英语语言学教程课件 58页

Chapter2SpeechSounds\nThethreemainareasofthestudyofsoundsArticulatoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsoundsAcousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsPerceptualorauditoryphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds\nSpeechproductionandperception(P.24)Inaconversation:TopicSpeakerASpeakerBSpeakerCAspeakercanarticulatethespeechsounds.Thespeechsoundscanbetransmittedandreceivedbythelistener.\n2.1SpeechOrgans(P.25-26)\nSpeechOrgans(Chineseversion)\nThefollowingorgansareinvolvedinspeechproduction:Mouth,Trachea[trә’ki:ә],Throat,Nose,lungs（肺，气管，喉，鼻，口）SpeechOrgans\n1.2TheIPAIn1886,thePhoneticTeachers’AssociationwasinauguratedbyasmallgroupoflanguageteachersinFrancewhohadfoundthepracticeofphoneticsusefulintheirteachingandwishedtopopularizetheirmethods.ItwaschangedtoitspresenttitleoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(IPA)in1897.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)\nOneofthefirstactivitiesoftheAssociationwastoproduceajournalinwhichthecontentswereprintedentirelyinphonetictranscription.TheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianandphoneticianOttoJespersen(1860-1943)in1886,andthefirstversionoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(theIPAchart)waspublishedinAugust1888.\nItsmainprincipleswerethatthereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthatthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.ThealphabetwastoconsistofasmanyRomanalphabetlettersaspossible,usingnewlettersanddiacriticsonlywhenabsolutelynecessary.Theseprinciplescontinuetobefollowedtoday.\nPhonetictranscriptionWhydopeopleneedphonetictranscription?1.TherearemanyaccentsofEnglishusedbypeoplefromdifferentregions.2.Thedivergencebetweenspellingandpronunciationbecomesgreater.Whatisthedefinition?Phonetictranscriptionisasetofsymbolspeopleusetorecordthesoundsofthewritingsystemofthelanguage.\nTheinternationalphoneticalphabet(P.28)\n\n\n2.2Consonantsandvowels(p.29-37)Consonantsaresoundsmadebyaclosureornarrowinginthevocaltractsothattheairflowiseithercompletelyblocked,orsorestrictedthataudiblefrictionisproduced.Avowelisproducedwithoutsuch“stricture”sothat‘airescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthandnose.”(Crystal,1997:154)\nMannerofarticulation(发音方法p.30)Thereareseveralbasicwaysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished:Thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;Theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;Theymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.（你知道人们可以这样发音吗？发音器官暂时或相对长时间地关闭口腔通道；发音器官空间缩小了；发音器官还可以互相贴近并且形成不同形状的通道；）\nStop(Plosive)（塞音，爆破音）[p,b,t,d,k,g]Completeclosureofthearticulatorssothattheairstreamcannotescapethroughthemouth.Nasalstop[m,n,ŋ]Iftheairisstoppedintheoralcavitybutthesoftpalatedownsothatitcangooutthroughthenasalcavity.\nFricative（磨擦音）[f,v,θ,ð,s,z,∫,ʒ,h]Thereiscontinuousfrictionattheplaceofarticulation.Theairstreamispartiallyobstructedandturbulentairflowisproduced.\nApproximants（通音/滑音）[w,r,j]Onearticulatorisclosetoanother,butwithoutthevocaltractbeingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentairstreamisproduced.\nLateral（边音/舌边音）[l]Incompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth\nAffricate（塞擦音）[ʧ,ʤ]Affricatesconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricativeatthesameplaceofarticulation.\nPlaceofarticulation(发音部位p.31-32)ThepointwhereaconsonantismadeConsonantsmaybeproducedatpracticallyanyplacebetweenthelipsandthevocalfolds.1.Bilabial（双唇音）:Theupperlipandthelowerlipareinvolvedintheproductionofsounds.[b,p,m,w]\n2.Labiodental（唇齿音）:Thelowerlipandtheupperfrontteethareinvolvedintheproductionofsounds.[f,v]3.Dental（齿音）:Thetipofthetongueandthetheupperfrontteethareinvolvedinsoundproduction.[ð,ө]\n4.Alveolar（齿龈音）:madewiththetipofthetongueorbladeandthealveolarridgeareinvolvedinthesoundproduction.[t,d,n,s,z,r,l]5.Postalveolar（后齿龈音）:madewiththetipofthetongueandthebackofthealveolarridge.[∫,ʒ]\n6.Retroflex（卷舌音）:madewiththetonguecurledbacktofacethepalate(tonguecurledsotipofundersidetouchestheroofofthemouth)[r]7.Palatal（腭音）:madewiththefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate.[j]\n8.Velar（软腭音）:madewiththebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.[k,g,ŋ]9.Glottal（声门音）:madewiththetwopiecesofvocalfoldspushedtowardseachother.[h]\nAchartofEnglishconsonants(p.34)\nOnpage34TheconsonantsofEnglishcanbedescribedinthefollowingway:[p]voicelessbilabialstop[b]voicedbilabialstop[s]voicelessalveolarfricative[z]voicedalveolarfricative\nVowels(p.32)Inphonetics,avowelisasoundinspokenlanguagethatischaracterizedbyanopenconfigurationofthevocaltract,incontrasttoconsonants,whicharecharacterizedbyaconstrictionorclosureatoneormorepointsalongthevocaltract.\nThecriteriaofvoweldescription(P.33)Fourcriteriatodistinguishbetweenvowels:1.theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low),2.thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back),3.thedegreeofliprounding(rounded,unrounded),4.thepositionofthesoftpalate,raisedfororalvowelsandloweredfornasalizedvowels.\nEnglishvowels\n\n2.3FromphoneticstophonologyWeonlyneedtolearnthefollowingtwopartsinthissection.Broadandnarrowtranscriptions(P.38)Minimalpairs(P.39)Allophones(P.40)\nBroadandnarrowtranscriptions(宽式标音与严式标音p.38)Weneedtounderstandthefollowingterms.1.Diacritics(附加符号）--Asetofsymbolsforthepurposeoftranscribingtheminute(slight)differencebetweenvariationsofthesamesound.InChinesepinyin:à,á,ă,ü,èInEnglish:ãasincan[kãn],ph(aspired)asinpeak[phi:k],łasinlittle[litł]\n2.Broadtranscription（宽式标音）--Asimplesetofletter-symbolsonly,normallyusedindictionariesandtextbooks.Forexample,wealwaysusethecommonsymbolsinourtranscription.Forexample:[help],[kæn],[spi:k],[litl]forhelp,canandspeakandlittle.\n3.Narrowtranscription（严式标音）--Amorespecificsetofletter-symbolswithdiacriticstoshowmorephoneticdetails,requiredandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsound.Thediacriticscanbeusedtoindicatethechangeofsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationprocess.Forexample:[kãn],[hełp]forcanandhelp.Ãandłareusedinsteadof[æ]and[l].(SeeP.38,Table2.4)\nMinimalpairs（最小对立位）p.39Minimalpair--Twodifferentwordsthatareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings.pin-bin,bin-tin,tie-die,choke-joke,pill-bill,bill-till,till-kill.Theyshouldmeet3conditions:(1)Theyaredifferentinmeaning.(2)Theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment.(3)Thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositioninthestrings.\nMinimalset---Agroupofwordswhichmeetalltheabove3conditions.Forexample:big–dig–pig–wig;pill–bill–till–kill;mail–sail–tail;lake–make–sake–bake–cake–fake;\nApracticeforthestudents:ProvidetwominimalpairsforeachofthefollowinggroupsofEnglishphonemes.(A)/t/,/d/(B)/m/,/n/(C)/e/,/æ/(D)/ei/,/ai/(E)/f/,/v/(F)/l/,/r/Youcanrefertop.39,Table2.5.\nAllophones（音位变体p.40）Lookatthetwowords:peakandspeakHowdoyoupronouncethem?Howdoyoutranscribethem?[phi:k],[spi:k]Whydoyoutranscribethemrespectively?InEnglish,[p]canbeaspiredandunaspired.[ph]isaspiredwhile[p]isunaspired.\np.41[ph]and[p]aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthephoneme[p].Suchvariantsofphonemearecalledallophones.\np.41Anotherexampleinourtextbook:[l][l]and[ł][li:d]forlead[di:ł]fordealInthesecondcasethetongueiscurledalittlebackwardsthevelum.So[l]and[ł]aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthephoneme[l].\nFreevariation(p.42):If2soundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentandthesubstitutionofonesoundforanotherdoesnotcauseachangeofmeaning,theyareinfreevariation.Eg:either([aiðə,i:ðə]),economics([ekənomiks],[i:kənomiks])direction([di′rek∫ən],[dai′rek∫ən]advertisement([ædvə′taizmənt],[əd′və:tismənt])\n2.4PhonologicalProcess(音位过程p.41）Assimilation(同化p.42)Aprocessinwhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Therearethreeinstancesofassimilation:nasalization（鼻化）dentalization（齿化）velarization（腭化）\nHowdoyoupronouncethefollowingpairsofwords?Paymuchmoreattentiontothesecondwordineachpair.cap[kæp],can[kãn]--nasalizaed;tap,[tæp],tan;[tãn]--nasalizaed;tent,[tent],tenth[tεnθ]--dentalized;ninety[nainti],ninth[nainθ]--dentalized;since[sins],sink[siŋk]--velarized;mince[mins],mink[miŋk]--velarized;\nAssimilationcanalsooccuracrosssyllableorwordboundaries(p.43)pan[ŋ]cakesun[ŋ]glassesYoucan[ŋ]keepthem.Youcan[ŋ]gonow.\nFricativesandaffricatesinEnglishmaybeassimilatedinvoicing(p.43):fivepast[faivpa:st][faifpa:st]loveto[l^vtə][l^ftə]hasto[hӕztə][hӕstə]ascanbeshown[ӕzkənbi∫əun][ӕskənbi∫əun]edgetoedge[εʤtəεʤ][εʧtəεʤ]\nEpenthesis（增音）p.43Theindefinitearticlea/aninEnglishWhendoyouuseabeforeanoun?Whendoyouuseanbeforeanoun?\nLookatthetwogroupsofwords:GroupA:ahotel,aboy,ause,awagon,abigman,ayellowrug,awhitehouseGroupB:anapple,anhonor,anorangecurtain,anoldlady\nWeshouldnoticethatitisthelackofaconsonantbetweenvowelsthatrequiresthenasal[n]tobeaddedtothearticlea.Technically,thisprocessofinsertionisknownasepenthesis.\nDistinctiveFeatureMatrix(p.48)\n\n\n2.5TheSyllableStructure（音节结构）p.49-50Syllable=aconsonant＋avowelAwordmaybea:monosyllabicword(wordswithonesyllable).polysyllabicword(wordswithmorethanonesyllable).Forexample:cat,bet,dog,log,ten,mentelephone,microphone,earphone\nOnsetandRhyme(p.50)Whenwesaythatwordslikebed,dead,fed,head,led,red,said,thread,wedrhyme,wemeanthatthesoundsafterthefirstconsonantorconsonantclusterareidentical.Wecandivideasyllableintotwoparts,theONSETandtheRHYME.\nOnset,RhymeandLanguageAcquisitionHaveyouevernoticedthatchildrenlikenurseryrhymesverymuch?Whydoyouthinkthatchildrenliketorecitenurseryrhymes?Whydoyouthinkthatitiseasyforchildrentoremembernurseryrhymes?Let’sanalyzeanEnglishnurseryrhyme.\nFindouttherhymingwords:JackandJillwentupthehill,ToFetchapailofwater.Jackfelldown,Andbrokehiscrown.AndJillcametumblingafter.ThenupJackgot,andhomedidtrot,Asfastashecouldcaper.Theyputhimtobed,andplasteredhishead,Withvinegarandbrownpaper.\nJackandJillwentupthehill,Tofetchapailofwater,Jackfelldown,Andbrokehiscrown,AndJillcametumblingafter,ThenupJackgot,andhomedidtrot,Asfastashecouldcaper,Theyputhimtobed,andplasteredhishead,Withvinegarandbrownpaper.\nThebeginningsound:fetch,fell;Jack,JillThesamemiddlesound:bed,head;fell,fetch;could,put;home,broke;pail,came;Therhymingwords:Jill,hill;water,after;down,brown,crown;got,trot;caper,paper;Childrenaregoingtohavewordrecognitionskills.Childrenaregoingtohavephonologicalawareness.