现代语言学流派课件 33页

SchoolsofModernLinguistics\nGeneralIntroductionThePragueSchoolContributionsPhonologyandPhonologicalOppositionsFunctionalSentencePerspectiveThemeandRhemeTheLondonSchoolIntroductionMalinowski’sTheoriesFirth’sTheoriesHallidayandSystemic-FunctionalGrammarContent\nGeneralIntroductionModernlinguisticsbeganfromtheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure(1875~1913),whoisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistic”and“amasterofadisciplinewhichhemademodern”(Culler,1976:7)\nThedevelopmentofSaussure’sideaarealong3linesLinguisticsSociologyPsychology\nSaussuresawhumanlanguageasanextremelycomplexandheterogeneousphenomenon.\nSaussurebelievedthatlanguageisasystemofsigns（语言是一套符号系统）.Thissignistheunionofaformandanidea,whichSaussurecalledthesignifier（能指）andthesignified（所指）.Hisideasonthearbitrarynatureofsign（任意性理论）,ontherelationalnatureoflinguisticunits（语言单位之间的关系）,onthedistinctionoflangue（语言）andparole（言语）andsynchronic（共时）anddiachronic（历时）linguistics,etc.pushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstage.\nThePragueSchoolThePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguisticsanditsmostimportantcontributiontolinguisticsisthatisseeslanguageintermsoffunction.该学派有一种独特的共时语言学研究风格，对语言学最重要的贡献是从“功能”角度来看待语言。\nOfthemanyideasdevelopedinPragueSchool,threepointsareofspecialimportance1、Itwasstressedthatthesynchronicstudyisfullyjustifiedasitcandrawoncontrollablematerialforinvestigationbutnorigidtheoreticalbarrieriserectedtoseparatediachronicstudy.（对语言的共时研究由于可以得到全面的、可控的语言材料以供参考而被充分强调，同时，也没有严格从理论上将之与历时语言研究分离。）\n2、Thereisanemphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage.（强调语言的系统的这一属性。）\n3、Languagewaslookedonasfunctionalinanothersense,thatis,asatoolperforminganumberofessentialfunctionsortasksforthecommunityusingit.（在某种意义上把语言看作是一种“功能”，是一种由某一语言社团使用的，用来完成一系列基本职责和任务工具。）\nPhonologyandPhonologicalOppositionsThePragueSchoolisbestknownforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.\nThemostinfluentialscholar----Trubetzkoy(特鲁别茨柯依)Trubetzkoyarguedthatphoneticsbelongedtoparolewhereasphonologybelongedtolangue.Onthisbasishedevelopedthenationof“phoneme”asanabstractunitofthesoundsystemasdistinctfromthesoundsactuallyproduced.\nInclassifyingdistinctivefeatures,Trubetzkoyproposedthreecriteria(1)Theirrelationtothewholecontrastivesystem(2)Relationsbetweentheopposingelements(3)Theirpowerofdiscrimination\nTheseOPPOSITIONScanbesummarizedasfollows:BilateraloppositionMultilateraloppositionProportionaloppositionIsolatedoppositionPrivativeoppositionGradualoppositionEquipollentoppositionNeutralisableoppositionConstantopposition\nTrubetzkoy’scontributionstophonologicaltheoryHeshoweddistinctivefunctionsofspeechsoundsandgaveanaccuratedefinitionforthephoneme.Bymakingdistinctionsbetweenphoneticsandphonology,andbetweenstylisticphonologyandphonology,hedefinedthesphereofphonologicalstudies.Bystudyingthesyntagmaticandparagismaticrelationsbetweenphonemes.Heputforwardasetofmethodologiesforphonologicalstudies.\nFunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)FunctionalSentencePerspectiveisatheoryoflinguisticanalysis,whichreferstoananalysisofutterancesintermsoftheinformationtheycontain.Theprincipleisthattheroleofeachutterancepartisevaluatedforitssemanticcontributiontothewhole.（句子功能前景是一套语言学分析的理论，它是指用信息论的理论来分析话语或篇章。其基本原则就是一句话中各部分的作用取决于它对全局意义的贡献。）\nThemeandRhemeSomeCzechoslovaklinguistsbelievethatasentencecontainsapointofdepartureandagoalofdiscourse.（一些捷克斯洛伐克语言学家认为一个句子总是包括有出发点和核心。）\nThepointofdepartureisequallypresenttothespeakerandtothehearer----itistheirrallyingpoint,whichiscalledtheTheme.(所谓语言的出发点，是说话人和听话人都知道的东西---这是他们的共同点，是他们交汇的地方，叫做主位。)Thegoalofdiscoursepresentstheveryinformationthatistobeimpartedtothehearer,andiscalledRheme.(而话语的核心，仅仅表现对听话人来说意义重大的信息，叫做述位。)\nItisbelievedthatthemovementfromtheinitialnotion(Theme)tothegoalofdiscourse(Rheme)revealsthemovementoftheminditself.Basedontheseobservations,theycreatedthenotionofFunctionalSentencePerspectivetodescribehowinformationisdistributedinsentences.\nTheLondonSchoolThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwasJ.R.Firth,thefirstProfessorofGeneralLinguisticsinGreatBritain.\nFirthwasinfluencedbytheanthropologistB.Malinowski(马林诺夫斯基).Inturn,heinfluencedhisstudent.Thewell-knownlinguistM.A.K.Halliday.Thethreeallstressedtheimportanceofcontextofsituationandthesystemoflanguage.Thus,LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.（伦敦学派也被称为系统语言学和功能语言学，他们三人都强调“语言环境”和语言“系统”的重要性。）\nMalinowski’sTheoriesMalinowskisaidthatlanguage“istoberegardedasamodeofaction,ratherthanasacounterpartofthought”.Accordingtohim,themeaningofanutterancedoesnotcomefromtheideasofthewordscomprisingitbutfromitsrelationtothesituationalcontextinwhichtheutteranceoccurs.\nMalinowskibelievedthatutterancesandsituationareboundupinextricablywitheachotherandcontextofsituationisindispensablefortheunderstandingofthewords.Themeaningofspokenutterancescouldalwaysbedeterminedbythecontextofsituation.\nMalinowskidistinguishedthreetypesofcontextofsituation:SituationsinwhichspeechinterrelateswithbodilyactivityNarrativesituationsSituationsinwhichspeechisusedtofillaspeechvacuum----PHATICCOMMUNICATION.\nInhisCoralGardensandTheirMagic(1953),Malinowskidevelopedhistheoriesonmeaningandputforward2points.First,heprescribedthedataforlinguisticstudies,holdingthatisolatedwordsareonlyimaginedlinguisticfacts,andtheyareproductsofadvancedanalyticalprocedureoddslinguistics.Accordingtohim,thereallinguisticdataarethecompleteutterancesinactualuseoflanguage.Thesecondpointisthatwhenacertainsoundisusedintwodifferentsituations,itcannotbecalledoneword,buttwowordshavingthesamesound,orhomonyms.Hesaidthatinordertoassignmeaningtoasound,onehastostudythesituationsinwhichitisused.\nFirth’sTheoriesFirthregardedlanguageasasocialprocess,asameansifsociallife,ratherthansimplyasasetofagreed-uponsemioticsandsigns.Heheldthatinordertolivehumanbeingshavelearn,andlearninglanguageisameansofparticipationinsocialactivities.Languageisameansofdoingthingsandofmakingothersdothings.Itmeansofactingandliving.\nFirthheldthatmeaninginuse,thusdefiningmeaningastherelationshipbetweenanelementatanylevelanditscontextonthatlevel.Accordingtohistheorizing,themeaningofanysentenceconsistsoffiveparts:Therelationshipofeachphonemetoitsphonologicalcontext.TherelationshipofeachlexicalitemtotheothersinthesentenceThemorphologicalrelationsofeachwordThesentencetypeofwhichthegivensentenceisanexampleTherelationshipofthesentencetoitscontextofthesituation\nAccordingly,therearefiveslevelsofanalysisPhonologicalLexicalandsemanticMorphologicalSyntacticContextofsituation\nFirth’ssecondimportantcontributiontolinguisticsishismethodofPROSODICANALYSIS,calledPROSODICPHONOLOGY.弗斯对语言学的第二个重要贡献是韵律分析，叫做韵律音位学。Firthpointedoutthatinactualspeech,itisnotphonemesthatmakeuptheparadigmaticrelations,butPHONEMATICUNITS.Therearefewerfeaturesinphonematicunitsthaninphonemes,becausesomefeaturesarecommontophonemesofasyllableoraphase(evenasentence).\nFirthdidnotdefineprosodicunits.However,hisdiscussionindicatesthatprosodicunitsincludesuchfeaturesasstress,length,nasalization,palatalisation,andaspiration.Inanycase,thesefeaturescannotbefoundinonephonematicunitalone.弗斯没有给韵律单位下定义。但他在论述中表表明了韵律成分，包括重度、音长、鼻化、硬腭化和送气等特征。在任何情况下，这些特征都不是一个韵律单位独有的特征。\nHallidayandSystemic-FunctionalGrammarSystemic-FunctionalGrammarhastwocomponents:SystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar,whicharetwoinseparablepartsforanintegralframeworkoflinguisticstheory.系统功能语法包括两个组成部分：系统语法和功能语法。他们语言学理论框架中不可分割的重要组成部分。\nThegrammartakesactualuseslanguageastheobjectofstudy,inoppositiontoChomsky’sTGGrammarthattakestheidealspeaker’slinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy.系统功能语法把实际使用的语言现象作为研究对象，而不是像乔姆斯基的转化生成语法那样把理想化的语言使用者的语言能力作为研究对象。\nThankYouforYourAttention