国际语言学练习四 5页

  • 77.00 KB
  • 2022-08-23 发布

国际语言学练习四

  • 5页
  • 当前文档由用户上传发布,收益归属用户
  1. 1、本文档由用户上传,淘文库整理发布,可阅读全部内容。
  2. 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方,所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议,请立即联系网站客服。
  3. 3、本文档由用户上传,本站不保证质量和数量令人满意,可能有诸多瑕疵,付费之前,请仔细阅读内容确认后进行付费下载。
  4. 网站客服QQ:403074932
Syntax I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.  1.Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.  2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.  3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.  4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.  5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.  6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.  7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.  8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.  9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.  10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.  11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.  12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.  13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure. 14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative. II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.  15.As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.  16.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.  17.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.  18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.  19.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.5\n 20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause. 21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded. 22.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother. 23.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages. 24.ThetheoryofC_____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions. III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.  25.Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right    B.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical  26.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator  27.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.social   D.functional  28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentencesB.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.Alloftheabove.  29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled________.A.transformationalrulesB.generativerulesC.phrasestructurerulesD.x-bartheory  30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositionsB.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary  31.Thesentencestructureis________.5\nA.onlylinearB.OnlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical  32Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite  33.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexical   B.morphologicalC.linguistic   D.combinational  34._______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.A.Generative     B.TransformationalC.X-barD.Phrasestructure IV.Definethefollowingterms. Syntax:Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences. Sentence:Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.Coordinatesentence:Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Syntacticcategories:Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledaphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.Grammaticalrelations:Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.Linguisticcompetence:Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.Transformationalrules:Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.D-structure:D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure. V.Answerthefollowingquestions.5\n43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?  Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase. 44.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples.  Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:  Johnreadsextensively.  Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:   Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.  Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample:  BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?Why?  No.Languageisbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.Whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown,thewordsofthesentenceareproducedoneafteranotherinasequence.Acloserexaminationofasentenceshowsthatasentenceisnotcomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorderwithoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.Infact,sentencesarealsohierarchicallystructured.Theyareorganizedbygroupingtogetherwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,suchasnounphrase(NP)orverbphrase(VP),ascanbeseenfromthefollowingtreediagram:        S    NP      VP   Det   N   Vt   NP          Det   N   The  boy   likes  the  music.46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures?  Thetreediagramcannotonlyrevealalinearorder,butalsoahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituents.Itcan,inaddition,showthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,thusitisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.47.WhatisNPmovement?Illustrateitwithexamples.  NPmovementinvolvesthemovementofanounphrase.NPmovementoccurswhen,forexample,asentencechangesfromtheactivevoicetothepassivevoice:  (A) Themanbeatthechild.5\n  (B) Thechildwasbeatenbytheman.  Bistheresultofthemovementofthenounphrases"theman"and"thechild"fromtheiroriginalpositionsin(A)tonewpositions.Thatis,"theman"ispostposedtotherightand"thechild"ispreposedtotheleft.  NotallinstancesofNP-movement,however,arerelatedtochangingasentencefromtheactivevoicetothepassivevoice.Forexample:  (C)Itseemstheyarequitefitforthejob.  (D)Theyseemquitefitforthejob.  Thesesentencesareidenticalinmeaning,butdifferentintheirsuperficialsyntacticrepresentations.Itisbelievedthattheyhavethesameunderlyingstructure,but(27b)istheresultofanNPmovement.8.F9.F10.T11.F12.T13.T14.T   15.      simple16.      sentence17.      subject18.      predicate19.      complex 20.      embedded 21.      open 22.      adjacency 23.      Parameters 24.      Case   25.    D26.    D27.    A28.     29.    A30.    A31.    D32.    C33.    D34.    B 5

相关文档