语言学复习提纲 5页

6.Pragmatics复习提纲1.Pragmatics:(term):thestudyoflanguageinuse(thestudyofspeakermeaning).2.Micropragmatics:(term):tostudythemeaningofsuchpiecesoflanguageinsmallercontexts.3.Macropragmatics:(term):thesestudieslookdeepintothemechanismsbywhichspeakers/writersencodetheirmessageinskillfulwaysandhowhearers/readersarriveattheintendedmeaningsinspiteofthedifferencesbetweentheliteralmeaningandtheintendedmeaning.Thisapproachofstudyiscalled….4.Reference(term):inPragmatics,theactbywhichaspeakerorwriteruseslanguagetoenableahearerorreadertoidentifysomething.5.Deixis(term):inalllanguagetherearemanywordsandexpressionswhosereferencedependsentirelyonthesituationalcontextoftheutteranceandcanonlybeunderstoodinlightofthesecircumstances.Thisaspectofpragmaticsiscalled…,whichmeans“pointing”vialanguage.6.fivetypesofdeixis:lPersondeixis(e.g.):me,you,him,andthem.lTimedeixis(e.g.):now,then,tonight,lastweek,thisyear.lSpace/spatial/placedeixis(e.g.):here,there,yonder.lDiscoursedeixis(e.g.):intheprevious/nextparagraph,orhaveyouheardthisjoke?lSocialdeixis(e.g.):professorLi,LiJie7.Anaphora(term):theprocesswhereawordorphraserefersbacktoanotherwordorphrasewhichwasusedearlierinatextorconversation.8.Presupposition(term)：assumptionsbythespeakerorwriter.9.Presuppositiontriggers:lDefinitivedescription(e.g.):hesawthemanwithtwoheads→thereexistsamanwithtwoheads.lFactiveverbs(e.g.):herealizedthathewasindebt.lChangeofstateverbs(e.g.):hebegantobeatherhusband.lLteratives(e.g.):theflyingsaucercameagain.lTemporalclauses(e.g.):whilehewasrevolutionizinglinguistics.lCleftsentences(e.g.):itwashethatkissedher.lComparisonsandcontrasts(e.g.):heisabetterlinguistthanhim.10.Speechact(term)actionsperformedviautterance.11.locutionaryact(term)theactofsaying,theliteralmeaningoftheutterancee.g.thereisnotenoughfreshairinhere.12.Illocutionaryact(term)theextrameaningoftheutteranceproducedonthebasisofitsliteralmeaninge.g.thehearertoopenthewindow13.perlocutionaryact(term)theeffectoftheutteranceonthehearer,dependingonspecificcircumstances.e.g.thehearer′sopeningthewindoworhisrefusaltodoso14.classificationofillocutionaryactslRepresentatives:e.g.:theearthisflat/itwasawarmsunnyday/Chomskydidnotwriteaboutmusic.lDirectivese.g.:gimmeacupofcoffee.Makeitblack/couldyoulendmeapen,please?/donot\ntouchthatlCommissivese.g.:Iwillbeback/Iamgoingtogetitrightnexttime/wewillnotdothatlExpressivese.g.:Iamreallysorry/congratulations/oh,yes,great,mmm,ssahhlDeclarationse.g.:6.3.2TheCooperativeprinciple6.3.2.1TheCooperativeprincipleanditsmaxims合作原则一定要完整地背下来，分析实例时要以各准则为标准分析会话含义*****要会评价合作原则，它的优势与弊端，书中能找到论述，结合礼貌原则进行评论。**6.3.2.2Conversationalimplicatures(term)定义要掌握，要会分析违反合作原则产生会话含义的例子6.3.3Thepolitenessprinciple礼貌原则的提出者要了解礼貌原则和合作原则的关系，书上有礼貌原则的内容要完整地掌握，要能够用各准则分析实例***ChapterSevenDiscourseAnalysis7.1DiscourseandDiscourseAnalysis***这两个定义要掌握，尤其是语篇的定义7.2InformationStructure**7.2.1Givenandnewinformation对定义要有所了解7.2.2TopicandComment对定义要有所了解Givenandnewinformation和TopicandComment这两组概念的关系要把握***7.2.3Contrast**定义要了解7.3CohesionandCoherence*****衔接和连贯的关系是本部分的重点，一定要掌握7.3.1Cohesion****衔接的定义要掌握，各衔接手段的定义不需背下来，但如果给出特定语篇，要能够确定其具体的衔接手段7.3.1.1Reference****指称参照的类型要重点掌握7.3.1.2Substitution7.3.1.3Ellipsis7.3.1.4Conjunction7.3.1.5Lexicalcohesion要了解词汇衔接的基本方式7.3.2Coherence****定义必须掌握，并且能真正理解连贯的含义7.4DiscourseMarkers***定义要掌握，作用和特征要了解7.5CoversationalAnalysis***7.5.1Adjacencypairs****\n定义要掌握，相邻语对的特征要掌握，插入语列的概念要掌握7.5.2Preferencestructure***定义要掌握，对preferredanddispreferredsecondpart要有所了解7.5.3Presequences**定义和类型要掌握7.6CriticalDiscourseAnalysis**一般了解Chapter8Sociolinguistics8.1Introduction**本部分需要掌握社会语言学的定义8.2Languagevarieties*****8.2.1Standardlanguage****标准语言的定义必须掌握，对标准语言和官方语言的区别应有所了解，标准语言和社会方言的关系要掌握8.2.2Dialects***定义要掌握，对方言的类型要有所了解，并能解决一些实际问题8.2.3Registers***定义要掌握，韩礼德关于语域的理论要重点掌握，尤其是fieldofdiscourse,modeofdiscourseandtenorofdiscourse三个定义，并能根据理论分析实际问题确定语场语式和语旨8.2.4Pidginsandcreoles*****定义必须掌握，两者的区别和联系很重要8.2.5Languageplanning**对语言规划的范围、类型应有所了解8.3Choosingacode***8.3.1Diglossia****定义必须掌握，和bilingualism的区别很重要8.3.2Bilingualismandmultilingualism**这两个定义要掌握，要了解双语现象的两种类型8.3.3Code-switching**定义和类型都要掌握8.4Linguistictaboosandeuphemisms***taboo和euphemism的定义要掌握，这部分主要会考查对具体问题的分析，分析委婉语的功能，例如社会功能、交际功能等8.5Languageandgender****男性和女性话语的区别很重要，要会分析语言中存在的性别歧视现象Psycholinguistics9.1Introduction(要掌握心理语言学的定义)9.2LanguageAcquisition（本部分重点掌握语言习得的定义，过度扩展和扩展不足的概念及其成因）9.3LanguageProduction（要了解语言产出的四个阶段及其作用）9.3.1Conceptualization9.3.2Formulation（要能够熟练地判断口误的各种类型）\n9.3.3Articulation9.3.4Self-regulation9.4LanguageComprehension9.4.1Soundcomprehension9.4.2Wordcomprehension（要了解PDPmodel，TOT现象，bathtubeffect）9.4.3Sentencecomprehension（要了解gardenpathsentence及gardenpatheffect）9.4.4Textcomprehension（背景信息在篇章理解中起重要作用）9.5LanguageandThought（辩证理解语言和思维的关系，重点掌握Sapir-WhorfHypothesis）9.5.1Languagedeterminesthought9.5.2ThoughtdetermineslanguageCognitiveLinguistics10.1Introduction（认知语言学是一种研究取向，此处掌握其定义，了解其研究的范围）10.2CategorizationandCategories（掌握范畴和范畴化的定义）10.2.1Theclassicaltheory（此处掌握经典理论的四个假设）10.2.2Theprototypetheory（此处掌握典型的定义和典型理论的优势）10.2.3Levelofcategorization（范畴化的三个类型要理解，基本层次范畴最为重要）10.3ConceptualMetaphorandMetonymy（把握概念隐喻和概念转喻两者之间的关系）10.3.1Conceptualmetaphor（重点掌握隐喻的定义，隐喻和概念隐喻的关系，理解一些基本的概念隐喻）10.3.2Conceptualmetonymy（重点掌握转喻的定义，理解一些基本的概念转喻）10.4Iconicity（理解掌握象似性的三个类型，并能够运用其理论解决实际问题）10.4.1Iconicityoforder10.4.2Iconicityofdistance10.4.3Iconicityofcomplexity10.5Grammaticalization（重点掌握语法化的定义及其特点）LanguageAcquisition11.1FirstlanguageAcquisition（掌握语言习得的定义，习得和学得的区别）11.1.1Thebehavioristapproach11.1.2Theinnatenessapproach（了解和评价语言习得的两种理论）11.1.3Stagesofacquiringthefirstlanguage（重点掌握一语习得的阶段及各阶段的特征）11.2SecondLanguageAcquisition（了解二语和外语的区别）11.2.1Contrastiveanalysis11.2.2Erroranalysis（了解、评价和借鉴二语习得的相关理论）11.2.3Interlanguage（重点掌握其定义、特征和石化现象）\n11.3IndividualDifferencesinL2Acquisition（了解二语习得的个体差异及其影响因素，运用相关学习策略促进学生自身的英语学习）11.3.1Languageaptitude11.3.2Cognitivestyle:fielddependenceandfieldindependence11.3.3Personalitytraits11.3.4Learningstrategies11.4InstructionandL2Acquisition（一般了解）11.4.1Form-focusedinstruction11.4.2Learner-instructionmatching11.4.3Strategytraining