanalyzedintothreecomponents:HUMAN,YOUNGandMALE.SimilarlygirlmaybeanalyzedintoHUMAN,YOUNGandFEMALE.34.Reference:Itiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.V.35.Hyponymy,metonymyorpart-wholerelationship36.(Omit.)VI.37.(1)The(a)wordsand(b)wordsaremale.The(a)wordsarehuman,whilethe(b)wordsarenon-human.(2)The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareinanimate.The(a)wordsareinstrumental,whilethe(b)wordsareedible.(3)The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareworldlyorconceptual.The(a)wordsarematerial,whilethe(b)wordsarespiritual.Chapter7Language,CultureandSociety\n[注：第六章无测试题]I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.PsycholinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.Generallinguistics2.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits.A.useofwordsB.useofstructuresC.accentD.morphemes3.isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.RegionalvariationB.LanguagevariationC.SocialvariationD.Registervariation4.arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.GeographicalbarriersB.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeechC.PhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD.Socialbarriers5.meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.LanguageinterferenceB.LanguagechangesC.LanguageplanningD.Languagetransfer6.inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.A.RegionalvariationB.ChangesinemotionsC.VariationinconnotationsD.Stylisticvariation7.Aisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafrancaB.registerC.CreoleD.nationallanguage8.Althougharesimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguagesB.creolesC.pidginsD.sociolects9.Innormalsituations,speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheircounterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.A.female;maleB.male;femaleC.old;youngD.young;old10.Alinguisticreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A.slangB.euphemismC.jargonD.taboo11.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.12.Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.\n1.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin.2.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.3.Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.4.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.5.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.6.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.7.Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.8.Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.111.Fillintheblanks.(20%)9.Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeech.10.Speechreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.11.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethanavarietyofalanguage.12.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguage.13.Socialvariationgivesrisetowhicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.14.variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.15.Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationalorlanguageofacountry.16.Thestandardlanguageisa,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.17.Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,orlanguages.18.Apidgintypicallylacksinmorphemes.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)19.Linguafranca20.Regionaldialect21.Register\n1.SociolinguisticsV.Answerthefollowingquestions.（20%）2.IsAmericanEnglishsuperiortoAfricanEnglish?Whyorwhynot?（中国人民大学，2003）36.Ifwetakeitasrulethatlanguageisintimatelyrelatedtoculture,thenhowdothekinshipwords,suchasuncleandaunt,reflecttheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese?（东北师范大学，2004）VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.（20%）37.Explainthedifferencesbetweenregistersandregional/socialdialects.Giveexamplesifnecessary.（东北师范大学，2005）答案I.6~10DACAD16~20TFTFF22.variety24.planning26.Stylistic28.superposed30.inflectional1~5BCAACII.11~15FTFFFIII.21.community23.dialectal25.sociolects27.official29.vernacularIV.31.Linguafranca:Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasacommonspeechforsocialcontactamonggroupsofpeoplewhospeaksdifferentnativelanguagesordialects.32.Regionaldialect:Regionaldialect,alsosocialorclassdialect,isaspeechvarietyspokenbythemembersofaparticulargrouporstratumofaspeechcommunity.33.Register:Register,alsosituationaldialect,referstothelanguagevarietyappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituationsonwhichdegreesofformalitydepends.34.Sociolinguistics:Definedinitsbroadestway,sociolinguistics,asubdisciplineoflinguistics,isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Itisconcernedwithlanguagevariation,languageuse,theimpactofextra-linguisticfactorsonlanguageuse,etc.V.35.AmericanEnglishisnotsuperiortoAfricanEnglish.AsdifferentbranchesofEnglish,AfricanEnglishandAmericanEnglishareequal.Similarastheyare,theyareinfluencedbytheirrespectiveculturalcontextandthusformrespectivesystemsofpronunciation,wordsandevengrammar.36.InChina,Chinesehasamorestrictandcomplexrelationshipsystem.SoinChinesetherearealotmorekinshipwordsthaninEnglish.VI.\n37.(Omit.)Chapter8LanguageinUseI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningisconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context2.Asentenceisaconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptual3.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive4.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.5.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil.A.inthelate50’softhe20thecenturyB.intheearly1950’sC.inthelate1960’sD.intheearly21stcentury6.istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact7.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs8.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydifferA.intheirillocutionaryactsB.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforceD.intheireffectbroughtabout9.isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrincipleB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrinciple10.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicatures11.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.12.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.13.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.\n4.Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.5.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.6.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.7.Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences8.SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.9.Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.10.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.111.Fillintheblanks.(20%)11.Thenotionofisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.12.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesan.13.Themeaningofasentenceis,anddecontexualized.14.werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.15.weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.16.A(n)actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.17.A(n)actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.18.A(n)iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.19.A(n)istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.20.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximof,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)21.Conversationalimplicature22.Performative23.Locutionaryact24.Q-principle(Horn)V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)25.Explainthefollowingremarkswithexamplesormakesomecomments.“Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsareconcernedwithmeaning,butthedifferencebetweenthem\ncanbetracedtotwodifferentusesoftheverbmean:(a)WhatdoesXmean?(b)WhatdidyoumeanbyX?”(东北师范大学，2006)4.DoyouthinkBiscooperativeinthefollowingdialogue?SupportyourargumentwithCooperativePrinciple.(南开大学，2004)A:Whenisthebuscoming?B:Therehasbeenanaccidentfurtheruptheroad.VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)5.Whatisthefunctionofcontextincommunication?Trytoexplainthefollowingutterancesratherthanjuststatefacts.(1)Theroomismessy.(2)Itwouldbegoodifshehadagreenskirton.Key:I.1~5DBCBAII.11~15FTTFFIII.21.context23.abstract25.Performatives27.illocutionary29.expressiveIV.6~10CBCAD16~20FFFTT22.utterance24.Constatives26.locutionary28.commissive30.quantity31.Conversationalimplicature:Inourdailylife,speakersandlistenersinvolvedinconversationaregenerallycooperatingwitheachother.Inotherwords,whenpeoplearetalkingwitheachother,theymusttrytoconversesmoothlyandsuccessfully.Inacceptingspeakers’presuppositions,listenershavetoassumethataspeakerisnottryingtomisleadthem.Thissenseofcooperationissimplyoneinwhichpeoplehavingaconversationarenotnormallyassumedtobetryingtoconfuse,trick,orwithholdrelevantinformationfromoneanother.However,inrealcommunication,theintentionofthespeakerisoftennottheliteralmeaningofwhatheorshesays.Therealintentionimpliedinthewordsiscalledconversationalimplicature.32.Performative:Inspeechacttheoryanutterancewhichperformsanact,suchasWatchout(=awarning).33.Locutionaryact:Alocutionaryactisthesayingofsomethingwhichismeaningfulandcanbeunderstood.34.Horn’sQ-principle:(1)Makeyourcontributionsufficient(cf.quantity);(2)Sayasmuchasyoucan(givenR).V.35.Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandthecontextsandsituationsinwhichtheyareused.Pragmaticsincludesthe\nstudyof(1)Howtheinterpretationanduseofutterancesdependsonknowledgeoftherealworld;(2)Howspeakersuseandunderstandspeechacts;(3)Howthestructureofsentencesisinfluencedbytherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.Pragmaticsissometimescontrastedwithsemantics,whichdealswithmeaningwithoutreferencetotheusersandcommunicativefunctionsofsentences.35.Yes,Biscooperative.Onthefaceofit,B’sstatementisnotananswertoA’squestion.Bdoesn’tsay“when.”However,Awillimmediatelyinterpretthestatementasmeaning“Idon’tknow”or“Iamnotsure.”JustassumethatBisbeing“relevant”and“informative.”GiventhatB’sanswercontainsrelevantinformation,Acanworkoutthat“anaccidentfurtheruptheroad”conventionallyinvolves“trafficjam,”and“trafficjam”preludes“buscoming.”Thus,B’sanswerisnotsimplyastatementof“whenthebuscomes”;itcontainsanimplicatureconcerning“whenthebuscomes.”VI.37.Itoccursbeforeand/orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerutteranceoratext.Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.Thecontextmayalsobethebroadersocialsituationinwhichalinguisticitemisused.(1)a.Amildcriticismofsomeonewhoshouldhavecleanedtheroom.b.Inalanguageclasswhereastudentmadeamistake,forheintendedtosay“tidy.”c.Theroomwaswantedforameeting.(2)a.Amildwaytoexpressdisagreementwithsomeonewhohascomplimentedonalady’sappearance.b.Aregretthatthecustomerhadnottakenthedress.c.Thatsheworearedshirtwasnotinagreementwiththecustomontheoccasion.Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics【注：第九、十、十一章无测试题】1.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)2.Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”is..A.FirthB.SaussureC.HallidayD.Chomsky3.ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof.A.functionB.meaningC.signsD.system4.TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsis.A.BoasB.SapirC.BloomfieldD.Harris5.Generallyspeaking,thespecifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure.\nA.SlotB.ClassC.RoleD.Cohesion1.GrammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussingIndo-Europeanlanguages.A.TraditionalB.StructuralC.FunctionalD.Generative2.GrammarstartedfromtheAmericanlinguistSydneyM.Lambinthelate1950sandtheearly1960s.A.StratificationalB.CaseC.RelationalD.Montague3.InHalliday’sview,thefunctionisthefunctionthatthechildusestoknowabouthissurroundings.A.personalB.heuristicC.imaginativeD.informative4.Therhemeinthesentence“OnitstoodJane”is.A.OnitB.stoodC.OnitstoodD.Jane5.Chomskyfollowsinphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.A.empiricismB.behaviorismC.relationalismD.mentalism6.TGgrammarhasseenstagesofdevelopment.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six7.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)8.FollowingSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,Trubetzkoyarguedthatphoneticsbelongedtolanguewhereasphonologybelongedtoparole.9.Thesubject-predicatedistinctionisthesameasthethemeandrhemecontrast.10.LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.11.AccordingtoFirth,asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure.12.AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.13.TheStandardTheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar.14.Americandescriptivelinguisticsisempiricistandfocusesondiversitiesoflanguages.15.Chomsky’sconceptoflinguisticperformanceissimilartoSaussure’sconceptofparole,whilehisuseoflinguisticcompetenceissomewhatdifferentfromSaussure’slangue.16.Glossematicsemphasizesthenatureandstatusoflinguistictheoryanditsrelationtodescription.17.Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)18.ThePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleofLinguistics.19.ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenandphonology.20.ThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwas.21.Halliday’sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent,andthetheorybehindhis\nFunctionalGrammaris.25.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisa(n)orientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.26.Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsof.27.InthehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theperiodbetween1933and1950isalsoknownasAge.28.inlanguagetheoriesischaracteristicofAmerica.29.ThestartingpointofChomsky’sTGgrammarishishypothesis.30.ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements,thatisa,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.FSP32.Cohesion33.LAD34.CaseGrammarV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?36.Whatisbehaviorism?Whatisbehaviorisminlinguistics?WhatistherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandbehaviorismaccordingtoBloomfield?Doesbehaviorismhaveanylimitations?Ifyes,whatarethey?VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Canyoumakeabriefintroductiontosomeimportantschoolsandtheirinfluentialrepresentativesinmodernlinguistics?Key:I.1~5BACAA6~10ABDCCII.11~15FFTTF16~20FTTTFIII.21.synchronic22.phonetics23.J.R.Firth24.systemic25.sociologically26.distribution27.Bloomfieldian28.Descriptivism29.innateness30.hypothesis-maker\nIV.31.FSP:ItstandsforFunctionalSentencePerspective.Itisatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichreferstoananalysisofutterances(ortexts)intermsoftheinformationtheycontain.32.Cohesion:TheCohesionshowswhetheracertaintagmemeisdominatingothertagmemesorisdominatedbyothers.33.LAD:LAD,thatisLanguageAcquisitionDevice,ispositedbyChomskyinthe1960sasadeviceeffectivelypresentinthemindsofchildrenbywhichagrammaroftheirnativelanguageisconstructed.34.CaseGrammar:Itisanapproachthatstressestherelationshipofelementsinasentence.ItisatypeofgenerativegrammardevelopedbyC.J.Fillmoreinthelate1960s.V.VI.Ommit