当代语言学导论课件 27页

Lecture2WhatIsLinguistics\n2.1Definitionoflinguistics2.2Branchesoflinguistics2.3Macrolinguistics2.4Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics\n2.1DefinitionLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.study–investigationscientific-exhaustiveness穷尽性consistency一致性economy简洁性objectivity客观性\n2.2Branchesoflinguistics2.2.1Phonetics语音学2.2.2Phonology音系学2.2.3Morphology形态学2.2.4Syntax句法学2.2.5Semantics语义学2.2.6Pragmatics语用学2.2.7Modernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar\n2.2.1Phonetics语音学Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds.Threedifferentbranchesofphonetics:1)Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学2)Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学3)Acousticphonetics声学语音学\n2.2.2Phonology音系学Phonologystudiesthesoundsystemoflanguages.Theaimofphonologyistodemonstratethepatternsofdistinctivesoundsfoundinalanguage,andtomakeasgeneralstatementsaspossibleaboutthenatureofsoundsystemsinthelanguagesoftheworld.Theobjectofstudyinphonologyisphoneme(音位).\n2.2.3Morphology形态学Morphologystudiestheformationofwords,thatis,howwordsareformedfromsmallerunitsofmeaning–morphemes.Morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning.Theycanbeusedtoderivewordsandtogivegrammaticalinformationaboutaword.\nLanguagesdifferintheirdegreeofdependenceonmorphologicalcomponents.Chinese:男：我是学生。女：我是学生。男男：我们是学生。女女：我们是学生。English:Boy:I’mastudent.Girl:I’mastudent.Boys:We’restudents.Girls:We’restudents.French:Garçon:Jesuisétudiant.Fille:Jesuisétudiante.Garçons:Noussommesétudiants.Filles:Noussommesétudiantes.\n2.2.4Syntax句法学Syntaxstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentencesfromwords.Theserulesspecifywordorder,sentenceorganization,andtherelationshipbetweenwordorder,wordclassesandothersentenceelements.Emmaloadedthegroceriesintothecar.Emmaloadedthecarwithgroceries.Hedidn’tcomebecauseofyou.\n2.2.5Semantics语义学Semanticsisthestudyofmeaning.It’snotonlyconcernedwiththemeaningofwords,butalsothatofmorphemesandofsentences.\n2.2.6Pragmatics语用学Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithspecificutterancesinspecificsituations.\n2.2.7ModernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammarSaussure,“Fatherofmodernlinguistics”,CourseinGeneralLinguistics.Firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Thirdly,modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.\n2.3Macrolinguistics宏观语言学2.3.1Psycholinguistics心理语言学--linguisticsandpsychology2.3.2Sociolinguistics社会语言学–languageandsociety2.3.3Appliedlinguistics应用语言学-linguisticsandlanguageteaching\nPsycholinguisticsPsycholinguisticsstudiesthecorrelationbetweenlinguisticbehaviorandthepsychologicalprocessesthoughttounderliethatbehavior:(a)thementalprocessthatapersonusesinproducingandunderstandinglanguage,and(b)howhumanslearnlanguage.cognitivelinguisticsthestudyoflanguagedevelopmentinthechild\nSociolinguisticsSociolinguisticsstudiesallaspectsoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Itincludesstudiesonthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.LanguageattitudebeforeandafterthehandoverofHongkongChangesintheuseof“小姐”\nAppliedlinguisticsInthebroadsense,appliedlinguisticsisconcernedwiththeapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandfindingstotheclarificationandsolutionoflanguageproblemswhichhaveariseninotherareasofexperience.Butthemostwell-developedbranchofappliedlinguisticstheteachingandlearningofforeignlanguages,andsometimesthetermisusedinthenarrowsensetorefertothisfieldexclusively.\nSomeotherapplicationsLiterarystylistics文学文体学Itdealswiththevariationscharacteristicofliteratureasagenreandofthe‘style’ofindividualauthors.Thisiswherelinguisticsandliteraturemeets.\nAnthropologicallinguisticsThisisabranchthatstudieslanguagevariationanduseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman,asinvestigatedusingthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropology.DidEnglishandGermandivergefromacommonancestrallanguage?Iftheyarerelated,howfarbackintimedidtheybegintodiffer?\nComputationallinguisticsThisisabranchinwhichcomputationaltechniquesandconceptsareappliedtolinguisticandphoneticproblems.speechsynthesis,speechrecognition,machinetranslation,corpuslinguistics,computer-mediatedcommunication\n2.4Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics2.4.1Speechandwriting2.4.2Descriptivevs.prescriptive描写式和规定式2.4.3Synchronicvs.diachronic共时和历时2.4.4languevs.parole语言和言语2.4.5Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用2.4.6Functionalismandformalism功能主义与形式主义\nDescriptivevs.prescriptivegrammarsTheyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.Descriptive---todescribethefactoflinguisticusageastheyare,andnothowtheyoughttobe,withreferencetosomerealorimaginedidealstate.Prescriptive---atermusedtocharacterizeanyapproachwhichattempttolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeused.\nSynchronicvs.diachronicSynchronic(linguistics)---languagesarestudiedatatheoreticpointintime:onedescribesa‘state’oflanguage,disregardingwhateverchangesmightbetakingplace.Diachronic----languagesarestudiedfrompointofviewoftheirhistoricaldevelopment–forexample,thechangeswhichhavetakenplacebetweenOldandModernEnglishcouldbedescribedinphonological,grammaticalandsemanticterms.\nlanguevs.paroleLangue---thelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakersParole---theconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.\nCompetenceandperformanceCompetence----aperson’sknowledgeofhislanguage,thesystemofruleswhichhehasmasteredsothatheisabletoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentences,andtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.Performance---theactualrealizationoflanguageknowledge,languageseenasasetofspecificutterancesproducedbylanguagespeakers,asencounteredinacorpus.D.H.Hymes:communicativecompetenceM.A.K.Halliday:Linguisticpotentialandactuallinguisticbehavior\nFunctionalismvs.formalismFunctionalismorfunctionallinguisticsreferstothestudyoftheformoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.Itconsiderstheindividualasasocialbeingandinvestigatesthewayinwhichshe/heacquireslanguageandusesitinordertocommunicatewithothersinherorhissocialenvironment.Representative:M.A.K.Halliday,Systemicfunctionalgrammar\nFormalismorformallinguisticsisthestudyoftheabstractformsoflanguageandtheirinternalrelations.Itfixesontheformsoflanguagesasevidenceoftheuniversalswithoutconsideringhowtheseformsfunctionincommunicationandthewaysofsociallifeindifferentcommunities.Representative:NoamChomsky,Transformational-generativegrammar\nExercisesQuestionstodiscuss:1.Inwhatwaydolangue,competenceandlinguisticpotentialagree?Inwhatwaydotheydiffer?Andtheircounterparts?2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthetraditionalstudyoflanguageandmodernlinguistics?Termstodefine:Competence，performance，langue，parole，descriptivegrammar,prescriptivegrammar,diachroniclinguistics,synchroniclinguistics,functionalism,formalism