英语语言学概论复习 32页

《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章)2013-6-1ChapterIIntroduction2012I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEorFALSE:T1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.F2.CompetenceandperformanceisdistinguishedbySaussure.F3.Asynchroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.T4.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.F5.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.F6.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.T7.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.T8.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.T9.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.T10.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.\nF11.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.T12.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.F13.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.T14.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.T15.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.T16.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.T17.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.T18.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.T19.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.F20.Synchroniclinguisticisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.F21.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.T22.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.F23.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.\nT24.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.F25.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.F26.Featuresthatcontrastwordsinmeaningarecalleddesignfeaturesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.F27.Linguisticsymbolsarearbitrary.F28.ByarbitrarinessSaussuremeansthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearsomenaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:descriptive 1.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobed_______.knowledge2. Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.abstract3.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.Duality43.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.arbitrary5.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.\nSociolinguistics6.Sisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.syntax7.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.genetic8.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.Parole9.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.applied10.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.productive11.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbe12scientifc12.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.social13.Tohelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelationsisthesfunctionoflanguage.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.A1.Thedescriptionofalanguageinafixedinstantisa_______study.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.systematic\nD2.Theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningiscalled_____.A.sociolinguisticsB.PsycholinguisticsC.computationallinguisticsD.AppliedLinguisticsC3.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguisticD4.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.MeaningfulnessA5.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stableD6.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.A. inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB. speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C. speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD. AlloftheaboveC7.Manymodernlinguistshavecriticizedtraditionalgrammariansfor\nadoptinga_____approachtolanguagestudy.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.descriptiveB8.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparativeC9.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.LanguageB10.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideasA11.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibility           D.culturaltransmissionB12.Thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadeby_______earlylastcentury.A.AmericanlinguistN.ChomskyB.SwisslinguistF.deSaussure\nC.AmericanlinguistEdwardSapirD.BritishlinguistJ.R.FirthA13.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageis.A.arbitraryB.rationalC.logicalD.culturalIV.Answerthefollowingquestion:1.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?2.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?Chapter2：PhonologyI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:T1.     VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish. F2.       Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution. F3.       Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning. F4.       EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot. \nT5.       Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting. T6.       Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed. F7.       Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph. F8.       Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.T9.Thesound〔z〕isavoicedalveolarstop.T9.VoicingisadistinctivefeatureforEnglishconsonants.F10.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring,thenthetwowordsarecalledminimalpairs.Sipandzipareaminimalpair,asarefineandvine,andvealandleaf.T11.       Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing. F12.  Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest. F13.  Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar. T12.  Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels. \nF13.  Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels. T14.TheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceandmannerofarticulation.F15.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependonthepositionsoflips.F16.  Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme. F17.  Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning. F18.  Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories. T19.  Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning. F20.  Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast. T21.  Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific. T22.  Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.T23.Articulatoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.T24.Thespeechsoundsinalmosteverylanguagecanbedividedintotwomajornaturalclasses:consonantsandvowels.T25.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.\nF26.Suprasegmentalfeaturesaredistinctivefeaturesofsegmentalphonemes.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:aspiration27．A_____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds. articulatory28． A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer. Bilabial29．Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds. Tongue30．Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother. place31．Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation. stop32．Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.suprasegmental33．S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc. sequential34．Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules. \nnarrow35．Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription. intonation36．Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________. phonology37．P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication. alveolar38.Ifyousaydoor,new,two,senior,zoo,youwillnoticethatthefirstsoundsinallthesewordsarea_______sounds.Thetandsarevoiceless,andd,nandzarevoiced.Onlynisnasal.oral39．Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity. tone40．T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.sentence41．Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stress.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:A1.Thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsiscalled________phonetics.\nA.acousticB.articulatoryC.auditoryD.allomorphicD2.Thesound/f/is_________________.A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricativeC3．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords A4．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.    A.voicelessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonantalB5．__________isavoicedalveolarstop.           A./z/B./d/C./k/D./b/ D6．Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.A.identicalB.same           C.exactlyalikeD.similar A7.Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.A.inphonemiccontrastB.incomplementarydistribution\n           C.theallophonesD.minimalpair D8．Thesound/f/is_________________.A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricativeC9. A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.        A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle D10.Palatalsemi-vowelreferstothesound.A.[n]B.[h]C.[w]D.[j]D11.Aphonemeisagroupofphoneticallysimilarsoundscalled.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophonesC12.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.A.phoneticcomponentsB.immediateconstituents         C.suprasegmentalfeaturesD.semanticfeatures D13.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phoneB.sound\n           C.allophoneD.phoneme D14．Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophones C15.A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle16.Thesoundsthatbeginandendthewordschurchandjudgearevoicelessandvoiced_______,respectively.(C)A.stopsB.fricativesC.affricatesD.plosivesIV.Answerthefollowingquestion:1.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?2.Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,andtheassimilationruleinphonology.Chapter3：MorphologyI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:\nT1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.F2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.T3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.T4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.F5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.T6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.T7.Almosteverywordineverylanguageiscomposedofoneormoremorphemes.F8.Theallomorphisanabstractunit.T9.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.F10.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.F11.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.T12.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundoftenfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.F13.InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlyprefixes.F14.Themeaningofacompoundisthecombinationofthemeaningsof\nthewordsinthecompound.II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:Root1.Risthepartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Morpheme2.M____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Bound3.B___________morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.derivational4.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesandd__________affixes.suffix5.As______isaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.Compounding6.C__________isthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.compound7.Thewordsnowfallisawordformedbyjoiningtwoseparatewords,i.e.“snow”and“fall.”Thisnewlyformedwordisgenerallyregardedasac_______.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:D1. Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)______.A.boundmorphemeB.boundformC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freemorpheme\nD2.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound__________.A. isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponentsB. canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemesC. isthesameasthemeaningofafreephrase.D. Noneoftheabove. C3.“-s”intheword“books”is_______.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.arootD4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A.RainbowB.MilkshakeC.Icy-coldD.UnpleasantB5.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof__________.      A.thefirstelementB.thesecondelement      C.eitherthefirstorthesecondelem        D.boththefirstandthesecondelements.B6._______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.A.FreemorphemesB.BoundmorphemesC.BoundwordsD.WordsC7._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.\nA.SyntaxB.GrammarC.MorphologyD.MorphemeC8. Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.A.lexicalB.morphemicC.grammaticalD.semanticD9. Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.A.havetobeusedindependentlyB.  cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemesC. caneitherbefreeorboundD. havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes.A10. ____modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.AffixesB11. _________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.SentencesC12. “-s”intheword“books”is_______.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.arootC13.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongto“openclasswords”?A.NounsB.AdjectivesC.ConjunctionsD.AdverbsB14.Inthewordunreliable,theprefix“un-”isa(n)_______morpheme.A.freeB.bound\nC.rootD.inflectionalA15.Morphemesthatrepresent“tense”,“number”,“gender”,“case”,“aspect”,“degree”andsofortharecalledmorphemes.A.inflectionalB.boundC.freeD.derivationalA16.TheEnglishword“modernizers”iscomposedofmorphemes.A.fourB.threeC.twoD.fiveC17.Whichofthefollowingaffixdiffersfromothers?A.–lyB.–nessC.–ingD.–fulV.Answerthefollowingquestion:Whatisaninflectionalmorpheme?Locatetheinflectionalmorphemeineachofthefollowingsentencesandpointoutitsgrammaticalmeaning.Mr.SmithlivesintheBigApple.Thefilm’salreadystarted.Wearepreparingforanimportanttest.\nChapter4：SyntaxI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:F1.Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.F2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.F3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.T4.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.T5.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.T6.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.F7.Asentencecan’thavemorethanonedeepstructure.T8.Thestructurethatoccursaftermovementtakesplaceiswhatwetermassurfacestructure.\nT9.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.T10.Anounphrasecontainsanoun,whileotherelementsareoptional.T11.Wordsinasentenceareorganizedintogroupsoflexicalcategories,commonlyknownaspartsofspeech.T12.Chomskymadeadistinctionbetweentwolevelsofstructures:surfaceanddeepstructures.T13.Transformational-generativegrammarwasfirstsuggestedbyNoamChomsky.II.Diagramtheconstituentstructureofthefollowingsentenceandnamethedifferentconstituents.(ICanalysis)ThepassengertrainfromChicagowillarriveinAtlantaaftermidnight. Chapter5SemanticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:F1.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.\nF2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform. T3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.F4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience. T5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts. T6.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer. F7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents. T8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality. F9.Thepredicationanalysisofasentenceonlyappliestostatementsandinterrogativeforms.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:Semantics1.S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.direct2.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.\nReference3.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Synonyms4.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.homophones5.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.relational6.Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledr_______opposites.referential7.Whatiscommunicatedbyvirtueofwhatlanguagereferstoisther_____meaningofaword.Reverse8.R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.Componential9.C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.selectional10.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.naming11.Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:A1.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth\nB2.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistviewB.contexutalismC.thenamingtheoryD.behaviourism D3.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?A. Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.  Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C. Senseisabstractandde-contextualized.D. Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin. D4.“CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”           A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposes B5.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis C6.“alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationaloppositesC.complementaryantonymsD.noneoftheabove \nA7._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense C8.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy D9.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms C10.Thekindofantonymybetween"married"and"single"isoneof__________Aconverse　BrelationalCcomplementaryDgradableD11.Accordingtothecomponentialanalysis,theword“girl”and“woman”differinthefeatureof_______.A.HUMNANB.ANIMATEC.MALED.ADULTA12. Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.  grammaticalrulesB.  selectionalrestrictionsC.  semanticrulesD.  semanticfeatures\nD13.Thewordsstationaryandstationeryareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning.Theyare_______.A.completehomonymsB.homographsC.hyponymsD.homophonesB14.Inthefollowingpairsofwords,areapairofcomplementaryantonyms.A.oldandyoungB.maleandfemaleC.hotandcoldD.buyandsellA15.Therelationshipbetween“violet”and“tulip”is________.A.co-hyponymsB.superordinateC.hyponymsD.antonymsD16.“CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposesIV.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?Towhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?deep/shallowmarried/singlesour/sweetteacher/studentasleep/awake2.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?3.Whatmightmakeagrammaticallymeaningfulsentencesemanticallymeaningless?\nChapter6：PragmaticsI. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:F1. BothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunicationF2. Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.T3. Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.F4. Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.F5. Sentencemeaningisabstractbutcontext-dependent.F6. Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.F7. UtterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentencesF8.   Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention. T9.SpeechacttheorywasproposedbytheBritishphilosopherJohnAustininthelate1950softhe20thCentury.II.     Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:\nPragmatics1.  P_________isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.context2.   Thenotionofc_________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.illocutionary3.Allthespeechactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurposeorthesamei_______point,buttheydifferintheirstrengthorforce.utterance4.   Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanu___________.abstract5.   Themeaningofasentenceisa_______,anddecontextualized.Constatives6.   C________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.performatives7.   P________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.locutionary8.   Al_________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.illocutionary9.   Ani__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.expressive10.   Ane________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.quatity11.   Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximofq_______,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner. \nIII.  Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:A1._________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.SenserelationD.ConceptC2.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething_______intraditionalsemantics.A.contextualB.behaviouristicC.intrinsicD.logicalD3.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.contextB4.Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptualC5.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressiveB6.Whichofthefollowingistrue?\nA.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.A7.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.A.inthelate50’softhe20thecenturyB.intheearly1950’sC.inthelate1960’sD.intheearly21stcentury.D8.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.AperformativeactB9.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs.A10.__________isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrinciple\nB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrincipleD11.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicatureB12.Theillocutionarypointof_______istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.directivesB.expressivesC.commissivesD.representativesC13.foundthatnaturallanguagehaditsownlogicandthusconcludedthefamousCooperativePrinciple.A.JohnAustinB.JohnFirthC.PaulGriceD.WilliamJonesC14.Asfarasthesentence“Mybagisheavy”isconcerned,linguistsofpragmaticsaremoreinterestedinits______meaning.A.literalB.logicalC.utterenceD.sentenceD15.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhether,inthestudyofmeaning,_________isconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.contextD16.A:WhatdoyouthinkofMr.Zhang?B:Afineday,isn’tit?\nInthedialoguebetweenAandB,B’sanswerfloutswhichofthefourmaximsofCP?A.ThemaximofquantityB.ThemaximofqualityC.ThemaximofmannerD.ThemaximofrelationIV.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample.2.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?3.Whatispragmaticfailure?TrytofindinstancesofpragmaticfailureintheEnglishusedbyChineselearnersofEnglish.