上海大学06语言学 3页

上海大学06语言学Ⅰ.Definethefollowingterm.(20points)1.arbitrariness2.fossilization3.morpheme4.aphasia5.caretakenspeech6.speechcovertprestige7.diglossia8.homophone9.acquisition10.conversionⅡ.Indicatethefollowingstatementstrueorfalse.PutanTfortrueorFforfalseasrequiredontheanswersheetfollowingthepropernumber.(15points)1.Linguistsstressthepriorityofwritingoverspeech.2.WhenyourdogsaysGRRR,itislikelytomeanGRRRrightnowbecauseitdoesnotappearcapableofcommunicateGRRR,lastnightoroverthepark.Humanlanguage-usersareperfectlycapableofproducingmessagesnotpresent.Thispropertyiscalleddisplacement.3.Thevariantsofthephoneme/p/aretheaspiratedsound[p]asin“peak”andunaspirated[p:]asin“speak”.Suchallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.4.Grammaticalwordsarealsoknownascontentwords,whichexpressgrammaticalmeaning.5.Theword“nationalization”hasonefreemorphemeandfourboundmorphemes.6.Tautologieslike“Wariswar”and“Womenarewomen”violatetheQuantityMaxim.Howevertheyareinformative.7.Theword“enthuse”isback-formed.8.Inthecontext“Theissmiling”,suchnounsas“boy”,“girl”,or“student”arecapableofoccurring.Thesewordsaresaidtobeinasyntagmaticrelation.9.Generativegrammarholdsamathematicalpointofview,thatis,bymeansofafinitenumberofrules,itwillgenerateaninfinitenumberofwell-formedstructures.10.Connotativemeaningisrelativelyunstable,andmanyvaryfromculturetoculture,fromagetoageandfrompersontoperson.11.Therelationshipbetween“animal”and“tiger”,“lion”,“elephant”iscalledhomonymy.12.Genderdifferencesinspeechareanimportantpartofsociolinguisticinquiry.13.Thenotional-functionalapproachtolanguageteachingviewsallcoursecomponentsasasystematicwhole,andclassroomactivitiesshouldbeleaner-centered.14.Onepresuppositionofthespeakerwhosays“Yourwatchisbroken”isthat“Youhaveawatch”.15.IntheEnglishsoundsystem,onedistinctivefeaturesthatdistinguishesthesound[s]in“seal”andthe[z]in“zeal”isavoicingdifference,[s]is[+voiced],while[z]is[-voiced].Ⅲ.Completethefollowingstatements.(30points)1.referstotheomissionofasoundsegmentwhichwouldbepresentinthedeliberatepronunciationofawordinisolation.2.Ifwesubstituteonesoundforanotherinawordandwegetachangeof,thenthetwosoundsmustbephonemes.3.Oneoftheleastcommonprocessesofword-formationinEnglishis,thatis,theinventionoftotallynewterms.4.Soundsthatareproducedusingbothupperandlowerlipsarecalled.\n5.Theviewofgrammarasasetofrulesforthecorrector“proper”useofalanguageaybebestcharacterizedastheapproach.6.Theprocesswherebylanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextisdescribedastransmission.7.Anopensyllableendswithawhereasaclosedsyllableendswitha.8.Boththeonsetandthecodacanconsistofmorethanoneconsonant.Thisisknownasa.9.Thedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguageis.10.Whentwophonemesoccurinsequenceandsomeaspectofonephonemeistakenbytheother,theprocessisknownas.11.Whenwehaveasetofphones,allofwhichareversionsofonephoneme,werefertothemastheofthatphoneme.12.Theterminterdentalissometimesusedtodescribeamannerofpronunciationwiththetonguetipbetweentheupperandlower.13.Whentwowordsareidenticalinformexceptforacontrastinonephoneme,occurringinthesameposition,thetwowordsaredescribedas.14.Wedefineasanactbywhichaspeaker(orwriter)useslanguagetoenablealistener(orreader)toidentifysomething.15.Theentitythatperformstheactionistechnicallyknowninsemanticsasthe,theentitythatisinvolvedinoraffectedbytheactionisknownasthe,theentitythattheagentusesinperformingtheactionistermedasinstrument.16.aretwoormorewordswhichverycloselyrelatedmeanings.17.Therelationshipbetweendogandanimalisdescribedas.18.Whenaformsuchas“Didyou…”or“Canyou…?”isusedtoaskaquestion,itisdescribedasaspeechact.19.Floutinganyoneofthefourmaxims,i.e.quantitymaxim,maxim,relationmaxim,andmaximleadstoan.20.Aconventionalknowledgestructurewhichexistinmemoryistermed,anditsdynamicformiscalledscript.21.Thetermisoftenusedtodescribeakindofbarriertoacquisitionthatresultsfromnegativefeelingsorexperiences.22.Broca’sareaispartofthebraincruciallyinvolvedintheofspeech,whileWernick’sarea,intheunderstandingofspeech.23.Communicativecompetencecanbedefinedintermsofthreecomponents:grammaticalcompetence,sociolinguisticcompetence,andcompetence.Ⅳ.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatements.(15points)1.Thepoeticalline“Fivemilesmeanderingwithamazymotion”isnoticeableforits.A.rhymeB.assonanceC.consonanceD.alliteration2.Therightdescriptionofthesound[p]is.A.voiceless,bilabial,stopB.voiced,bilabial,stopC.voiceless,affricate,velarD.lateral,stop,alveolar3.M.A.K.Halliday’sisasociologicallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.A.SystemicFunctionalGrammarB.CaseGrammarC.GenerativeGrammarD.TraditionalGrammar4.Intheword“recitation”,“-ation”isthe.A.rootB.stemC.inflectionaffixD.derivationalaffix5.Thepair“fail-pass”isantonyms.A.non-gradableB.gradableC.reversiveD.noneofthem.6Theword“telecom”isanexampleofwordformationformedbyoftheword“telecommunication”.A.blendingB.acronymC.clippingD.conversion\n7.Ifthephrase“arunningdog”meansmetaphoricallyapersonwhofollowsanotherpersonobedientlyinhiswrongdoing,itsprimarystressshouldfallon.A.“a”B.“running”C.“dog”D.noneofthem8.Themannerofarticulationoftheinitialsoundsinthewords“silly”,“jolly”and“merry”canbeidentifiedasA.silly-fricative;jolly-affricate;merry-nasalB.silly-stop;jolly-fricative;merry-nasalC.silly-fricative;jolly-nasal;merry-nasalD.silly-affricate;jolly-fricative;merry-nasal9.Syntheticspeechis.A.spokenlanguageproducedautomaticallyB.spokenlanguageproducedelectronicallyC.writtenlanguageproducedmechanicallyD.writtenlanguagetranslatedbymachines10.Thetermusedtodescribetheprocesswherebyachilduse“foots”and“mans”is.A.overextensionB.correctionC.overgeneralizationD.fossilization11.aretwowordsindifferentlanguageswhicharesimilarinformandmeaning.A.signsB.varietiesC.proto-formsD.cognates12.Thesoundchangeoftheword“first”from“frist”isanexampleof.A.metathesisB.epenthesisC.prothesisD.coinage13.Accentdiffersfromdialectinthattheformerisusedtodescribe.A.onlypronunciationB.onlygrammarC.grammarandvocabularyD.grammar,vocabularyandpronunciation14.InIndia,caste,oneofthedearestofallsocialdifferentiatorsoftendetermineswhichvarietyofalanguageaspeakeruse.Suchlinguisticuseischaracterizedby.A.regionaldialectsB.socialdialectsC.StandardEnglishD.pidgin15.Topicssuchasdeath,diseaseandphysiologyarenotsupposedtobetorchedexplicitly.Likewise,thepoorwecalledtheunderprivileged.Thiskindofuseisknownas.A.VarietyB.linguisticrelativityC.linguisticdeterminismD.euphemismⅤ.Brieflyanswerthefollowingquestions.(30points)1.Paraprasethefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowhowsyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences.(a)Smokingcigarscanbenonseating.(b)Afterathree-daydebate,theyfinallydeadedontheplane.2.Explainhowcoherenceisachievedinthefollowingdialogue.Her:That’sthephone.Him:I’minthebathHer:Ok.3.Doyouthinkthereareanydifferencesbetweenthevocabularyscientistsusewhentalkingamongthemselvesaboutinformationtechnologyandthevocabularytheyusewhentalkingtolittlechildrenaboutthesametopic?Giveyourexplanation.Ⅵ.Essayquestions(150words)(40points)1.Oneoftheendeavorsofmodernlinguisticsistoinvestigatelanguageuniversals.Howfardoyouthinksuchresearchcango?2.Appliedlinguistshavefoundanumberoffactorsthataccountforlanguagelearners’learningeffect.Whataretheyandhowdotheyinfluenceourlearningactivities?