语言学概率习题库 17页

Exercises1.Thefollowingtwosentencesaresaidtobeambiguousinmeaning.Howmanyinterpretationswouldyougivetoeitherofthem?Whatcanyoudotosolvesuchambiguity?a.Heturnedinhisgrave.b.Theygavepreferencetoyoungmenandwomen.2.Identifytheunitsthathavereferenceandtheunitsthatindicatestructure:IsawMaywhenIwenttothelibrary.3.Howwouldyoujudgethefollowingtwosentences?Aretheygoodorbadsentences?a.Themoonismadeofbrowneggs.b.Moonbrowntheisofmadeeggs.c.慢走，您。d.为了安全，给您。4.Howwouldyouclassifythefollowingsigns?Whatwillthesesignsmeantoyouandhowdoyoucometoknowtheirmeanings?(a)(b)(c)5.Whenyouseesmokecomingoutofahouse,whatconclusionwillyoudrawandhowdoyoucometosuchaconclusion？6.Whatdoesaflushedcomplexionsignifyforthephysician?7.Onomatopoeticwords[拟声词]aresaidtobeiconicbysomepeople.Forthecuckoo,thesequenceofEnglishsoundsis/kuku:/,andthesequenceofChinesesoundsis"bùgǔ".Doyouthinkbothwordsareonomatopoetic?8.AChinesefathernameshissonXiaoLong(LittleDragon).Howwouldyouusetheconceptofarbitrarinessofaccountforthis?9.Ifyouhavedevelopedanewshampooandwantedtoputitintothemarket,wouldyounameitPigHairShampoo?Why?10.Discusstherelationofarbitrarinessandrules.11.Whenyoudoshoppinginasupermarket,whichdoyouprefertouse,thespokenlanguageorthewritten?Why?12.Inforeignlanguagelearning,whichonedoyouthinkshouldcomefirst,listeningandspeaking,orreadingandwriting?Why?13.Somepeoplesaythathumansanddogscancommunicatewitheach\nother.Doyouagree?8.Inwhatwaydoyouthinkisaparrottalking?9.Youcantellyourcattoliedown.Whatdoyouthinkhashappened?10.Pleaseexplaintheprimacyofhumanlanguageoveranimalcommunication.11.Pleaseexplaintherolesoftechnologyinhumancommunication.12.Sometimescommunicationmaybreakdown.Whatdoyouthinkarethecausesforsuchbreakdowns?13.Whatdoyouthinkweshouldpayattentiontoininterculturalcommunication?20.Identifythefunctionsofthefollowingsentences.a.Ilikeyourhouseverymuch.b.Inowdeclarethemeetingclosed.c.Nicetomeetyou.d.ImetMaryinthelibrarythismorning.21.Pleaseexplainwhysomepeoplelikepoetry.22.Whenyougethitbyadeskintheclassroom,whatwouldyoudo?23.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthegeneralfunctionsandthemetafunctions?24.Doyouagreetotheclaimthatoneutteranceperformsonlyonefunction?Why?25.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenHalliday’sfunctionaltheoryandthetraditionalgrammar?26.Whichtheoryoftheoriginoflanguagewouldyouagreeto?Why?27.PleaselistfiveChineseonomatopoeticwords.28.Whatarethefunctionsofonomatopoeticwords?29.Whatcriteriacanbeusedwhenweareclassifyinglanguagesintofamilies?30.Doyouagreetotheclaimthatalllanguagesintheworldderivedfromonecommonancestor?31.Whatdoyouthinkarethemajorcausesforthelanguagediversityintheworld?32.Whatisdifferencebetweenthefollowingtwosentences?Whatfactorsshouldwetakeintoaccountwhenwearedecodingthem?(a)Openthewindow.(b)Wouldyouopenthewindow,please?33.Howcanweconductastudyoflanguagescientifically?34.Whatistherealobjectoflinguistics?35.Whatistheimportanceofstudyingspeechinlinguistics?36.What’syouropinionofcorrectnessinlanguageuse?37.Isastandardlanguagepossible?Why?38.Whatdoyouthinkaretheexternalfactorsrelatedtolanguage?39.Therehavebeenmanytranslationsoftwaresinthemarket.Doyouthinkmachinetranslationoftextswillbepossible?40.Whatfactorsareinvolvedinforeignlanguagelearningandteaching?41.Whatchangeshaveyoufoundinlinguisticstudies?42.Whatdoyouthinkistheproperwaytostudylanguage?43.Doyouthinkacorpusisalwaysneededinlinguistics?Why?44.Pleaseexpressthedistinctionbetweenacousticphoneticsandarticulatoryphonetics.45.Howmanystagesdoesthespeechchainconsistof?Whatactivitiesareinvolvedinthespeechchain?46.DoyouthinkspellingisthesameaspronunciationinEnglish?Ifnot,givethreeexamplesand\nthenmakeacomment.33.Howdoesthevocaltractworkinthearticulationofspeechsounds?34.Howmanytypescanspeechsoundsbeclassifiedinto?Whatarethey?35.Explainthedifferencesamongbilabial,dentalandlabiodental.36.Writethesymbolsforthevowelinthefollowingwords:a)coughb)roughc)friendd)breade)eatf)call37.Transcribethefollowingwordsphonemically:a)symbolb)nineteenc)squared)keyboarde)sofaf)bought38.Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenvowelsandconsonants?39.Howisbroadtranscriptiondifferentfromnarrowtranscription?40.TranscribethefollowingsentencesintoIPA:a)Smallnumbersofadjectivesandprepositionsalsooccurintranscriptsofearlychildspeech.b)Thesetwosentencesaredifferentlyinterpreted,yeteachofthemcontainsexactlythesamewords.41.Whatisaphoneme?Andwhatisanallophone?42.Transcribethefollowingwords:a)achievesb)sixthc)othersd)classese)measure43.Whydosaythat[p]and[b]aredifferentphonemes?44.Whatisaminimalpair?45.ForeachofthefollowingpairsofconsonantssupplyaminimalpairofEnglishwordsinwhichthecontrastismadeintheplaceindicated:initially,medially,andfinally.a)/p/-/b/b)/k/-/g/c)/f/-/v/d)/m/-/n/e)/r/-/l/46.Givephonemicsymbolsfortheunderlinedpartofthefollowingwords.a)boughtb)ghostc)phasesd)ethere)bathef)northern47.Whatdoestheword‘distinctive’meanintheterm‘distinctivefeatures’?48.Trytoworkoutthedistinctivefeaturesforeachgroupofsounds:a)[p,t,b,d]b)[j,w,i,u]49.Describethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthesoundsrepresentedbytheunderlineletters:a)life,livesb)choice,choosec)deduce,deduction50.Thepronunciationofwordsmaybeinfluencedbytheirspelling.Identifythewordsinwhichpronunciationdoesnotmatchthespelling.a)Edinburghb)Wednesdayc)Thamesd)tortoisee)clothes51.DoyouthinkthefollowingwordsarepermissibleinEnglish?Why?a)tprayb)btryc)tgharg52.Whatdoescomplementarydistributionmean?53.Listencarefullytothefollowingtwosentencesandthentrytoworkoutaphonologicalrule.a)石头很硬。b)十个人坐在草席上谈论市场经济。68.Whatisthestructureofasyllables?69.Howmanysyllablesarethereinthefollowingwords?Pleasebreakthemintospokensyllables.\na)yesterdayb)extrac)secretariald)camerae)appreciation70.WhataretheonsetrestrictionsinEnglishsyllables?71.Writethefollowingwordsinphonemictranscription,includingthestressmarks:a)birth-markb)shop-ownerc)regulationd)fruit-cake72.WhatistheimportanceofstressinEnglish?73.Whatispitch?74.PleasegivesomeexamplestoshowtheimportanceofpitchinChinese?75.DescribetheintonationpatternsofthefollowingEnglishquestions:a)Doyouwantcoffeeortea?b)Howmuchdoesitcost?c)Doyouhaveanymoney?d)Theycameratherlate,didn’tthey?76.Whatisthedifferencebetweenpitchandintonation?77.Whatistheroleofintonationindailyconversations?78.Whatarethemajorfeaturesofword?79.Whatistherelationbetweenwordandmeaning?80.Howcanyouidentifythemeaningofaword?81.Identifythewordclassofeachwordinthefollowingparagraph.Inpractice,writersonstylehavedifferedagreatdealintheirunderstandingofthesubject,andonesourceofdisagreementhasbeenthequestion‘Towhatorwhomdoweattributestyle?’Inthebroadestsense,STYLEcanbeappliedtobothspokenandwritten,bothliteraryandnon-literaryvarietiesoflanguage;butbytradition,itisparticularlyassociatedwithwrittenliterarytexts,andthisisthesenseofthetermwhichwillconcernus.82.Doyouthethinkthedistributionoflexicalwordsisthesameasthatofgrammaticalwordsinspeechandwriting?83.Whatisthedifferencebetweenopen-classwordsandclosed-classwords?84.Dividethefollowingwordsintomorphemesbyplacinga“+”betweeneachmorphemeandthenext.1)unbearable2)watchful3)personification4)unexceptionally5)uneducated6)inspiring7)soft-hearted8)horsemanship85.Howmanymorphemesarethereineachofthefollowingwords?1)geography2)internationally3)forgotten4)Washington5)information6)industrialization7)predominant8)preconscious86.Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepluralformshave?87.Whatdoestheprefixin-meaninthefollowingwords?1)inspire2)intransigent3)insufficient4)insert5)insoluble6)intact7)impenetrable8)immutable9)illicit10)irretrievable88.Writethefeminineformofeachofthefollowingwords:1)prince2)emperor3)waiter4)Paul5)fiancé6)hero7)king8)ox9)wolf10)doctor89.Addaninflectionalsuffixtoeachofthefollowingwords,whichendinderivationalsuffixes:1)operation2)responsibility3)proposal4)modernize\n5)beautify6)activate7)funny8)friendly89.WhatrolecanEnglishinflectionplayintheexpressionofmeaning?90.Doyouthinkinflectionisuniversal?Why?91.ComparethedifferencesofinflectionbetweentheEnglishlanguageandyoursecondforeignlanguage?92.Analyzethesemanticrelationshipbetweentheconstituentmorphemesofthefollowingcompounds.Model:a)mailbox:aboxformailb)headache:acheofthehead1)password2)housewife3)sunshine4)milkman5)sunflower6)applepie7)mosquitonet8)daydream9)freezing-point10)flashlight93.Whatisabbreviation?DoyouthinkthewayEnglishshortensalongerwordisthesameastheChineselanguage?94.WhatarethemajorprocessesofaddingnewwordstothevocabularyoftheEnglishlanguage?95.Howmanylexemesarethereineachofthefollowingsentences?a)他在学校表现很好，是个优秀学生干部。b)这里的水果真多，到处是荔枝、香蕉、芒果、樱桃、西瓜。c)HadtheconstructionworkernotseentheattackashewasdrivingtoworkearlyTuesdayandjumpedintotryandhelp,shemightwellhavedied,policesaid.d)AstronomersareelatedbythediscoveryofanobjectthatrivalsthesizeofPluto'smoon.96.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlexemeandword?97.Howwouldyouaccountforthelinguisticphenomenonofcollocation?98.WhatarethestructuralfeaturesofEnglishidioms?99.Whyisthelexiconofalanguageconstantlyexpanding?100.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofproverbs?101.Isimmediateconstituentanalysiseffectivetoexplaindiscontinuousconstituents?103.Diagramtheconstituentstructureofeachofthefollowing.(a)averyoldwoodenhousedownthelane(b)Hisoldfriendarrivedyesterday.104.Foreachofthefollowingsentencesstateaspreciselyasyoucaninwhatwaysitisambiguous:(a)Thedoorwasclosed.(b)Idon’tlikeJack’spainting.(c)Idrewthewomanwiththechalk.105.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawatreediagramofconstituentstructureforeachofthefollowingsentences:(a)Asmartboyfooledtheclass.(b)Thepaviliononthehillcollapsedinthewind.\n(a)Everybodyknewthatthepresidentwouldwintheelection.106.Examineeachofthefollowingsentencesandindicateifitisasimple,coordinate,orcomplexsentence:(a)IdiditbecauseIwasaskedto.(b)Tomwasneverthere,buthissisterwas.(c)Myparentsliveahappylifeinthecountry.107.Analysethestructureofthefollowingsentencesandexplainhowmanyclauseseachsentencecontains,whatthegrammaticalfunctionofeachclauseis(namely,mainclause,complementclause,relativeclause),whattypeofclauseeachis(namely,declarative,interrogative,imperative,exclamatory),whattheconstituentsofeachclauseare,andwhatfunctioneachconstituentserveswithinitscontainingclause(namely,subject,predicate,complement,oradjunct).(a)Thesoldiersescaped.(b)Thesoldiersshotadog.(c)Thesoldiersbrutallyattackedthedogthatbarkedtothem.(d)Hasanyonetoldthepolicethemenwhoescapedwerecarryingguns?108.Drawthetreediagramsforthefollowingsentences:(1)ShefoundabookonMadisonStreet.(2)JackadvisedHenrytoseethedentist.(3)JackpromisedHenrytoseethedoctor.109.Ineachpairofthefollowingsentences,indicatewithNthosethatneednotfollowaparticularorderwhentheyarejoinedby“and”.IndicatewithOthosethatneedtobereordered.———(1)Samwenttobed.Hehadadream.———(2)Johncamein.Heclosedthedoor.———(3)Theseaisblue.Thegrassisgreen.———(4)Shewalkedaway.Shegotupfromthebed.110.Whatistherelationshipbetweensurfacestructureanddeepstructure?\n111.Pleasestatewhetherthefollowingtwosentenceshavethesamedeepstructures?Why?(a)Hemadeheragoodwife.(b)Hemadeheragoodhusband.112.Theformationofmanysentencesinvolvestheoperationofsyntacticmovement.Showthedeepstructuresforeachoffollowingsentences.(a)Thebossofthebuscompanywasseverelycriticizedbythepublic.(b)Thewomanthrewtherakeawayintheyard.(c)Willthenewschoolmasterhireher?113.Pleasedisplaythetransformationalrulesinvolvedinthefollowingsentences.(a)Whatcanthecomputerprogramdoforus?(b)ThewindowwasbrokenbyJack.(c)Theygavethedooragentlepush.114.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowhowsyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences:(a)Smokingcigarscanbenauseating.(b)Thewomanistooheavytomove.(c)Afterathree-daydebate,theyfinallydecidedontheplane.(d)Thelittleboysawtheoldmanwiththetelescope.115.Pleasetrytoidentifythemeaningsofthefollowingwordsandsentence?1)table2)beautiful3)man4)I’mhungry.5)There’sahorseinthefield.Doyoumeetanydifficultyingivingthemeaningsthesewordsandsentences?116.Whataretheassociativemeaningsofthefollowingwords?1)red2)dragon3)dog4)cage117.Howmanyfactorsdoyouthinkcontributetheformationofmeaning?118.Howmanykindsofmeaningcanyoufindinthefollowingtwosentences?1)Wouldyoupleasepassmethesalt?2)IwonderifDr.Smithwillbeinhisofficethismorning.119.Whatisthedifferencebetweensentencingmeaningandutterancemeaning?120.Whatdoyouthinkisthedisadvantageofthetraditionalapproachtomeaning?121.Groupthefollowinglexemesintothreesemanticfields:shoulder,pencil,book,rose,dictionary,head,pen,notebook,neck,leg,chrysanthemum,tulip,hand122.Doyouthinkthesauriarecapabletorepresenttheorderofthingsandeventsintheworld?Why?123.IfyouhaveeverusedanEnglishthesaurus,doyouthinkitisreallyusefultoyourEnglishstudy?124.Pleaseexplainwhytherearenottruesynonyms.125.Thefollowinggroupsofwordsaresaidtobesynonyms.Doyouthinktheyaresynonymous?a.statesman,politicianb.adult,grown-upc.huge,gigantic,colossal,enormous126.Whatcategoryofantonymdoeseachofthefollowingpairofwordsbelongto?a.black,whiteb.buy,sellc.big,smalld.parent,child\ne.upstairs,downstairsf.polite,rude127.Pleasespecifythesemanticrelationamongthewordsinthefollowinggroups.1)cat,dog,pet2)keyboard,monitor,harddisk,mouse3)head,oralcavity,tongue4)cabbage,cauliflower,celery,tomato128.Whatisthesemanticrelationbetweenthewordsinthefollowingpairs.1)hand,foot2)rose,narcissus3)tree,willow4)bottle,cork129.“slug”hasfourseparateentriesinWebster’sNewWorldStudent’sDictionary.Pleaselookitupinthedictionaryandexplainwhyithasfourentries.130.Theword“hale”means“happyandstrong”whenusedasanadjectiveand“toforceapersontogo”whenusedasaverb.Why?131.Whatisthedifferencebetweenpolysemyandhomonymy?132.Trytoidentifythepresuppositionsthatliebehindeachofthefollowingutterances:a)Johnhasstoppedsmoking.b)Sheregrettedhavingtoldhimthesecret.c)Theboyopenedthedoorhimself.d)Thepaperturnedredwhenitisdippedintotheliquid.133.Whatdoeseachofthefollowingutterancesentail?e)Helosthisbikeyesterday.f)TheywenttotheGreatWall.g)Mary’scomputeristerrific.h)Wemettwoofourfriendsattheparty.134.Pleaseidentifyineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordstheonewordthatdoesnotbelongandgiveyourreasons.a)pen,pencil,ruler,catb)bathtub,soap,towel,ovenc)carpenter,professor,student,presidentd)walk,stroll,run,singe)company,university,college,school135.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcomponentialanalysis?136.Pleaseidentifythetypesofpredicateineachoftheverbsinthefollowingsentences.a)Hegavemethebook.b)Itwassnowinghard.c)Thecomputerisworkingproperly.d)Someoneinventedthestory.137.Trytocorrecttheerrors,ifany,inthefollowingsentences.e)Wewishyoutocomebacksoon.f)Herosetheheavyboxeasily.g)Marylaughedmebeforethestudents.138.Pleasetrytoimaginethecontextinwhicheachofthefollowingutterancesisused.a)Areyouwhoyouare?b)Canyoupassmethesaltthatyouarepassingme?c)Eatthefoodyouareeating!139.Pleasecommentontheroleoftautologyinthefollowing:\n看看人家，冰箱是冰箱，彩电是彩电。140.Whatistheuseofmetaphorinverbalcommunication?141.Whatarethedifferencesbetweentheutterancesineachpair?1)a.IadmitthatIwaswrong.b.Iwaswrong.2)a.Iorderyoutoleavetheroomrightnow.b.Youmustleavetheroomrightnow.3)a.Iwarnyou,thedogisvicious.b.Thedogisvicious.4)a.Iapologize.b.I’msorry.142.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingutterancesisperformative.Ifnot,pleaseexplainwhynot.1)Heassertsthatthisisfeasible.2)Iconvinceeveryonewithmyarguments.3)Iwasrequiredtogeteverythingreadyfortheparade.4)Iwillfireyou.5)Doitagain,please!143.Giveasmanydifferentillocutionsfortheutterance“It’scoldoutside.”Imaginethecontextinwhicheachofthoseillocutionswouldapply.144.Giveatleastfivedifferentutteranceswhichexpresstheillocutionaryforceofrequest.145.Explainhowcoherenceisachievedinthefollowingdialogue.1)A:That’sthephone.B:I’minthebathroom.A:Okay.2)Son:Ineedaten-speedbicycle.Mother:I’msureyoudo.146.Ineachcasebelowdecidewhichmaximofthecooperativeprinciplehasbeenfloutedandwhatimplicaturemightbedrawn.1)A:WheredoesMissRoseberylive?B:Somewhereinthesuburbsofthecity.2)A:I’moutofpetrol.B:Thereisagarageroundthecorner.3)A:HowdoyouthinkofCathy’ssinging?B:Well,shehasproducedaseriesofsoundsthatcorrespondcloselywiththescoreof“Homesweethome”.4)Teacher:(towardstheendofalecture)Whattimeisitnow?Student:It’s10:44and35.6seconds.5)A:Doyouwantsomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldmakemeawake.147.Explainhowthemaximsofthecooperativeprinciplearefloutedforthesakeofpoliteness.\n1)Thefollowingdialoguetookplacedownstairstheflatofaladyaftershehadbeeninvitedtodinnerbyayoungmanandescortedhome.Man:Wouldyouliketoinvitemeupforacoffee?Woman:Oh…I’mafraidtheplaceisinaterriblemess…2)Host:Wouldyoulikeacocktail?It’smyowninvention.Guest:Well,mmmuhit’snotthatwedon’tnotdrink.3)Mother:Someone’seatentheicingoffthecake.Son:Itwasn’tME.4)A:Whatisshe,small?B:Yes,yes,she’ssmall,smallish,um,notreallysmallbutcertainlynotverybig.148.Ineachofthefollowingdialogues,therearethreealternativeresponsesforthesecondspeaker.Puttheminincreasingorderofpoliteness.1)Mary:Well,I’vejusthavemyhairdyedblonde.Jack:(a)Oh,howbeautiful!(b)Oh,howawful!(c)Oh,howamazing!2)Lodger:WhatcanIdoforyou,lady?Landlady:(a)Couldyoucutmylawn?(b)Cutmylawn,please.(c)Ifitdoesn’tbother,wouldyoumindcuttingmylawn?149.Foreachofthefollowingutterances,decidewhichonescontainthepresuppositionthat“Thedogbarkedattheshadow”.Whatdotheseutteranceshaveincommon?1)Didthedogbarkattheshadow?2)Whendidthedogbarkattheshadow?3)Iwasabouttogotobedwhenthedogbarkedattheshadow.4)Idon’tunderstandwhythedogbarkedattheshadow.5)Iwonderifthedogbarkedattheshadow.150.Foreachofthefollowingutterances,decidewhichwordorconstructionisthepresuppositiontrigger.1)Youshouldstopeatingrawoysters.2)LittleFranzregrettednothavingstudiedFrenchbetterbefore.3)Catherinepretendssheknowsnothingaboutthisevent.4)ItwasintheMississippivalleythatMarkTwainfoundthebestsettingformostofhisbestnovels.5)Wegreatlyappreciateyourhelpingusintheexperiment.151.Foreachofthefollowingutterances,twolikelyresponseslabeled(a)and(b)aregiven.Decidewhichisthepreferredresponseandwhichisthedispreferred.1)A:Comeandjoinusinthepicnic.B:(a)It’scertainlyniceofyoutoask,butIhaven’tbeenfeelingwellthesedays.(b)You’resokindtoask,andI’msurewe’llhavegoodtimethen.2)A:Herperformancelastnightwasfantastic,wasn’tit?\nB:(a)Absolutely.(b)Well,onthewhole,itwasOK,especiallyconsideringthiswasherfirsttimeonthestage.1)A:Canyouhelpmefixthisframe?B:(a)Withpleasure.(b)Mmm…er…I’dliketo,butdon’tyouthinkit’stoohighforme?152.Pointoutthereferenceitemsineachofthefollowingandtrytoexplainhowtheycontributetothecohesionofthetext:1)Thechildrennextdoorstoleatoyfrommyson.Theirmotherstoldthemtoreturnthetoy,buttheysaiditwastheirs.2)Whenhewasatcollege,Alexwasagreatfriendofmine.3)Itraineddayandnightfortwoweeks.Thebasementfloodedandeverythingwasunderwater.Itspoiledallourcalculations.4)Ineedastamp.Doyouhaveone?5)Daddystillhasabitofcold,butotherwiseallarewell.153.Pointoutthesubstitutionsineachofthefollowingandtrytoexplainhowtheyareusedtoconnectthesentencesintoacohesivetext.1)Thechilddoesn’tlikethisbook.Showhimamoreinterestingone.2)A:Heneverreallysucceededinhisambitions.B:No.Hemighthavedone,ifithadnotbeenfortherestlessnessofhisnature.3)A:TheChicagoBullswillwinthegame.B:Allmyfriendssayso,butIdon’tthinktheywill.4)A:Willyoujoininourexcursionthisweekend?B:Possiblynot.154.Identifytheellipsesineachofthefollowingandtrytoexplainhowtheycontributetothecohesionofthetexts:1)A:Howlongwillyoubeinhere?B:Idon’tknow.Youcouldaskmatron.2)A:Didthechildrentakethecourse?B:Georgedid,butBobdidn’tcare.155.Identifytheconjunctiveexpressionsineachofthefollowingpassagesandexplainhowtheycontributetothecohesionofthepassages.1)IntheUnitedStates,thesupposedroleofthemediaistoreportthenewsinaninformationalmannerinordertoallowthepublictheabilitytounderstandandderivetheirownopinionsonsocial,moral,andpoliticalevents.Moreover,thisroleasaninformationalintermediarygivesthemediaacentralroleinshapingthesocialandmoralnormsinthesociety.2)Dr.HenningstudiedhowstudentswhoarelearningEnglishasasecondlanguageremembervocabulary.Tobegin,thesubjectslistenedtoarecordingofanativespeakerreadingaparagraphinEnglish.Followingtherecording,thesubjectstooka15-questiontesttoseewhichwordstheyremembered.Eachquestionhasfourchoices.Thesubjectshadtocirclethewordtheyhadheardintherecording.Someofthequestionshadfourchoicesthatsoundalike.For\nexample,weather,whether,wither,andwetterarefourwordsthatsoundalike.Someofthequestionshadfourchoicesthathavethesamemeaning/Method,way,manner,andsystemwouldbefourwordswiththesamemeaning.Someofthemhadfourunrelatedchoices.Forinstance,weather,method,love,andrecallcouldbeusedasfourunrelatedwords.Finallythesubjectstookalanguageproficiencytest.156.Identifythevariouslexicalcohesivetiesineachofthefollowingpassagesandtrytoexplainhowtheycontributetothecohesionofthetextinwhichtheyoccur.1)Ihadbeenbornintheworkingclass,andIwasnow,attheageofeighteen,beneaththepointatwhichIhadstarted.Iwasdowninthecellarofsociety,downinthesubterraneandepthsofmiseryaboutwhichitisneithernicenorpropertospeak.Iwasinthepit,theabyss,thehumancesspool,theshamblesandcharnel-houseofourcivilization.Thisisthepartoftheedificeofsocietythatsocietychoosestoignore.Lackofspacecompelsmeheretoignoreit,andIshallsayonlythatthethingsItheresawgavemeaterriblescare.2)NordidIfarebetterwiththemastersthemselves.Ihadexpectedtofindmenwhowereclean,noble,andalive,whoseideaswereclean,noble,andalive.Iwentaboutamongstthemenwhosatinthehighplace—thepreachers,thebusinessmen,theprofessors,andtheeditors.Iatewiththem,drankwinewiththem,automobiledwiththem,andstudiedthem.Itistrue,Ifoundmanythatwerecleanandnoble;butwithrareexceptions,theywerenotalive.IdoverilybelieveIcouldcounttheexceptionsonthefingersofmytwohands.Wheretheywerenotalivewithrottenness,quickwithuncleanlife,theyweremerelytheunburieddead—cleanandnoble,likewell-preservedmummies,butnotalive.InthisconnectionImayespeciallymentiontheprofessorsImet,themenwholiveuptothatdecadentuniversityideal,“thepassionlesspursuitofpassionlessintelligence.”157.Identifythethematicstructurethefollowingsentences.1)Youcan’tgoawaywithit.2)There’snohelpforit.3)Trees,forcedbythedampheat,foundtoolittlesoilforfullgrowth.4)Whethertheycomeornotdoesn’tmatterverymuch.5)Gettingthecarontheboatwasrathercomplicated.6)Itwasratherdifficultgettingthecarontheboat.7)Isyourcountryrichinmaterials?8)Onlyoncedidhisfatherdiscusshisfuturewithhim.158.TheNewinformationineachofthefollowingutterancesisbold-typed.PleaseuseadifferentsentencestructureforeachsothattheNewinformationcanbehighlighted.1)Heowedthetailortwentydollars.2)Theimpossiblehasoftenprovedpossible.3)Wehaveoralpracticeeveryotherday.4)Wedidn’tleavetheflatuntilwecouldsmellthesmokeinthecorridor.5)Thefootballmatchwascancelledbecauseoftherain.\n159.Whatisaregionaldialect?Andwhatistherelationshipbetweenaregionaldialectandastandarddialect?160.WhatarethemajorfeaturesofthelanguageusedbywomenspeakersofEnglish?161.Doyouthinktherearedifferencesbetweenthevocabularyusedbyagedpeopleandthatusedbyyoungpeople?162.Whatarethedifferencesbetweendialectandregister?163.DoyouthinkthereareanydifferencesbetweenthevocabularyscientistsusewhentalkingaboutInformationTechnologyamongthemselvesandthevocabularytheyusewhentalkingtolittlechildrenaboutthesametopic?164.BelowaregivensomesentencesusedinBlackEnglish(BE).PleasetrytofindtheirequivalentsinStandardAmericanEnglish.a)Henice.b)Theymine.b)Igonnadoit.d)Johnbehappy.e)Johnhappy.f)Hebelate.g)Helate.h)Doyoubetired?i)Youtired?165.DescribetwofeaturesofBlackEnglish.166.WhatisSapir-Whorfhypothesis?167.Howislanguagerelatedtoculture?168.Somewordsmayhavedifferentassociativemeaningsindifferentcultures.Whataretheassociativemeaningsof‘dog’toChinesespeakersandEnglishspeakersrespectively?169.Quitealotofpeopleintheworldarecompletelybilingualorevenmultilingual.Whatdoesthisfactimplied?170.ObservetheEnglishkinshipsystemandthinkoverthevariousrelationshipscoveredbyterms.IstheChinesekinshipsystemthesameastheEnglishkinshipsystem?171.Politenessisassumedtobeaprincipleobservedbypeopleindifferentcultures.PleasegivesomeexamplestoshowhowpolitenessisexpressedinEnglishandChinese.172.WiththedevelopmentofInternet,manynewwordshaveenteredtheEnglishlanguage.PleasegivefiveInternet-relatedwordsandtheirmeanings.173.Cananindividualchangelanguage?Why?174.SomelinguistssaythatbothEnglishandChinesearegettingtechnologized.Pleasegivesomeexamples.175.Thinkofthreewordsthathaveenteredthelanguageinthelasttenyearsandthendescribebrieflytheirsources.i.ii.iii.176.Thinkofthreewordsthataregettingoutoffashioned.(Hint:Wordsmarkedwith“archaic”indictionariesmightbeahelp.)i.ii.iii.177.ThevocabularyofEnglishconsistsof“native”wordsaswellasthousandsofloanwords.Lookupthefollowingwordsinadictionarythatprovidestheetymologies(histories)of\nwords.Speculatehoweachwordcametobeborrowedfromtheparticularlanguage.a)sizeb)royalc)aquaticd)ranche)blousef)bananag)hoodlumh)astronauti)pagodaj)bulldoze178.BelowaregivensomesentencestakenfromOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andearlyModernEnglishtexts.UnderlinethepartsofeachsentencethatdifferfromModernEnglish.RewritethesentenceinModernEnglishandthenstatewhatchangesmusthaveoccurred.Example:Itnotbelongstoyou.Mod.Eng.:Itdoesnotbelongtoyou.Change:Atonetime,anegativesentencesimplyhadanotbeforetheverb.Today,theworddo,initspropermorphologicalform,mustappearbeforethenot.a.Itnothingpleasedhismaster.Mod.Eng.:Change:b.Hehathsaidthatwewouldliftthemwhomthathimplease.Mod.Eng.:Change:c.Ihaveabrotheriscondemnedtodie.Mod.Eng.:Change:d.Ibadethemtakeawayyou.Mod.Eng.:Change:e.IwishyouwasstillmoreaTartar.Mod.Eng.:Change:f.Mewastold.Mod.Eng.:Change:179.Howdoesstandardlanguagecomeintobeing?180.Whatisthesocialroleofstandardlanguage?181.Whatarethedifferencesbetweennationallanguageandofficiallanguage?182.Whatdoyouthinkarethedecisivefactorsinthechoiceofaforeignlanguageforstudents?183.Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenacquisitionandlanguagelearning?184.Canyoufindevidencefortheclaimthatmothertongueacquisitiondoesnotrequireachildtomemorizewordsandsentences?185.WhatarethemajordifficultiesmostEnglishlearnersinChinaface?186.Whatdoyouthinkaretheeffectsofformalinstructiononsecondlanguageacquisition?187.Howmanystagesdoesthechildexperienceinhisfirstlanguageacquisition?Whatarethegeneralfeaturesofeachstage?188.Whatdoyouthinkistheroleofparentsinfirstlanguageacquisition?\n189.Thinkoverthefollowingdialoguebetweenparentandchild.Whattypesofwordsconsistentlyappearinthechild’ssentences?Whatsortsofthingsdoessheleaveout?Howcantheparentunderstandhersoeasilywhenthechildisomittingsomanyitems?a.Mummybook.Readbook.(askingforastory)b.Bubbleallgone.(bubblehasjustpopped)c.Mummychair.Mychair.(sayingwhosechairiswhose)d.Teddyfloor.Hesad.(teddyhasfallenonthefloor)e.Patit.Facecold.(hasjusttouchedsister’sface)f.Morejuice.Juicecup.(holdingouthercup)190.Whatistheroleofthelanguageclassroominsecondlanguageacquisition?191.ThefollowingtwoutterancesareproducedbyaChineselearnerofEnglish.AretheycorrectEnglishexpressions?Why?(a)Therearesomepeoplecametowatchfootballgame.(b)Myfatheroftengotoworkinevening.192.Pleaselisttheadvantageofpositivetransfer.193.WhatarethemajorsocialfactorsthatinfluencetheprocessofL2learning?194.InputissaidtobehelpfulinL2learning.SomepeopleargueforthedesirabilityofusingauthenticunmodifiedL2materialsintheclassroom.Doyouagreewiththis?Whyorwhynot?195.DifferentlearnersachievedifferentlevelsofsuccessinL2learning.Why?196.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenJackendoff’saccountoftherelationbetweenlanguageandthoughtandtheSapir-Whorfhypothesis?197.Somepeoplethinkthatlanguagedeterminesthought.Doyouagree?Whyandwhynot?198.Doyouthinkthatlanguageandthoughtareindependentofeachother?199.Inwhatareasinthebrainarespeechandlanguageconsideredtobelocalized?200.Canyouimagetheactivitiesoflanguageperceptionwhenyouarereadingsomething?201.Pleasegiveabriefaccountofhowlanguageprocessingtakesplace.202.Whichprocessismorefacilitative,thetop-downprocessorthebottom-upprocess?Why?203.Howisthestructuralapproachtolanguageteachingrelatedtolinguistics?204.WhyistheteachingofEnglishbecomingmoreimportantintheworld?205.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthestructuralapproachandthementalisticapproachestolanguageteaching?206.ThefollowingaresomeextractsfromtwoEnglishtextbooks.Pointoutwhichapproacheachtextbookfollowsandtellthecharactersoftheapproachasdemonstratedinthetwotextbooks.1)许国璋《英语》第二册第1课2)《功能美国口语》第三单元207.Whatarethemajorfeaturesofthegrammaticalsyllabus?208.DoyouthinkgrammarcanbeignoredinlearningEnglishasaforeignlanguage?Why?209.Thefollowingisanexcerptfromatextbookwrittenonthebasisofsituationalsyllabus.Studytheexcerptcarefullyandthentrytotellthedifferencesbetweenthesituationalsyllabusandthegrammaticalsyllabus.210.Whatarethemajorfeaturesofthecommunicativesyllabus?211.Whatdoyouisthelearner’sroleinacommunicativesyllabus?\n212.Whatistheuseoflanguagetests?213.Whatistherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandlanguagetesting?214.Howcanwedecidewhetheratestisgoodorbad?Whatfactorsarenormallyinvolved?215.Whatistherelationshipbetweenvalidityandreliability?216.Thefollowingaresomequestionstakenfromsometestpapers.Decidewhichtypeoftesttheybelongto:(a)thediscretepointtest,(b)integrativetest,and(c)thecommunicativetest.1)Directions:Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosetheONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.31.BythetimehearrivesinBeijing,we_________herefortwodays.A.havebeenstayingB.havestayedC.shallstayD.willhavestayed2)Directions:Inthissection,youwill,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforthegeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfromS1toS7withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.ForblanksnumberedS8toS10youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Ifyouareacollegestudent,mostofyourconcernsaboutyourhealthandhappinessinlifeareprobably(S1)__________onthepresent.Basically,youwanttofeelgoodphysically,mentally,and(S2)__________now.Youprobablydon’tspendmuchtimeworryingaboutthe(S3)__________,suchaswhetheryouwilldevelopheartdisease,or(S4)__________,howyouwilltakecareofyourselfinyour(S5)__________years,orhowyouaregoingtolive.217.Whatdoyouthinkarethestrongpointsanddrawbacksofeachofthefollowingtypesoftest:(a)theachievementtest,(b)theproficiencytest,(c)theaptitudetest,(d)thediagnosistest,(e)thesubjectivetest,and(f)theobjectivetest.218.Whatfactorsareinvolvedinthedevelopmentofatest?219.PleasecommentontheproportionofeachsectioninCET-4.220.ThefollowingutterancesaregivenbysomeChinesestudents.Decide(a)whattypeoferroreachofthembelongstoand(b)whatmightbethecausesoftheerror(s).(1)Shedidn’twentback.(2)Dosheworksinfactory?(3)Workssheinthefactory?(4)Theseflowerneedbadlywateringnow.(5)Heisoneofthegreatestalivenovelists.(6)Ispottedthetwoaircraftsfromadistance.221.WhenaChinesestudentmethisAmericanteacherbeforetheclass,hegreetedtheteacherby\nsaying“Haveyoueaten,Teacher?”.Doyouthinkthestudent’sutteranceisanerror?Why?222.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthetraditionalapproachandtheproceduralapproach?223.Howcanyouhaveaproperattitudetowardstheerrorsandmistakesmadebyforeignlanguagelearners?