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语言学试题及参考答案 I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%) 1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof__________. A.aparticularlanguage B.theEnglishlanguage C.humanlanguagesingeneral D.thesystemofaparticularlanguage 2.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:__________. A.voiceless,bilabial,stop B.voiceless,labiodental,fricative C.voiced,bilabial,stop D.voiced,labiodental,fricative 3.Therearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix"ed"intheword"learned"isknownasa(n)__________. A.derivationalmorpheme B.freemorpheme C.inflectionalmorpheme D.freeform 4.Inthephrasestructurerule"S→NPVP",thearrowcanbereadas__________. A.isequalto B.consistsof C.has D.generates 5."Iboughtsomeroses"__________"Iboughtsomeflowers". A.entailsB.presupposes C.isinconsistentwith D.issynonymouswith 6.Y'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof__________. X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight? Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks? A.quality B.quantity C.relation D.manne 7.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,__________,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered. A.phrases B.sentences C.morphemesD.utterances 8.Inaspeechcommunitypeoplehavesomethingincommon__________alanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit. A.socially B.linguistically C.culturally D.pragmatically\n9.Whichofthemajormentalfunctionslistedbelowisnotunderthecontrolofthelefthemisphereinmostpeople?__________. A.languageandspeech B.visualandspatialskills C.readingandwriting D.analyticreasoning 10.Ingeneral,the__________stagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild'ssecondyear. A.babbling B.one-word C.two-word D.multiword Ⅱ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%) 11.Asthefirststepoftheirscientificinvestigationoflanguage,linguistshavetoobserveandcollectlinguisticf beforetheycandoanythingelse. 12.Phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds rules. 13.Anindependentunitofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelybyitselfiscalledaf___________morpheme. 14.Ac sentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas"and","but","or". 15.Thestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalleds . 16.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheC principleproposedbyJ.Grice. 17.Inadditiontosocialchanges,oneofthemostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechangeseemstobethecontinualprocessofculturalt acrossgenerations. 18.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthes attitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist. 19.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtas"s speech,"andspeechas"overtthought."Insuchacase,speakingandthinkingtakeplacesimultaneously. 20.I isthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA. Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%×10=20%) 21.( )Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe"bestauthors"forlanguageusage. 22.( )InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied. 23.( )Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.24.( )Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperites. 25.( )Theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,i.e.betweenlanguageandthought. 26.( )Oftheviewsconcerningthestudyofsemantics,thecontextualview,whichplacesthestudyofmeaninginthecontextinwhichlanguageisused,isoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.\n 27.( )Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage. 28.( )Thesentences"Hecrazy"and"Hebesickallthetime"arebothacceptableinBlackEnglishvernacularbecausecopuladeletionandhabitualbearetwofamousfeaturesofBlackEnglish. 29.( )Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizingexperiencesofthesameobjectiveworldaccordingtotheirrespectivedifferentlinguisticcodingsystem. 30.( )Instructionandcorrectionarekeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment. Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%×10=30%) 31.synchroniclinguistics 32.displacement 33.aminimalpair 34.derivationalaffixes 35.syntax 36.languagetransfer 37.hyponymy 38.sentencemeaning 39.linguafranca 40.cerebralcortex Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%) 41.ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish. 42.Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.参考答案 一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分) 1、C2、B3、C4、B5、A6、C7、C8、B9、B10、C 二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11、facts12、sequential13、free14、coordinate 15、semantics16、Cooperative17、transmission18、social19、subvocal20、Interlanguage 三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分) 21、(T) 22、(F)Asthereisanessentialdifferencebetweentheconsonantsandthevowels,i.e.thereissomekindofobstructionofairintheproductionoftheformer,butthereisnotintheproductionofthelatter,itisimpossibletousethesamecriteriaintheirclassification. 23、(F)Wecannotalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningofitsparts. 24、(T) 25、(F)Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolanditsreferent,i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind. 26、(T) 27、(F)Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarnevermodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage,becausechildrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammarsbythemselvesand\ngeneralizerulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear. 28、(T) 29、(T) 30、(F)Instructionandcorrectionarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstruction.Instructionandcorrectionjustplayaminorrole. 四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分) 31、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare'stime. 32、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageisnotrestrictedbythe'here'and'now'asanimalcommunicationis;wecanvirtuallytalkaboutanythingwewant,includingwhathappenedinthepast,whatisgoingtohappeninthefuture,whatisnotexistentintheimmediatesurroundingsandevenwhatweimagine. 33、Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound,e.g./pit/and/bit/. 34、Affixesaddedtoanexistingformtocreateanewword,e.g.in-,-er35、Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,anditconsistsofasetofrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences. 36、LanguagetransferisaphenomenonthatL2learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeintheirlearningprocess. 37、Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamorespecificwordandamoregeneral,moreinclusiveword.Theformerisincludedinthelatter.Forexample,acatisahyponymofanimal.38、Sentencemeaningreferstotheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractanddecontextualized.Forexample,semanticanalysisofthesentencemeaningof"Thebagisheavy"resultsintheone-placepredicationBAG(BEINGHEAVY). 39、Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeopleofdiverselinguisticbackgrounds.Forthisreason,alinguafrancamustbeanagree-upon"commontongue"usedbypeoplethrownintosocialcontactforvariouspurposes,suchasforsocialorcommercialpurposes. 40、Cerebralcortexistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,thedecision-makingorganofthebody,receivingmessagesfromallsensoryorgansandinitiatingallvoluntaryactions.Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromothermammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,arebelievedtoresideinthecortex. 五、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分) 41、Sociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangerefertosuchradicalsocio-politicalchangesaswars,invasions,occupation,colonialization,andlanguageplanningandstandardizationpolicies.AtypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglishistheNormanConquest,amilitaryeventthatmarkedthedawningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.ThismeansthatMiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglishunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.AndforaboutacenturyandahalfaftertheNormanConquest,Frenchremainedasthelanguageoftherulingclass,asfarasliteratureandadministrationwereconcerned.SoMiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsas"army,""court,""defense,""faith,""prison"and"tax"camefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers. 评分标准:满分10分,其中定义占3分,典型例子占5分,例词占2分。\n 42、Thefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sL2acquisitionare:1)age,2)motivation,3)acculturation,4)personality. TheoptimalageforL2acquisitionisearlyteenage. Motivationreferstothelearner'soverallgoalororientation.Therearetwotypesofmotivation:instrumentalmotivationandintegrativemotivation.Theformeroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalisfunctionalandthelatteroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalissocial. AcculturationistheprocessinwhichthelearneradaptstothenewcultureoftheL2community. PersonalityisalsorelatedtoL2learning.Adultlearnerswhoareextrovertedlearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanintrovertedlearners. 第一部分 选择题 I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%) 1.Saussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,buttheydifferinthat____________. A.SaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguagewhileChomskytookapsychologicalpointofview B.SaussuretookapsychologicalviewoflanguagewhileChomskytookasociologicalpointofview C.SaussuretookapragmaticviewoflanguagewhileChomskytookasemanticpointofview D.SaussuretookastructuralviewoflanguagewhileChomskytookapragmaticpointofview 2.Languageisasystemof____________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication. A.unnatural B.artificial C.superficial D.arbitrary 3.Wearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,_______________. A.andthedetailsofanylanguagesystemaregeneticallytransmitted B.therefore,weneedn’tlearnthedetailsofourmothertongue C.butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobelearnt. D.andthedetailsareacquiredbyinstinct 4.A(n)________isaphonologicalunitofdistinctivevalue.Itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures. A.phone B.allophone C.phoneme D.sound 5.Themorpheme–edintheword“worked”isa(n)__________morpheme. A.derivational B.inflectional C.free D.word-forming 6.WH-movementis__________inEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative. A.obligatory B.optional C.selectional D.arbitrary 7.Namingtheory,oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,wasproposedby_____________. A.Grice B.Plato C.Saussure D.OgdenandRichards\n 8.“Johnmarriedablondheiress.”__________“Johnmarriedablond.” A.issynonymouswith B.isinconsistentwith C.entails D.presupposes 9.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalled____________,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence. A.utterance B.reference C.predication D.morpheme 10.InAustin’sspeechacttheory,___________istheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething. A.aperlocutionaryact B.alocutionaryact C.aconstativeact D.anillocutionaryact 第二部分 非选择题 II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%) 11.P___________relatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage. 12.Ad_________studyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime. 13.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledd___________. 14.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:thepharyngealcavity,theo_________cavityandthenasalcavity. 15.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledl_____________. 16.S_____________featuressuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning. 17.Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences,andsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirr_________properties. 18.H__________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth. 19.Someimportantmissionsofhistoricallinguistsaretoidentifyandclassifyfamiliesofrelatedlanguagesinagenealogicalfamilytree,andtoreconstructthep____________,theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist. 20.InSociolinguistics,speakersaretreatedasmembersofsocialgroups.Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechc___________. III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement. (2%X10=20%) ( )21.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation. ( )22.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.\n ( )23.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage. ( )24.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish,unlikeChinese,isatypicaltonelanguage. ( )25.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend. ( )26.Whenwethinkofaconcept,weactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmind’seyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol. ( )27.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample,“Goodmorning!”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning.” ( )28.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors. ( )29.BlackEnglishislinguisticallyinferiortostandardEnglishbecauseBlackEnglishisnotassystematicasstandardEnglish. ( )30.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly. IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms.(3%X10=30%) 31.parole: 32.broadtranscription: 33.allophones: 34.phrasestructurerules: 35.context 36.HistoricalLinguistics: 37.standardlanguage: 38.linguistictaboo: 39.acculturation: 40.care-takerspeech: V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%X2=20%) 41.Enumeratethreecausesthatleadtothesystematicoccurrenceoferrorsinsecondlanguageacquisitionandgiveyourexamples. 42.EnglishhasundergonetremendouschangessinceitsAnglo-Saxondays.Identifythemajorperiodsinitshistoricaldevelopmentandnamemajorhistoricaleventsthatledtothetransitionfromoneperiodtothenext.答案 第一部分 选择题 I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%) 1.A 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.C 10.D 第二部分 非选择题 II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%) 11.Psycholinguistics\n 12.diachronic 13.duality 14.oral 15.lateralization 16.Suprasegmental 17.recursive 18.Homonymy 19.protolanguage 20.community III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(2%X10=20%) (T)21.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation. (T)22.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto. (F)23.Theconclusionswereachaboutthephonologyofonelanguagecanbegeneralizedintothestudyofanotherlanguage. (F)24.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish,unlikeChinese,isatypicaltonelanguage. (T)25.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend. (F)26.Whenwethinkofaconcept,weactuallytrytoseetheimageofsomethinginourmind’seyeeverytimewecomeacrossalinguisticsymbol. (F)27.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.Forexample,“Goodmorning!”canberestoredto“Iwishyouagoodmorning.” (T)28.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors. (F)29.BlackEnglishislinguisticallyinferiortostandardEnglishbecauseBlackEnglishisnotassystematicasstandardEnglish. (T)30.Anychildwhoiscapableofacquiringsomeparticularhumanlanguageiscapableofacquiringanyhumanlanguagespontaneouslyandeffortlessly. IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms.(3%X10=30%) 31.parole:Itreferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itisconcreteandvarieswithcontext. 32.Broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsonly.Itisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks. 33.Allophonesarethedifferentphonesthatrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments. 34.Phrasestructurerulesaretherewriteruleswhichallowforthepossiblecombinationofwordstoformphrasesandsentences. 35.Contextisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer. 36.Historicallinguisticsstudieslanguagechange(orhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage).\n 37.Standardlanguageisasuperposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem,usedbythemassmediaandtaughtineducationalinstitutions. 38.Linguistictabooreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse. 39.Acculturationisaprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity. 40.Itissimpleandmodifiedspeechusedbyparents,baby-sitter,etc.whentheytalktoyoungchildrenwhoareacquiringtheirnativelanguage. V.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%X2=20%) 41.Enumeratethreecausesthatleadtothesystematicoccurrenceoferrorsinsecondlanguageacquisitionandgiveyourexamples. 1)Mothertongueinterference 2)interlingualinterference 3)Overgeneralization 42.EnglishhasundergonetremendouschangessinceitsAnglo-Saxondays.Identifythemajorperiodsinitshistoricaldevelopmentandnamemajorhistoricaleventsthatledtothetransitionfromoneperiodtothenext. Majorperiods:OldEnglish(449-1100) MiddleEnglish(1100-1500) ModernEnglish(1500-present) Historicalevents:TheoldEnglishperiodbeganwiththeinvasionoftheBritishIslesbyEnglish-speakingAnglo-SaxonsfromEurope,andendedwiththearrivalofNormanFrenchinvadershistoricallyknownastheNormanConquest.TheMiddleEnglishperiodisdistinguishedfromtheOldEnglishperiodbytheNormanConquest.TheEuropeanrenaissancemovementmarkedthebeginningoftheModernEnglishperiod.I.Directi*****:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%) 1.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly_________.A.prescriptive B.descriptive C.subjective D.Latin-based2.Whichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.phonetics B.phonology C.speech D.syntax3.Englishc*****onantscanbeclassifiedintermsof_____________.A.mannerofarticulation B.placeofarticulation C.forceofarticulation D.BothAandB4.Thereare_________morphemesintheword“disabled”.A.one B.two C.three D.four5. ___________studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgoverntheirformation.A.PhonologyB.Semantics C.Syntax D.Morphology 6.The_________isthemostflexible,andisresp*****ibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother.A.nasalcavity B.oralcavity C.tongue D.lips7.“hotdog”withthefirstelementstressedmeans________.A.adogwhichishot B.abarkingdog C.akindoffood D.adeaddog\n8. N.Chomskyisafamous_____________linguist.A.American B.British C.Greek D.Swiss9.Thewordssuchashandbookandhighwayare___________.A.formedbyblending B.coinedbyback-formationC.compoundwords D.derivati*****10.Whichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsarecomplementaryantonyms? A.hot/cold B.doctor/patient C.single/married D.husband/wifeII.Directi*****:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(2%X10=20%)1. Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanc____________.2.Saussuremadethefamousdistinctionbetweenlangueandp___________. 3.M___________isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.4.Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofm____________. 5.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisas_________study. 6.Thepairofwords“femaleandmale”belongstothec____________antonyms.7.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes___________,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.8.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc__________.9.Anexpertwhostudieslinguisticsiscalledal____________.10.Linguisticsisdefinedasthes_____________studyoflanguage.III.Directi*****:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%X20=20%)1. Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.2. Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.3. Sincemorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage,theycanbeusedindependently.4. Theword“flower”isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms“rose”,“tulip”and“lily”.5. Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication. 6. Atthelowerorthebasiclevelofthelanguagesystem,thereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.7. TheEnglishsound[m]isabilabialnasal.8. Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituati*****ofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalledduality.9. Modernlinguisticsgivesprioritytothewrittenformoflanguage.10.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyisadiachronicstudy.11.isavoicelessbilabialstop.12.WhileEnglishhasborrowedmostheavilyfromFrench,otherlanguageshavealsomadetheircontributi*****.13.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoothermorphemestoformanewword. 14.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.15.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.\n16.InEnglish,nouns,verbs,prepositi*****andadverbsareopenclassessincewecanregularlyaddnewwordstotheseclasses.17.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.18.Thephrase“greenhouse”withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichisgreenincolour.”19.Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzelexicalmeaning.20.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacriticsiscalledbroadtranscription.IV.Directi*****:Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)1.Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis(labeledtreediagram) morecomfortablehouses2.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagram Themotherfeedsthebaby.V.Directi*****:Explainthefollowingterms.(2%X5=10%)1.phonology2.vowel3.language 4.syntax5.morphemeVI.Directi*****:Answerthefollowingquesti*****ascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary(2%X10=20%)1.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics