语言学-全部习题 答案 16页

第三章Morphology　　I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse：　　1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.　　2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.　　3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology，soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.　　4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.　　5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes：rootsandaffixes.　　6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber，tense，degree，andcase.　　7.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem，whichcanbeaboundroot，afreemorpheme，oraderivedformitself.　　8.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword，notthemeaningofit.　　9.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore，wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.　　10.Phonetically，thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement，whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.　　II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven：　　11.M____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.\n　　12.Theaffix“-ish”intheword‘boyish’conveysag____meaning.　　13.B___________morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes，eitherfreeorbound，toformaword.　　14.Affixesareoftwotypes：inflectionalaffixesandd__________affixes.　　15.D________affixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.　　16.As______isaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.　　17.C__________isthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.　　18.Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewwordarecalledm___________rules.　　19.Intermsofmorphemicanalysis，d_______________canbeviewedastheadditionofaffixestostemstoformnewwords.　　20.As______canbeaboundroot，afreemorpheme，oraderivedformitselftowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement：　　21Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa（n）______.A.boundmorphemeB.boundformC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freemorpheme　　22.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound__________.A.isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponentsB.canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemesC.isthesameasthemeaningofafreephraseD.Noneoftheabove\n　　23.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof__________.A.thefirstelementB.thesecondelementC.eitherthefirstorthesecondelementD.boththefirstandthesecondelements　　　24._______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes，eitherfreeorbound，toformaword.A.FreemorphemesB.BoundmorphemesC.BoundwordsD.Words　　25._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.SyntaxB.GrammarC.MorphologyD.Morpheme　　26.Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.A.lexical　　　　　　B.morphemicC.grammatical　　　　D.semantic　　27.Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.A.havetobeusedindependentlyB.cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemesC.caneitherbefreeorboundD.havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes　　28.____modifythemeaningofthestem，butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.Roots　　　　D.Affixes\n　　29._________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.Phonemes　　D.Sentences　　30.“-s”intheword“books”is　_______.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.aroot　　IV.Definethefollowingterms：31.morphology　　　32.inflectionalmorphology33.derivationalmorphology34.morpheme35.freemorpheme36.boundmorpheme37.root38.affix39.prefix　　　　40.suffix41.derivation　　　　42.Compounding　　　V.Answerthefollowingquestions：　　43.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds？　　44.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.　　SuggestedAnswers　　I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.l.T2.F3.T4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F10.T　　II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.\n11.Morpheme12.grammatical13.Bound14.derivative15.Derivative16.suffix　17.Compounding18.morphological19.derivation20.stem　　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.2l.D22.D23.B24.B25.C26.C27.D28.A29.B30.C　　IV.Definethefollowingterms.　　31.Morphology：Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.　　32.Inflectionalmorphology：Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections　　33.Derivationalmorphology：Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.　　34.Morpheme：Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.　　35.Freemorpheme：Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.　　36.Boundmorpheme：Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes，eitherfreeorbound，toformaword.　　37.Root：Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword；itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear，definitemeaning；itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.　　38.Affix：Affixesareoftwotypes：inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories，whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.\n　　39.Prefix：Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem，buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.　　40.Suffix：Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems；theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.　　41.Derivation：Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.　　42.Compounding：Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.　　V.Answerthefollowingquestions.　　43.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds？　　Orthographicallyacompoundcanbewrittenasoneword，twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.Syntactically，thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.Semantically，themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic，notcalculablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Phonetically，thewordstressofacompoundusuallyfallsonthefirstelement.　　44.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.　　Freemorphemes：Theyaretheindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves，forexample，“book-”intheword“bookish”.Boundmorphemes：Theyarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes，eitherfreeorbound，toformawordsuchas“-ish”in“bookish”.Boundmorphemescanbesubdividedintorootsandaffixes.Arootisseenaspartofaword；itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughithasaclearanddefinitemeaning，suchas“gene-”intheword“generate”.Affixesareoftwotypes：inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-s”intheword“books”toindicatepluralityofnouns.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateawordsuchas“mis-”intheword“misinform”.Derivationalaffixescanalsobedividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofawordsuchas“dis-”intheword“dislike”，whilesuffixesoccurattheendofawordsuchas“-less”intheword“friendless”.\nUnitISomePreliminariesaboutLanguageI.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.3.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole4.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.5.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.6.Appliedlinguisticsistheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning7Competenceandperformancereferrespectivelytoalanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcrete8Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage9Bydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguage10languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary11.Thereisuniversalagreementabouttheoriginoflanguage.12.Petdogscanspeakhumanlanguages.13.Allhumaninfantscanspeaksomelanguage.14.Bycreativitywemeanthecreativeuseoflanguageasoftenpracticedbypoets.\n15.Withdifferentculturestherewillbedifferentlanguages.16.Notallusesoflanguagearemeanttoconveynewinformation.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:1.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.2.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.3Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangethroughtimeisa________study4.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.5.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.6Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof_________communication7languagehasmanyfunctions.wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis________8Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe___________theory9Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof___________overwriting10D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthe\nchoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.1.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic2.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness3.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable4Thefunctionofthesentence“waterboilat100degreescentigrade”AinterrogativeBdirectiveCinformativeDperformative5.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative6languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhuman__________.AcontactBcommunicationCrelationDcommunity7languagesis_______AinstinctiveBnon-instinctiveCstaticDgeneticallytransmitted\n8Alinguistregardsthechangeinlanguageandlanguageuseas_______AunnaturalBsomethingtobefearedCnaturalDabnormal9whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitraryAtreeBcrashCtypewriterDbang10.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD.AlloftheaboveIV.Definethefollowingterms:1.Linguistics2.Phonology3.Syntax4Designfeatures5.Psycholinguistics6.Language7.Phonetics8.Morphology9.paroleV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:1.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.2.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.3.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?\n4.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?5.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?6.Thereisawell-knownstoryintheBiblethatreflectstheimportanceoflanguageinhumansociety.AccordingtotheOldTestament,mankindspokeonlyonelanguageuntilNimrodbegantobuildatowerthatwastoreachheaven.TheLordsaid,“Behold,theyareonepeople,andtheyhaveallonelanguage,andnothingthattheyproposetodowillnowbeimpossibleforthem.Come,letusgodown,andthereconfusetheirlanguage,thattheymaynotunderstandeachother’sspeech.”ASK:(1)Whatiftherewerenolanguage?(2)Whatiftherewereonlyonelanguagetheworldover?(3)WhatcanwelearnfromthisBiblestory?7.Notonlyaremanylanguagesdyingtoday,manydialectsarealsodisappearingfromtheplanet.Forexample,accordingtoareportoncecirculatedontheInternet,manyparentsdiscouragetheirchildrenfromspeakingtheirlocaldialect.TheywouldrathertheirchildrentookholdofeverychancetolearnEnglish,becausethelatterwillgivethemanedgeinfuturecompetition.ASK:(1)Whatmeasuresdoyousuggestforprotectingdialectsaswellaslanguages?(2)Doyouthinkthatsomedaypeopleallovertheworldwillspeakonlyonelanguage,orsomedaynodialectwillexist?8.Canourpetslearnhumanlanguages?Whyorwhynot?9.Whatroledoesbodylanguageplayinlanguagecommunication?UnitISomePreliminariesaboutLanguage\nAnswer:I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:l.T2.F3.T4.T5.T6T7T8F9T10F11.F12.F13.F14.F15.F16.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:1.Knowledge2.Abstract3.Diachroniclinguistics4.Arbitrary5.Syntax6verbal7metalingualfunction8yo-heho9speech10DualityIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.l.C2.D3.C4.C5.B6.B7.B8.C9.A10.DIV.Definethefollowingterms:1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.3.Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax..4Designfeatures:itreferredtothedefiningpropertiesofhuman\nlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.5.Psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.6.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.7.Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.8.Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.9.Parole:itreferredtotheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:1.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseElementsoflanguagearecom­binedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameob­jectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:wordsarejustSymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconven­tion.Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Theterm"human"inthedefinitionindicatesthatlanguageispossessedbyhumanbeingsonlyandisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofotherlivingcreatures.Theterm“communication"meansthatlanguagemakesitpossibleforitsuserstotalktoeachotherandfulfilltheircommu­nicativeneeds.2.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.\n1)ArbitrarinessAsmentionedearlier,thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonec­essaryrelationshipbetweenthewordelephantandtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.2)ProductivityLanguageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossiblethecon­structionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycansendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.3)DualityThedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel,canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordou­blearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.4)DisplacementDisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.\nAnimalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.5)CulturaltransmissionHumanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned,butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytrans­mitted.3.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thede­scriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisthestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.4.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?First,thespokenformispriortothewrit­tenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromThespokenformoflan­guage.Second,thespokenformplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedanditservesawiderrangeofpurposesfinally,thespokenformisthemediumthroughwhichweacquireourmothertongue.5.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?Thedistinct,ionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.\n6.(1)Whatiftherewerenolanguage?Omit.(2)Whatiftherewereonlyonelanguagetheworldover?Omit.(3)WhatcanwelearnfromthisBiblestory?Languageispowerfulasatoolofhumancommunication.7.(1)Whatmeasuresdoyousuggestforprotectingdialectsaswellaslanguages?Omit.(2)Doyouthinkthatsomedaypeopleallovertheworldwillspeakonlyonelanguage,orsomedaynodialectwillexist?Omit.8.Canourpetslearnhumanlanguages?Whyorwhynot?No.Theyaregeneticallynotendowedwiththecapacity.9.Whatroledoesbodylanguageplayinlanguagecommunication?Omit.