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Syntax I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse. 1.Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords. 2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules. 3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic. 4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence. 5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend. 6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother. 7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory. 8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor. 9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase. 10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb. 11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge. 12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional. 13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure. 14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative. II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven. 15.As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence. 16.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand. 17.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate. 18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________. 19.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.5\n 20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause. 21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded. 22.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother. 23.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages. 24.ThetheoryofC_____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions. III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement. 25.Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right B.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical 26.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator 27.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.social D.functional 28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentencesB.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.Alloftheabove. 29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled________.A.transformationalrulesB.generativerulesC.phrasestructurerulesD.x-bartheory 30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositionsB.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary 31.Thesentencestructureis________.5\nA.onlylinearB.OnlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical 32Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite 33.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexical B.morphologicalC.linguistic D.combinational 34._______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.A.Generative B.TransformationalC.X-barD.Phrasestructure IV.Definethefollowingterms. Syntax:Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences. Sentence:Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.Coordinatesentence:Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Syntacticcategories:Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledaphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.Grammaticalrelations:Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.Linguisticcompetence:Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.Transformationalrules:Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.D-structure:D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure. V.Answerthefollowingquestions.5\n43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence? Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase. 44.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples. Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample: Johnreadsextensively. Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample: Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam. Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample: BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?Why? No.Languageisbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.Whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown,thewordsofthesentenceareproducedoneafteranotherinasequence.Acloserexaminationofasentenceshowsthatasentenceisnotcomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorderwithoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.Infact,sentencesarealsohierarchicallystructured.Theyareorganizedbygroupingtogetherwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,suchasnounphrase(NP)orverbphrase(VP),ascanbeseenfromthefollowingtreediagram: S NP VP Det N Vt NP Det N The boy likes the music.46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures? Thetreediagramcannotonlyrevealalinearorder,butalsoahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituents.Itcan,inaddition,showthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,thusitisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.47.WhatisNPmovement?Illustrateitwithexamples. NPmovementinvolvesthemovementofanounphrase.NPmovementoccurswhen,forexample,asentencechangesfromtheactivevoicetothepassivevoice: (A) Themanbeatthechild.5\n (B) Thechildwasbeatenbytheman. Bistheresultofthemovementofthenounphrases"theman"and"thechild"fromtheiroriginalpositionsin(A)tonewpositions.Thatis,"theman"ispostposedtotherightand"thechild"ispreposedtotheleft. NotallinstancesofNP-movement,however,arerelatedtochangingasentencefromtheactivevoicetothepassivevoice.Forexample: (C)Itseemstheyarequitefitforthejob. (D)Theyseemquitefitforthejob. Thesesentencesareidenticalinmeaning,butdifferentintheirsuperficialsyntacticrepresentations.Itisbelievedthattheyhavethesameunderlyingstructure,but(27b)istheresultofanNPmovement.8.F9.F10.T11.F12.T13.T14.T 15. simple16. sentence17. subject18. predicate19. complex 20. embedded 21. open 22. adjacency 23. Parameters 24. Case 25. D26. D27. A28. 29. A30. A31. D32. C33. D34. B 5