2015年语言学习题 22页

ChapterI  IntroductionI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.19Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.  Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.22.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.\n24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.  27.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptive                    B.analyticC.descriptive                    D.linguistic32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.Arbitrariness                    B.DisplacementC.Duality                          D.Meaningfulness33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.A.primary     B.correctC.secondary    D.stable34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.A. inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB. speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C. speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD. Alloftheabove35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.A.synchronic                  B.diachronicC.prescriptive                  D.comparative36.Saussuretooka(n)__________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.\n A.sociological…psychological    B.psychological…sociological C.applied…pragmatic          D.semanticandlinguistic37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.parole     B.performanceC.langue       D.Language38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.A.sense         B.soundsC.objects      D.ideas39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________, A.displacement B.dualityC.flexibility    D.culturaltransmission40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough____,ratherthanbyinstinct.A.learning   B.teachingC.books     D.bothAandBIV.Definethefollowingterms:41.Linguistics     42.Phonology    43.Syntax      44.Pragmatics    45.Psycholinguistics   46.Language 47.Phonetics  48.Morphology  49.Semantics    50.Sociolinguistics    51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness  53Productivity  54.Displacement      55.Duality        56.DesignFeatures57.Competence  58Performance    59.Langue        60ParoleV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples forillustrationifnecessary:61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedfor  humancommunication.Explainitindetail.62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?\nI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:  l.T    2.F    3.F    4.T    5.T    6.F    7.T  8.F    9.T    10.F    11.T  12.T  13.T  14.T  15.T  16.F  17.T  18.F    19.F  20.FII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.knowledge  22.abstract   23.Duality   24.arbitrary25.syntax  26.genetic27.Parole    28.applied    29.productive  30.scientific(orsystematic)III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.3l.C  32.D  33.C  34.D  35.B  36.A  37.C  38.B  39.A  40.DIV.Definethefollowingterms:41.  Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.42.  Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.43.  Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax..44.  Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.45.  Psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.46.  Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.47.  Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.48.  Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.49.  Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.50.  Sociolinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.51.  Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.52.  Arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds53.  Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossiblethecon-structionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.54.  Displacement:Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhichare\npresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker55.  Duality:Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.56.  Designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication57.  Competence:Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,58.  Performance:performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowl-edgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.59.  langue:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently60.  Parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamples forillustrationifnecessary:61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwell-developedtheirwritingsystemsare.    Theterm"human"inthedefinitionindicatesthatlanguageispossessedbyhumanbeingsonlyandisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofotherlivingcreatures.Theterm"communication"meansthatlanguagemakesitpossibleforitsuserstotalktoeachotherandfulfilltheircommunicativeneeds.62.  Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.1)ArbitrarinessAsmentionedearlier,thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnological\nconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweenthewordelephantandtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.2)Productivity    Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycansendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.3)Duality    Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel, canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.4)DisplacementDisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Animalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.5)Culturaltransmission    Humanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned, butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.63.  Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?\n    Traditionalgram-marisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddescribesthedatainanobjectiveandscientificway.64.  Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisthestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.65.  Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?First,thespokenformispriortothewrit-tenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.Second,thespokenformplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedanditservesawiderrangeofpurposesFinally,thespokenformisthemediumthroughwhichweacquireourmothertongue.66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?  Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamouslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky, performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichis\ntoohaphazard.68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?  AlthoughSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamaterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviesandtohim,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.69.  Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?    Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeia,wordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc..Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements  “photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.Chapter2：Phonology                      I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1. VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.  2. Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.  3. Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.  4. EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.  5. Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.  6. Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.  7. Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.  8.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.  9. Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.  10.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.  11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.  12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthe\nmouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.  13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.  14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.  15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.  16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.  17.  Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.  18.  Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.  19. Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.  20.  Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.  22．A____phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.  23.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds.  24．Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.  25．Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp____ofarticulation.  26．Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.  27．S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.  28．Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds ____rules.  29．Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription.  30．Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________.  31．P______isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageand\nhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.  32．Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity.  33． T____arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.  34．Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stress.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:35．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.A.mouth  B.lips  C.tongue  D.vocalcords  36．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.A.voiceless    B.voiced C.vowel     D.consonantal37．__________isavoicedalveolarstop.A./z/       B./d/C./k/   D./b/  38．Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________. A.identical    B.sameC.exactlyalike    D.similar  39．Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.A.inphonemiccontrast        B.incomplementarydistributionC.theallophones             D.minimalpair  40．Thesound/f/is_________________. A.voicedpalatalaffricate            B.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricative            D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative    41.  A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.  A.back         B.centralC.front     D.middle  42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.A.phoneticcomponents    B.immediateconstituentsC.suprasegmentalfeatures            D.semanticfeatures  \n43.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.  Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phone         B.soundC.allophone     D.phoneme  44．Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.A.phones       B.soundsC.phonemes    D.allophones  IV.Definethetermsbelow:45.phonology       46.phoneme          47.allophone  48.internationalphoneticalphabet      49.intonation        50.phonetics       51.auditoryphonetics52.acousticphonetics    53.phone     54.phonemiccontrast  55.tone             56.minimalpairV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveex-amplesforillustrationifnecessary:57.  Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?58.  Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?59.  Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?60.  Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.61.  Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:l.T    2.F    3.F    4.F    5.T    6.T    7.F  8.F    9.T    10.F11.F  12.T  13.F  14.F  15.F  16.F  17.T  18.F  19.T  20.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.Aspiration  22.Articulatory  23.  bilabial  24.tongue  25.place26.stop    27.Suprasegmental  28.sequential29.narrow30.intonation31.Phonology  32.oral  33.Tone  34.sentenceIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:35.C    36.A    37.B    38.D    39.A    40.D    41.C    42.C    43.D44.DIV.Definethetermsbelow:45.phonology:Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguistic\ncommunication.46.phoneme:Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.47.allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.48.internationalphoneticalphabet:Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.  49.intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.50.phonetics:Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages51.auditoryphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehear-er.52.acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.53.phone:Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.54.phonemiccontrast:Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.55.tone:Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.56.minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveex-amplesforillustrationifnecessary:57.  Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?1)  Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.2)  Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.3)  Speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlateratschool.58.  Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?1) Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackintermsofthepositionofthe\ntongueinthemouth.2) Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andopenvowels.3) Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.4) TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowelsaccordingtothelengthofthesound.59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?    Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.60.  Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.1)   ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchas`importandimport.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompoundsisthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,forexample:`blackbirdisaparticularkindofbird,whichisnotnecessarilyblack,butablack`birdisabirdthatisblack.2)  Themoreimportantwordssuchasnouns,verbsadjectives,adverbs,etcarepronouncedwithgreaterforceandmademoreprominent.Buttogivespecialemphasistoacertainnotion,awordinsentencethatisusuallyunstressedcanbestressedtoachievedifferenteffect.Takethesentence“Heisdrivingmycar.”  forexample.Toemphasizethefactthatthecarheisdrivingisnothis,oryours,butmine,thespeakercanstressthepossessivepronounmy,whichundernormalcircumstancesisnotstressed.3)  Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation,knownasthefourtones:Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.Generallyspeaking,thefallingtoneindicatesthatwhatissaidisastraight-forward,matter-of-factstatement,therisingtoneoftenmakesaquestionofwhatissaid,andthefall-risetoneoftenindicatesthatthereisanimpliedmessageinwhatissaid.61.  Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.Ifitdoes,thetwosoundsthenrepresentdifferentphonemes.\nChapter3：Morphology  I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.7.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.8.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.9.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.10.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:11.M____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.12.Theaffix“-ish”inthewordboyishconveysag____meaning.13.B______morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.14.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesandd____affixes.15.D______affixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.16.As______isaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.17.C______isthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.18.Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewwordarecalledm____rules.19.Intermsofmorphemicanalysis,d____canbeviewedastheadditionofaffixestostemstoformnew\nwords.20.As____canbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitselftowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:21.  Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)______.    A.boundmorpheme      B.boundform        C.inflectionalmorpheme  D.freemorpheme22.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound  ______.A.  isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponentsB.  canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemesC.  isthesameasthemeaningofafreephrase.D.  Noneoftheabove.23.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof_______.   A.thefirstelement              B.thesecondelement   C.eitherthefirstorthesecondelement D.boththefirstandthesecondelements.24._______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword. A.Free  morphemes           B.BoundmorphemesC.Boundwords        D.Words25._____isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.Syntax               B.GrammarC.Morphology             D.Morpheme26.  Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.A.lexical             B.morphemicC.grammatical                D.semantic27.  Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.A.   havetobeusedindependentlyB.  cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemesC.  caneitherbefreeorboundD.  havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes.28.  ____modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword. A.Prefixes          B.SuffixesC.Roots              D.Affixes29.  _____areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.\nA.Words        B.Morphemes    C.Phonemes      D.Sentences30.  “-s”intheword“books”is  _______.A.aderivativeaffix            B.astemC.aninflectionalaffix          D.arootIV.Definethefollowingterms: 31.morphology          32.inflectionalmorphology33.derivationalmorphology  34.morpheme35.freemorpheme     36.boundmorpheme37.root     38.affix39.prefix        40.suffix41.derivation         42.CompoundingV.Answerthefollowingquestions:43.  WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?44.  Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:l.T  2.F    3.T  4.T  5.T  6.T  7.T  8.F  9.F  10.TII.II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:11.Morpheme12.grammatical13.Bound14.derivative15.Derivative16.suffix  17.Compounding18.morphological19.derivation20.stemIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:2l.D  22.D  23.B  24.B  25.C  26.C  27.D  28.A  29.B  30.CIV.Definethefollowingterms:31.  Morphology:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.32.  inflectionalmorphology:Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections33.derivationalmorphology:Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.34.  Morpheme:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.35.  freemorpheme:Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithoth-ermorphemes.36.    boundmorpheme:Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindepen-dentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.37.  Root:Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfal-thoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.38.  Affix:Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.39.  Prefix:Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.                  40.  Suffix:Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.41.  Derivation:Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.42.  Compounding:Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimes\nmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.V.Anwserthefollowingquestions:43.  WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?  Orthographicallyacompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic,notcalcu-lablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Phonetically,thewordstressofacompoundusuallyfallsonthefirstelement.44.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.    Freemorphemes:Theyaretheindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves,forexample,“book-”intheword“bookish”.    Boundmorphemes:Theyarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformawordsuchas“-ish”in“bookish”.Boundmorphemescanbesubdividedintorootsandaffixes.Arootisseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughithasaclearanddefinitemeaning,suchas“gene-”intheword“generate”.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-s”intheword“books”toindicatepluralityofnouns.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateawordsuchas“mis-”intheword“misinform”.Derivationalaffixescanalsobedividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofawordsuchas“dis-”intheword“dislike”,whilesuffixesoccurattheendofawordsuchas“-less”intheword“friendless”.Chapter4：Syntax  I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeak-erareknownaslinguisticcompetence.5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowsthe\nverb.11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:15. As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasub-jectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.16.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.17.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.19.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.22.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.23.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.24.ThetheoryofC____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:25.  Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammatical-calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right       B.wrongC.grammatical     D.ungrammatical26.  A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator  B.particle     C.preposition    D.subordinator27.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive       B.grammaticalC.social     D.functional28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand  ____________A. howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.  whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.  howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.  Alloftheabove.\n29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled________.A. transformationalrulesB. generativerulesC. phrasestructurerulesD. x-bartheory30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.A. nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC. nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD. nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.31.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.OnlyhierarchicalC.complex D.bothlinearandhierarchical  32.  Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.large      B.small    C.finite        D.infinite  33.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences A.lexical       B.morphological C.linguistic     D.combinational34._______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence. A.GenerativeB.TransformationalC.X-bar    D.Phrasestructure  IV.Definethefollowingterms:35.syntax  36.Sentence  37.coordinatesentence  38.syntacticcategories39.grammaticalrelations  40.linguisticcompetence41.transformationalrules42.D-structureV.Answerthefollowingquestions:43.  Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?44.  Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples.45.  Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?Why?46.  Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures?47.  WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.I.  DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:l.F  2.T  3.F  4.T  5.T  6.T  7.T  8.F  9.F  10.T  11.F  12.T13.T  14.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:15.simple,16.sentence  17.subject  18.predicate  19.complex  20.embedded  21.open  22.adjacency  23.Parameters  24.CaseIII.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:25.D26.D  27.A  28.D  29.A  30.A31.D  32.C  33.D  34.BIV.Definethefollowingterms:\n35.  syntax:Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.36.  Sentence:Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.37.  coordinatesentence:Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".38.  syntacticcategories:Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledaphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.39.grammaticalrelations:Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.40.linguisticcompetence:Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.41.Transformationalrules:Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.42.D-structure:D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.V.Answerthefollowingquestions:43.  Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.44.  Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples.    Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:          Johnreadsextensively.    Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:\n      Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparing      forherhistoryexam.    Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexam-ple:BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlin-guistics.45.  Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?Why?    No.Languageisbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.Whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown,thewordsofthesentenceareproducedoneafteranotherinasequence.Acloserexaminationofasentenceshowsthatasentenceisnotcomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorderwithoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.Infact,sen-tencesarealsohierarchicallystructured.Theyareorga-nizedbygroupingtogetherwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,suchasnounphrase(NP)orverbphrase(VP),ascanbeseenfromthefollowingtreediagram:                          S              NP                        VP        Det          N            Vt          NP                                          Det          N        The        boy          likes    the        music.46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures?    Thetreediagramcannotonlyrevealalinearorder,butalsoahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituents.Itcan,inaddition,showthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,thusitisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.47.WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.NPmovementin-volvesthemovementofanounphrase.NP-movementoccurswhen,forexample,asentencechangesfromtheactivevoicetothepassivevoice:    (A)  Themanbeatthechild.(B).  Thechildwasbeatenbytheman.  Bistheresultofthemovementofthenounphrases"theman"and"thechild"fromtheiroriginalpositionsin(A)tonewpositions.Thatis,"theman"ispostposedtotherightand"thechild"ispreposedtotheleft.    NotallinstancesofNP-movement,however,arerelatedtochangingasentencefromtheactivevoicetothepassivevoice.Forexample:\n    (C)Itseemstheyarequitefitforthejob.    (D)Theyseemquitefitforthejob.Thesesentencesareidenticalinmeaning,butdifferentintheirsuperfi-cialsyntacticrepresentations.Itisbelievedthattheyhavethesameunderly-ingstructure,but(27b)istheresultofanNPmovement.