语言学教学提纲 13页

语言学\n精品文档Chapter7：HistoricalLinguistics I. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1. Oneofthetasksofthehistoricallinguistsistoexploremethodstoreconstructlinguistichistoryandestablishtherelationshipbetweenlanguages.2. Languagechangeisagradualandconstantprocess,thereforeoftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration.3. ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.4. MiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivalofAnglo-Saxons,whoinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope.5. InOldEnglish,allthenounsareinflectedtomarknominative,genitive,dativeandaccusativecases.6. InOldEnglish,theverbofasentenceoftenprecedesthesubjectratherthanfollowsit.7. AdirectconsequenceoftheRenaissanceMovementwastherevivalofFrenchasaliterarylanguage.8. Ingeneral,linguisticchangeingrammarismorenoticeablethanthatinthesoundsystemandthevocabularyofalanguage.9. Thesoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.10.   Theleastwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.11.   InOldEnglish,themorphosyntacticruleofadjectiveagreementstipulatedthattheendingsofadjectivemustagreewiththeheadnounincase,numberandgender.12.   ThewordorderofModernEnglishismorevariablethanthatofOldEnglish.13.   Derivationreferstotheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stems,orwords.14.   “Smog”isawordformedbytheword-formingprocesscalledacronymy.15.   “fridge”isawordformedbyabbreviation.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档16.   Modernlinguistsareabletoprovideaconsistentaccountfortheexactcausesofalltypesoflanguagechange.17.   Soundassimilationmaybringaboutthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence,asinthecaseofchangeof“Engla-land”to“England”.18.   Ruleelaborationoccurswhenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness.19.   Languagechangeisalwaysachangetowardsthesimplificationoflanguagerules20.   Thewaychildrenacquirethelanguageisoneofthecausesforlanguagechange.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.   H________linguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.22.   Thehistoricalstudyoflanguageisad________studyoflanguageratherthanasynchronicstudy.23.   EuropeanR________MovementseparatestheperiodofMiddleEnglishfromthatofmodernEnglish.24.   Animportantsetofextensivesoundchanges,whichaffected7longortensevowelsandwhichledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenphonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemesattheendoftheMiddleEnglishPeriod,isknownastheGreatV_______Shift.25.   A_______involvesthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.26.   Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownas e__________.27.   ThethreesetsofconsonantshiftsthatGrimmdiscoveredbecameknowncollectivelyasGrimmsL____.28.   Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovement,knownasm_______,involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.29.   B________isaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixesofexitingwords.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档30.   Semanticb________referstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.31.   Theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexistiscalledthep_________.32.   Sounda________referstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonanother.Inthisprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidenticalorsimilartooneanotherintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation.33.   Inordertoreducetheexceptionalorirregularmorphemes,speakersofaparticularlanguagemayborrowarulefromonepartofthegrammarandapplyitgenerally.Thisphenomenoniscalledi_________borrowing.34.   Byidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages,historicallinguistsreconstructtheprotoforminthecommonancestrallanguage.Thisprocessiscalledc________reconstruction.35.   Them____ruleofadjectiveagreementhasbeenlostfromEnglish.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:36.    Historicallinguisticsexplores________________.    A.  thenatureoflanguagechangeB.  thecausesthatleadtolanguagechange  C. therelationshipbetweenlanguages  D.alloftheabove37.   Languagechangeis______________.A.  universal,continuousand,toalargeextent,regularandsystematicB.  continuous,regular,systematic,butnotuniversalC.  universal,continuous,butnotregularandsystematicD.  alwaysregularandsystematic,butnotuniversalandcontinuous38.   ModernEnglishperiodstartsroughly_____________.A.  from449to1100收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档B.  from1500tothepresentC.  from1100tothepresentD.  from1700tothepresent39.   OldEnglishdatesbacktothemid-fifthcenturywhen_________.A. theNormanFrenchinvadersunderWilliamtheConquerorarrivedinEnglandB.  theprintingtechnologywasinventedC. Anglo-SaxonsinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEuropeD. theCelticpeoplebegantoinhabitEngland40.   MiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedby___________.A. NormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammarB.  GreekandLatinbecauseoftheEuropeanrenaissancemovementC. DanishlanguagesbecauseDenmarkplacedakingonthethroneofEnglandD. theCelticpeoplewhowerethefirstinhabitantsofEngland41.   Languagechangeisessentiallyamatterofchange________.A.incollocations                B.inmeaningC.ingrammar                  D.inusages42.   InOldandMiddleEnglish,both/k/and/n/intheword“knight”werepronounced,butinmodernEnglish,/k/inthesound/kn-/clusterswasnotpronounced.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.A.soundaddition             B.soundlossC.soundshift                D.soundmovement43.   Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownas_____.A.apocope                   B.epenthesisC.parenthesis                 D.antithesis收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档44.   Segmentswitchofsoundpositionscanbeseenintheexampleofthemodernword“bird”whichcomesfromtheoldEnglishword“bridd”.Thechangeofthewordfrom“bridd”to“bird”isacaseof_________. A.metathesis                  B.soundloss  C.soundaddition               D.apocope45.   _________isaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexicalunit.A.Derivation                    B.BlendingC.Compounding                 D.Abbreviation46.   “Wife”,whichusedtorefertoanywoman,standsfor“amarriedwoman”inmodernEnglish.Thisphenomenonisknownas________.A.semanticshift                  B.semanticbroadeningC.semanticelevation              D.semanticnarrowing47.   Englishlanguagebelongsto_________.A.Indo-EuropeanFamily           B.Sino-TibetanFamilyC.AustronesianFamily             D.AfroasiaticFamily48.   Byanalogytothepluralformationoftheword“dog-s”,speakersstartedsaying“cows”asthepluralof“cow”insteadoftheearlierplural“kine”.Thisisthecaseof_________.A.elaboration                      B.externalborrowingC.soundassimilation                D.internalborrowing49.   Morphologcialchangescaninvolve__________.A. thelossofmorphologicalrulesB.  theadditionofmorphologicalrulesC. thealterationofmorphologicalrulesD. alloftheabove50.   Themostdramaticmorphologicallossconcernsthelossof________.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档A. comparativemarkersB.  tensemarkersC. genderandcasemarkersD. noneoftheabove IV.Definethefollowingterms:51.Apocope              52.Metathesis            53.Derivation 54.back-formation         55.semanticnarrowing    56.protolanguage  57.haplology             58.epenthesis           59.Compounding 60.Blending            61.semanticbroadening  62.semanticshift        63.GreatVowelShift        64.acronym        65.soundassimilation V.Answerthefollowingquestions:66. Whatisthepurposeorsignificanceofthehistoricalstudyoflanguage?67. Whatarethecharacteristicsofthenatureoflanguagechange?68. WhatarethemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglish?69. Aslanguagechangesovertime,themeaningofawordmaydeviatefromitsoriginaldenotation.Discussthemajortypesofsemanticchanges.70. OvertheyearsfromOldEnglishperiodtotheModernEnglishperiod,Englishhasundergonesomemajorsoundchanges.Illustratethesechangeswithsomeexamples.71. Whatarethemostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglish?72. Whatarethecausesoflanguagechange?Discussthemindetail.Chapter7 HistoricalLinguisticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse: l.T  2.T  3.T  4.F  5.F  6.T  7.F  8.F  9.T  10.F收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档11.T 12.F 13.T 14.F 15.F 16.F 17.T 18.T 19.F 20.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.Historical        22.diachronic        23.Renaissance      24.Vowel25.Apocope        26.epenthesis        27.Law             28.Metathesis29.Backformation    30.broadening       31.protolanguage    32.assimilation33.internal        34.comparative      35.morphosyntacticIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:36.D  37.A  38.B  39.C  40.A  41.C  42.B  43.B  44.A  45.C46.D 47.A  48.D  49.D 50.CIV.Definethefollowingterms:1. Apocope:Apocopeisthedeletionofaword-finalvowelsegment.2. Metathesis:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasmetathesis.Itinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoneighbouringsoundsegments.3. Derivation:Itisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytheadditionofaffixestotheroots,stemsorwords.4. back-formation:Itisaprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedbytakingawaythesupposedsuffixofanexistingword.5. semanticnarrowing:Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.6. Protolanguage:Itistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.7. Haplology:Itreferstothephenomenonofthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence.8.   Epenthesis:Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.9.   Compounding:Itisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorethantwowordsintoonelexicalunit. 收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档10.   Blending:Itisaprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.11.   semanticbroadening:Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthe meaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.62.semanticshift:Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquiresanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.63. GreatVowelShift:ItisaseriesofsystematicsoundchangeattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiodapproximatelybetween1400and1600inthehistoryofEnglishthatinvolvedsevenlongvowelsandconsequentlyledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenEnglishpronunciationanditsspellingsystem.64.Acronym:Anacronymisawordcreatedbycombiningtheinitialsofanumberofwords.     65. soundassimilation:Soundassimilationreferstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonanother.Inanassimilativeprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidentical,ormoresimilar,tooneanotherintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation,orofhaplology.V.Answerthefollowingquestions:66. Whatisthepurposeorsignificanceofthehistoricalstudyoflanguage?1)  Researchesinhistoricallinguisticsshedlightonprehistoricdevelopmentsintheevolutionoflanguageandtheconnectionsofearlierandlatervariantsofthesamelanguageandprovidevaluableinsightsintothekinshippatternsofdifferentlanguages.2)  Theidentificationofthechangesthataparticularlanguagehasundergoneenablesustoreconstructthelinguistichistoryofthatlanguage,andtherebyhypothesizesitsearlierformsfromwhichcurrentspeechandwritinghaveevolved.3)  Thehistoricalstudyoflanguagealsoenablesthemtodeterminehownon-linguisticfactors,suchassocial,culturalandpsychologicalfactors,interactovertimetocauselinguisticchange.67. Whatarethecharacteristicsofthenatureoflanguagechange? Alllivinglanguageschangewithtimeandlanguagechangeisinevitable.Asageneralrule,languagechangeisuniversal,continuousand,toaconsiderabledegree,regularandsystematic.Languagechangeisextensive,takingplaceinvirtuallyallaspectsofthegrammar.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档 Althoughlanguagechangeisuniversal,inevitable,andinsomecases,vigorous,itisneveranovernightoccurrence,butagradualandconstantprocess,oftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration.68. WhatarethemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglish?   ThemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglishareOldEnglishperiod(roughlyfrom449to1100),MiddleEnglishperiod(roughlyfrom1100to1500),andModernEnglishperiod(roughlyfrom1500tothepresent).OldEnglishdatesbacktothemid-fifthcenturywhenAnglo-SaxonsinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope.  ThepronunciationofOldEnglishisverydifferentfromitsmodemform.Forexample,theOldEnglishword"ham"ispronouncedas/ha:m/.Intermsofmorphology,nearlyhalfofthenounsareinflectedtomarknominative,genitive,dative,andaccusativecases.Inaddition,suffixesareaddedtoverbstoindicatetense.Syntactically,theverbofanOldEnglishsentenceprecedes,hutdoesnotfollow,thesubject.   MiddleEnglishbeganwhentheNormanFrenchinvadersinvadedEnglandunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.MiddleEnglishhadbeendeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsas"army,""court,""defense,""faith,""prison"and"tax"camefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers.   ModernEnglishperiodstartswithEuropeanrenaissancemovement.AdirectconsequenceoftheRenaissancemovementwastherevivalofLatinasaliterarylanguage.Inthepost-Renaissanceperiod,the"BritishEmpire"setupEnglish-speakingcoloniesinmanypartsoftheworld.Bythenineteenthcentury,Englishwasrecognizedasthelanguageofthegovernment,thelaw,highereducation,andbusinessandcommerceintheUnitedStates,Canada,AustraliaandNewZealand.TodayModernEnglishiswidelyusedandhasinfactbecomeanimportanttoolofinternationalcommunicationamongpeoplesofdifferentcountries.69. Aslanguagechangesovertime,themeaningofawordmaydeviatefromitsoriginaldenotation.Discussthemajortypesofsemanticchanges.  Majortypesofsemanticchangesaresemanticbroadening,semanticnarrowingandsemanticshift.   Semanticbroadeningreferstotheprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.Taketheword"holiday"forexample, Theoldermeaningwasa"holyday."Todayeveryoneenjoysaholiday,whetherheorsheisreligiousornot.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档   Semanticnarrowingisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.Forexample,"wife,"usedtomean"anywoman,"butnowitmeans“marriedfemales”only.   Semanticshiftisaprocessofsemanticchangeinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquiresanew,sometimesrelated,meaning.Forexample,thewordsillymeant“happy”inOldEnglish,andnaiveinMiddleEnglish,but"foolish"inModernEnglish.70.   OvertheyearsfromOldEnglishperiodtotheModernEnglishperiod,Englishhasundergonesomemajorsoundchanges.Illustratethesechangeswithsomeexamples.Themajorsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds.ThechangesinvowelsoundscanbeseenintheGreatVowelShiftinthehistoryofEnglish,whichledtooneofthemajordisagreementsbetweenthepronunciationandthespellingsystemofModernEnglish.Thesechangesinvolvesevenlong,ortensevowels,forexampleWordsMiddleEnglishModemEnglishFivefi:vfaivMouseMu:smausFeetfe:tfi:tMoodMo:dmu:dBreakBrε:kenbreik   Soundsdonotjustchange,theycanbelost.vowelsoundschange,butsomesoundssimplydisappearedfromthegeneralpronunciationofEnglish.Oneexampleofsoundlossisthe/kn-/clustersintheword-initialposition.InOldandMiddleEnglish,both/k/and/n/werepronounced,asisshowninthespellingofsuchwordsas"knight"and"knee."AlthoughModernEnglishspellingofthesewordsstillkeepstheinitialletterk,itssoundisnolongerpronounced. Soundchangescanalsotaketheformofsoundaddition.Soundadditionincludesthegainorinsertionofasound,forexample:             spinle         spindle             emty          emptySoundchangecantaketheformofsoundmovement.Itinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoneighbouringsoundsegments.Forexample,the/r/soundintheOldEnglishwords"bridd"("bird")and"hros"("horse")wasmovedtotherightofthevowelsoundsintheirModemEnglishcounterparts"bird"and"horse."收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档71.Whatarethemostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglish?Themostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelossandadditionofaffixes.AnumberofmorphologicalrulesinOldEnglisharenowlostinModernEnglish.Someoftheserulesareaboutderivationalaffixes,suchassuffixes"-baere"and"-bora".InOldEnglishanadjectivewouldderiveif"-baere"wasaddedtoanoun,suchas:  lust("pleasure")+baere    lustbaere("agreeable")ButthisrulehasbeenlostinmodernEnglish.   Themostdramaticmorphologicallossconcernsthelossofgenderandcasemarking.InOldEnglish,forexample,"st?n"("stone")wasmarkedmasculine,while"gief"("gift")and"d…or"("wildanimal")weremarkedrespectivelyfeminineandneuter.InmodernEnglish,thegendermarkersofthesewordshavebeenlost.   SomeaffixeshavebeenaddedtotheEnglishmorphologicalsystem.Take"-able"forexample,ithasbeenaddedtoEnglishsincetheOldEnglishperiod.Atfirst,wordsendingin"-able,"suchas"favourable"and"conceivable,"wereborrowedaltogetherfromFrench.ThenthissuffixbecameaproductiveruleinEnglish.Itwasusedwithotherverbstoformadjectives.ContemporaryEnglishspeakersapplythissuffixruletomorestems,thusproducingnewadjectivessuchas"payable,"and“washable.”72.Whatarethecausesoflanguagechange?Discussthemindetail.Languagechangesareduetothefollowingcauses:1)  Soundassimilation:Soundassimilationreferstothephysiologicaleffectofonesoundonanother.Inanassimilativeprocess,successivesoundsaremadeidentical,ormoresimilar,tooneanotherintermsofplaceormannerofarticulation,orofhaplology,thelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence.Forexample,theOldEnglishword"Engla-land"("thelandoftheAngles")cametobepronounced“England”throughtheassimilationof"la-lasounds.2)   Rulesimplificationandregularization:Somechangesaretheresultofsimplificationandregularization.Thepluralformsofborrowedwordsareusuallyirregular,thuscomplex.Forexample,thepluralformsof "agendum","datum","curriculum"and"memorandum"are"agenda","data","curricula"and"memoranda".Theirregularpluralsofthesenounshavebeenreplacedbyregularpluralsof"agendas","curriculums",and"memorandums"amongmanyspeakers,thusmakingthemsimplifiedandregularized.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档3)   Internalborrowing:Inordertoreducethenumberofexceptionalorirregularmorphemes,speakersofaparticularlanguagemayborrowarulefromonepartofthegrammarandapplyitgenerally.Forexample,byanalogytothepluralformationof"foe-s"and"dog-s",speakersstartedsaying"cows"asthepluralof"cow"insteadoftheearlierpluralkine.4)  Elaboration:Ruleelaborationoccurswhenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincreasecommunicativeclarityorexpressiveness.Ifaparticulargrammaticalfeatureislostasaresultofachangeinthephonologicalsystem,someotherfeaturemaybeaddedinanothercomponentofthegrammar.5)  Socialtriggers:Socio-politicalchangessuchaswars,invasions,occupation,colonization,andlanguageplanningandstandardizationpoliciesleadtolanguagechanges.Forexample,inthehistoryofEnglish,theNormanConquestmarkedthebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.AndBritishcolonialsettlement,andthecountry'spolitical,culturalandeconomicadvancesindistantlandssuchasNorthAmerica,Oceania,SouthAfrica,andIndialeadtothechangeofEnglishintoBritish,American,Australian,SouthAfricanandIndianvarieties.6)   Culturaltransmission:Althoughanewgenerationhastofindawayofusingthelanguageofthepreviousgeneration,ithastofindexpressionsthatcanbestcommunicatetheviewsandconceptsofthetimeandthechangedandever-changingsociallife,andre-createthelanguageofthecommunity.Forexample,whileoldpeopletendtocallarefrigerator"icebox,"theyoungergenerationismoreoftenheardspeakingofa"fridge."Thistenuoustransmissionprocessaddsuptotheinevitableandongoinglanguagechangeandvariation.7)   Children'sapproximationtowardtheadultgrammar:Thewaychildrenacquirethelanguageisanotherbasiccauseforlanguagechange.Childrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammarsbythemselvesandgeneralizerulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.Children'sgrammarnevermodelsexactlyafterthatoftheadultspeechcommunity,becausechildrenareexposedtodiverselinguisticinformation.Alltheabovefactorscontributetolanguagechanges.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除