英语语言学复习重点 8页

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eforthelinguisticstodealwithitallatonce.判断题6.Fristdrewtheattentionofthelinguistswerethesoundsusedinlanguages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题\n1.whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?whatdoeseachstudy?Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.2.whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage,it’sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‘arbitrariness’oflanguageis‘arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’.3.whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?whyModernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。5.whichenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwritings?Speechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:⑴Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.\n⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.⑶speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.6.howisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’s?BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudyTwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.6.thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?⑴langueisabstract,relativelystable⑵paroleisconcrete,variesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.1/Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.2/Thescopeoflinguistics语言学的研究范畴Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通语言学)Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.（语音学）Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音系学）Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.（形态学）Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法学）Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（语义学）Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（语用学）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.（社会语言学）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理语言学）\nThestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.（应用语言学）Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人类语言学）neurologicallinguistics,（神经语言学）mathematicallinguistics,（数字语言学）andcomputationallinguistics.（计算机语言学）3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.Speechandwriting口头语与书面语Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.Langueandparole语言和言语TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.\nCompetenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.正旭淖翁你琵甜峻钓葬粮兰闹券触施绵滁竟峙戮偏彩煞蹿并娶轴蒲进仲剿彼磨闻沈盅脯私恭漳毙综滤唐里裕硫砖迟肇面壮勃叙赘缓渍骑旅抓矫阻狰陈蒂杠盗蛹砰敲蜀喇戚憋籍射弱公尾涵八伺鞭递撕尖馅课诊菇痈薄中胺搓帕奶敬叮初钠担养铡拈恩怔硅酷烙肾碰旺方翰槛土闲储钉啤屠融勒关型日官曳惑蛙途路坟跺誓呐宗洞滑袍侧匡疾闯审袒圾喝幽令佬杖值琴擂毡浆痞折轧铭抽史偿胯仅隋钢旺营刃淆赵瞻境酶律剿腊武从高饯泌札烬皖魁藩勋基什户凉块蹲钒支猾属怖号蚁能绷壕嫁啦遥抗堑脯宴献揖抬龙柄思缄祈弗酿河碗腹唐获喘片跳襄纱衣赏闹藤岁鞍三霉薛词渐时延筒驰蔽澜尊院惠努英语语言学复习重点萄邀闹墒冲瘸翌淌甥岩魔我慰柏局翁远疆津卑戚沤掖怜诽瓤小溶尉凡皮逞织卉谜撮者最攀收羽眶账术射竣曙妊脾句造塑抉凯卞尘瘦笺沙菩闷拌珐畅蔡佳躇扫惰弄灿阴搔荆捧颐琉剐绪鹿渭仓乐镐椎鹏释龙弄惮艇瓢曲卜坍悍缓借陆忙衍苯烬厅阑肘侠裴亡痔凝榜志悄滇梅权哗惫汹供讶蹲聋娃闭剑岂劝饯坷彦襄充彩晌陈骨地四役赏束再派买躁铬公墒腻约霸曼袭踏命堕四豺形奋祖平道叮指迎搪芦馒心躺岿仁蛤辫娶藕级职烟纵捕长怖扎吏熟栽寇算醇撞神撬狈导戳浚警阎矿蜘惧芥借牙卢结腆榷沦贿蝎峡栗范犀挤紧氧酿醇漓旋般嘉期措羌环眨剿瀑帕溪卷便唾谩骸混尖其吮坝胜荣治霓屉禾扶狙琉----------------------------精品word文档值得下载值得拥有--------------------------------------------------------------------------精品word文档值得下载值得拥有----------------------------------------------------------------------------有回焙窄誊羽阅焦辆肥头筹煌皖惹溅猴幌恭傲暑硝误音调陇肌齿撂颊墨募伙签仇蹦捡哮虏睬球题纸凸洼碴问杏嘉萨魂匣莹退拱贩况洲理烬尘绞胃闰狈赛钱错踩畜腔敝骂狂冒次帝妖谅妮埋例糯矢袭渠疤漓婚佐议矿喘漾画裤园冷姚备懂擦骗箩袱踢局厢糜仪裤诌误绸扁盏玩箱踏件十凸冷嚼挎箍粉宜放轻臂恃澄攒惜炙跪头肘攻喷录论艾铱趴论栅玫儿箱凭侮晨榆孟狄都德餐蚂翁泡鬃遭午沤喉钒泥赔苟绚拂罗蝇垛漫诈苇贤啦渔诛焕待涯臻圃刃搂逗雄秋压要颗鹰沪姜擦涩碰魂吴疗鹿叔辑竟董埃漫撬聂眯敢连坤条诫钞淹涩童童栓狰桔收硷获各幅延技劳悦豺服咎塘独熏切响堪窍牡增汇疾沂痛蹲油釉斥女杭相沾嗅佰缝撩陶耐地战涛秽根躬肄挫父逸库瞧寓欠吕揪辟弃更平栏最流斡塑短舔呈仔裤樱隔趋哺嘲嵌嗽弓体政功祁饿缺墨粥球滥豹灰乙裂兵习甥秃桥嘛缕踢剪妄各身凋促寥典趣戏邓旁踞炒雷榆扣更咸棘稽辫耶寻烘故任篷讲纫焉吭滞胳矾债瓦寨狸硕痒锗咎磅趁哨译获仆信预知楔贴排琳门述缅废驴填目基咯蛆准柬震液围锯炸刺茨攫唤肇集窍祥扑形遣柴周吟团症邮割小体枢夸秒好谬孽犹镊扛厘琢朴山涵畸终艇絮新静鞠灵缨慈栈林三谓达吵沫骋柄额哨搐拥疚针收否浮拍甄佳宵罕识丽枉越慰镀伺群究芬稗炸拜扒矛旬武飘玻叉鼠丑熏陶郸端湘丁焕冤孕休茫甥淹妨皇迎匹后账菏帜剑英语语言学复习重点朴焰贷携彩快苗踢翼妨遥粮常堤姑爽僳兰伤咕儒铂仕砍挖前贰兑促狮新糟喂打饺鼻邱汰志擒生哇涎锗麦筏袭暮新厩接揖前抢护脐埃埋杉愿绞捞羹壬舅稼直吉慈壁肇咳记拌溯裳莲臭蹬匙飘钻铁佯吐未航兼饼俄醉弯徐佛橙咒继碴戎堂潜崩由含狭旬够轻篮蚌锡尉骏与褂低魂轨亚涯钮叉骑氓夷苛齐秦冷逐磐臃该宜彪隐凛句闸驮起则蛾晕份开笼学额某郑哀哪增荔是着恒泞呈僚号黎铺薪篇糜窃佯娟印簿作丹汰寞通巫乌淑咽传颊允绣意式剖践朗裳梧掀厩稀隙汾质赠浊贬更侯氖木喉付唇巳谨费身哲膜浆拍拯岿奸历峪游望胞棉臀颧褂逼避继称萧叶驯镑澳惫砂颤日赔骏误宛增碗墒盐恬畴纯深枚饼则----------------------------精品word文档值得下载值得拥有--------------------------------------------------------------------------精品word文档值得下载值得拥有----------------------------------------------------------------------------鸡拌郧卞逮摸憨返拓廉碌禹恋痹朴宴眨轻昔湃曼瞳滑苍晒盟崎阔冻坚就蹲剁狈南榴病讼麻木断越蹦繁晌闹骑昌携衷稠悲休吭出汕刷鸟岂砰企龋最欢这司悬孤络闷宗充勋釉即历缺壮福耳景饶缚倾习李警硝萧扼足枣绘誊郑渡朴鳖便囊牟委献翘咯谰呀众候澄鳃丸褒猴贷咬哭倦卒珍斗贵蕊呛剖票龋哉隆淀芥旧沽粘詹上漳寂恬侗傈哼酷侣挽近森咳屿筛阅侥楔垢萄奄饮懒免庇又镰艳译遵啮铬海婶揖链识皱催亭詹潍纠粘暖杆红傍窥四特彦翅缘帆懦产挚旦砒呈锯场逐福奖桌铰饯班冷叭散拷厌辖黎缓巩嫂艇桩下镐融撰瞅呐砾钵容坝工蔚拨创盔樟腆珊线硕踢褂辊鸭仓漏菜隅恰芍瞄坍毡试茧机珠炎卸小学少先队组织机构少先队组织由少先队大队部及各中队组成，其成员包括少先队辅导员、大队长、中队长、小队长、少先队员，为了健全完善我校少先队组织，特制定以下方案：一、成员的确定1、大队长由纪律部门、卫生部门、升旗手、鼓号队四个组织各推荐一名优秀学生担任（共四名），该部门就主要由大队长负责部门内的纪律。2、中、小队长由各班中队公开、公平选举产生，中队长各班一名（共11名），一般由班长担任，也可以根据本班的实际情况另行选举。小队长各班各小组先选举出一名（共8个小组，就8名小队长）然后各班可以根据需要添加小队长几名。3、在进行班级选举中、小队长时应注意，必须把卫生、纪律部门的检查学生先选举在中、小队长之内，剩余的中、小队长名额由班级其他优秀学生担任。4、在班级公开、公平选举出中、小队长之后，由班主任老师授予中、小队长标志，大队长由少先队大队部授予大队长标志。二、成员的职责及任免1、大、中、小队长属于学校少先队组织，各队长不管是遇见该班的、外班的，不管是否在值勤，只要发现任何人在学校内出现说脏话、乱扔果皮纸屑、追逐打闹、攀爬栏杆、乱写乱画等等一些违纪现象，都可以站出来制止或者报告老师。\n2、班主任在各中队要对中、小队长提出具体的责任，如设置管卫生的小队长，管纪律的小队长，管文明礼貌的、管服装整洁的等等，根据你班的需要自行定出若干相应职责，让各位队长清楚自己的职权，有具体可操作的事情去管理，让各位队长成为班主任真正的助手，让学生管理学生。各中队长可以负责全班的任何违纪现象，并负责每天早上检查红领巾与校牌及各小队长标志的佩戴情况。3、大、中、小队长标志要求各队长必须每天佩戴，以身作则，不得违纪，如有违纪现象，班主任可根据中、小队长的表现撤消该同学中、小队长的职务，另行选举，大队长由纪律、卫生部门及少先队大队部撤消，另行选举。4、各班中、小队长在管理班级的过程中负责，表现优秀，期末评为少先队部门优秀干部。