英语语言学ppt课件 38页

Chapter4Syntax\nWhatissyntax?----abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.句法学是语言学的一个分支，即研究词如何组成短语和句子以及支配短语和句子构成的规则。\nCategoriesCategoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.范畴指的是特定语言中具有相同或相近功能的语言项目，如句子，名词词组，动词等。\nWord-levelcategoriesMajorlexicalcategories:N,V,Adj,Prep.MinorLexicalcategories:Det,Deg,Qual,Auxi,Conj.\nThecriteriaonwhichcategoriesaredeterminedMeaningeg:（nouns:entities,objects）Inflectioneg:(pluralaffix–s:boy,desk)Distributioneg:(nouns:thegirl,acard;verbs:shouldgo,willstay;adjectives:verycool,toobright)Note:Themostreliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.\nPhrasecategoriesandtheirstructuresPhrasecategories----thesyntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrasecategories,suchasNP(N),VP(V),AP(A),PP(P).(围绕某一词组成的结构)[NPtheprettygirl][VPoftendream][APverypessimistic][PPmainlyabout]\nThestructure:specifier+head+complementHead(中心语)----thewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed(构建一个短语范畴的中心词)Specifier(标志语)----thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsComplement(补语)----thewordsontherightsideoftheheads\nPhrasestructurerulesThegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule（规定短语成分排列顺序的语法规则）NP(Det)+N+(PP)……e.g.thosepeople,thefishontheplate,prettygirls.VP(Qual)+V+(NP)……e.g.alwaysplaygames,finishassignments.AP(Deg)+A+(PP)……e.g.veryhandsome,verypessimistic,familiarwith,veryclosetoPP(Deg)+P+(NP)……e.g.ontheshelf,intheboat,quitenearthestation.\nSpecifierXComplementHeadXPTheXPruleNote:ThephrasestructurerulescanbesummedupasXPruleshowninthediagram,inwhichXstandsforN,V,AorP.\nCoordinationruleCoordinationstructures-----thestructuresthatareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,or,etc.----Coordinationhasfourimportantproperties:nolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesbeforetheconjunction;acategoryatanylevelcanbecoordinated;thecategoriesmustbeofthesametype;thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.\nPhraseelementsSpecifierHeadcomplement\nSpecifiers（标志语）Semantically,specifiersmakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.(语义功能使短语中心词意义更明确)Syntactically,theytypicallymarkaphraseboundary.（表明短语的边界）SpecifierscanbedeterminersasinNP,qulifiersasinVPanddegreewordsasinAP.\nComplements（补语）----Complementsthemselvescanbeaphrase,theyprovideinformationabutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead,e.g.astoryaboutasentimentalgirl;Therecanbenocomplement,onecomplement,ormorethanonecomplementinaphrase,e.g.appear,break,put…;asentence-likeconstructionmayalsofunctionasacomplementsuchasin“Ibelievedthatshewasinnocent.Idoubtifshewillcome.Theyarekeenforyoutoshowup.”That/if/forarecomplementizers,theclausesintroducedbycomplementizersarecomplementclause.\nModifiers（修饰语）Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.（用于描述中心词特征的非必须的修饰成分）\nSentences(theSrule)SNPVPSNPVPNPDetNVDetNAboyfoundtheevidence\nSNPinflVPManylinguistsbelievethatsentences,likeotherphrases,alsohavetheirownheads.Inflisanabstractcategoryinflection(dubbed‘Infl’)astheirheads,whichindicatesthesentence’stenseandagreement.InflP(=S)NPVPInflSentences(theSrule)\nInflrealizedbyatenselabelInflP（=S）NPVPNPDetNInflVDetNAboyPstfoundtheevidence\nInflrealizedbyanauxiliaryInflP（=S）VPNPNPDetNInflVDetNAboywillfindtheevidence\nTransformationsAuxiliarymovement(inversion)DoinsertionDeepstructure&surfacestructureWh-movementMoveαandconstraintsontransformations\nAuxiliarymovement(inversion)InversionMoveInfltotheleftofthesubjectNP.Inversion(revised)MoveInfltoC.CCPSDetNInflVthetrainwillarriveNP\nAuxiliarymovement(inversion)CPSCNPInflDetNInflVWillthetrainearrive\nDoinsertionDoinsertion----InsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInflposition.CPCSNPInflVPBirdsflyCPCPCCSSInflNPInflVPNPInflVPBirdsdoflyDobirdseflyFigure-1Figure-2Figure-3\nDeepstructure&surfacestructureConsiderthefollowingpairofsentences:Johniseasytoplease.Johniseagertoplease.Structurallysimilarsentencesmightbeverydifferentintheirmeanings,fortheyhavequitedifferentdeepstructures.\nDeepstructure&surfacestructureConsideronemoresentence:Flyingplanescanbedangerous.ItcanmeaneitherthatifyouflyplanesyouareengagedinadangerousactivityorPlanesthatareflyingaredangerous.\nDeepstructure----formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssub-categorizationproperties;itcontainsalltheunitsandrelationshipsthatarenecessaryforinterpretingthemeaningofthesentence.Surfacestructure----correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations;itisthatofthesentenceasitispronouncedorwritten.Deepstructure&surfacestructure\nTheorganizationofthesyntacticcomponentTheXPruleDeepstructuretransformationsSurfacestructureSubcategorizationrestrictschoiceofcomplements\nWh-movementConsiderthederivationofthefollowingsentences:Whatlanguagescanyouspeak?Whatcanyoutalkabout?Thesesentencesmayoriginateas:Youcanspeakwhatlanguages.Youcantalkaboutwhat.\nWh-movementWh-movement----Moveawhphrasetothebeginningofthesentence.Whatlanguagecanyouspeak?Whatcanyoutalkabout?\nWh-movementWh-movement----MoveawhphrasetothespecifierpositionunderCP.(Revised)CPVPVNPwonthegameSNPInflePstNPCWho\nMoveαandconstraintsontransformationsInversioncanmoveanauxiliaryfromtheInfltothenearestCposition,butnottoamoredistantCposition.Noelementmayberemovedfromacoordinatestructure.\nExercisesIndicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.a)Theoldladyleft.DetANVb)Thecarstoppedattheendoftheroad.DetNVPDetNPDetNc)Thesnowmighthaveblockedtheroad.DetNAuxAuxVDetNd)Heneverappearsquitemature.NQualVDegA\nThefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeach.a)fullofpeopleAPAPNfullofpeopleXP(AP)head(full)A+complement(ofpeople)PP\nb)astoryaboutasentimentalgirlNPNPPPDetNPNPANDetANastoryaboutasentimentalgirlXP(NP)specifier(a)Det+head(story)N+complement(aboutasentimentalgirl)PP\nc)oftenreaddetectivestoriesVPQualVNPANoftenreaddetectivestoriesXP(VP)specifier(often)Qual+head(read)Complement(detectivestories)NP\nDrawphrasestructuretreesforeachofthefollowingsentences.a)Thejetlanded.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetNPstVThejetlanded\nAcrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.InflP(S)NPInflVPVNPPPDetAPNpstDetNPNPAAPNAAcrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution\na)Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.InflP(=S)NPVPNAuxVNPDetANPNCONNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants\nYouknowthatIhatewar.SNPVPNVCPCSNPVPNVNPNYouknowthatIhatewar