英语语言学-语境文化x 20页

ByGroup7Context&LanguageUnderstanding\nDefinitionTypesRulesContents目录\nDefinitionofContext1.Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Thisisknownaslinguisticcontextwhichmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.2.Inabroadsense,itincludesthephysicalsituationaswell.Thisiscalledextra-linguisticornon-linguisticcontext,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.\n1.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoes“discriminate”inparagraph1mean?A.distinguishB.showprejudiceC.recognize\n“好人“\nTypesofContextTypesofcontextLinguisticcontextLexicalcontextGrammaticalcontextExtra-linguisticcontext\nLinguisticContextDefinition:itisthelinguisticenvironment,inwhichalinguisticunitisused.a.Lexicalcontext.Thiscontextreferstothewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Themeaningofthewordisoftenaffectedanddefinedbytheneighboringwords.b.GrammaticalcontextInsomecases,themeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.\nExamplespaperawhitepapertoday'spaperexaminationpapergovernmentdocumentnewspaperasetofquestionsusedasanexamination\nVerb“become”Become+adj./n.“begintobe”Become+pron./n.“suit,befit”Become+of“happento,ofteninabadway“E.g.Shebecameverynervousabouttheresultoftheexam.E.g.Thissortofbehaviorhardlybecomesapersoninyourposition.E.g.Whatwillbecomeofyouifthecompanygoesbankrupt?\nExtra-linguisticcontextDefinition:itiscontextbeyondlanguagebutphysicalsituation,inwhichthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.\nRulesofcontextinlanguageunderstanding3RulesEliminationofambiguityIndicationofreferentsProvisionofCluesforInferringWord-meaning\nAmbiguityoftenarisesduetopolysemyandhomonymy.Whenawordwithmultiplemeaningsisusedininadequatecontext,itcreatesambiguity.EliminationofAmbiguity:E.g.Heisahardbusinessman.hardworkingdifficultorDifficult→Heisahardbusinessmantodealwith.Hardworking→Heisahardmaninhiswork.Revise:\nIndicationofReferentsEnglishhasalargenumberofwordssuchasnow/then,here/there,I/you,this/that,whichareoftenusedtoreferdirectlytopeople,time,place,etc.Withoutclearcontext,thereferencecanbeveryconfusing.Eg.Iamnotherenow.---usuallywewouldsay,“Iamnottherenow”or“Iamnotherethen”InthesituationwhereIsayitintotherecorderofatelephoneansweringmachine,the“now”willapplytoanytimesomeonecallsme\nProvisionofCluesforInferringWord-meaningContextmayproveextremelyvaluableinguessingthemeaningsofnewwords.Inmanycases,whenanewword(thoughttobe)appearsforthefirsttime,theauthorgenerallymanagestogivehintswhichmighthelpthereaderstograsptheconceptorunderstandtheidea.Eg.Thisplacehadmostoftheusualamenities:alibrary,apostoffice,ahallandaschool.Thoughhewaswearingsou’wester（水手帽）,thestormwassoheavythathewaswetthrough.(sth.Whichiswornbypeopleinstorm)\nExerciseDefinethemeaningofthewordinthesesentences.1.Ifyoubringoveryourbicycle,Iwillfixitforyou.2.Heisinaterriblefix.Definethemeaningofthesentence.Lookatthedogwithoneeye.（1）Lookatthedogusingonlyoneofyoureyes.（2）Lookatthedogthatonlyhasoneeye.repairsituation\nContextandtranslation.语言语境中上下文对翻译的影响英语中有很多多义词，在不同的语境中，意思也不同，这时我们需要根据上下文来确定词义。E.g.“There’snolovelostbetweenus”我们之间毫无感情我们之间依然相亲相爱or\n试比较如下：（1）Ineverhadmuchinseeingyou.Therewasnolovelostbetweenusatanytime.Ithink.译文：我向来不大想看到你，咱们俩人之间大概什么时候都不曾有过好感。（2）Wegrumblealittlenowandthen，Besure.ButThere’snolovelostbetweenus.译文：当然喽，我们有时也免不了争论几句，但是我们还是相亲相爱的。\n非语言语境中民族文化语境对翻译的影响历史文化的不同往往会导致交流障碍，因此在翻译过程中，译者应深入了解不同文化的不同之处，在译文中尽可能表达原文思想，同时又要考虑读者能否接受。（1）Youarealuckydog.你是一条幸运的狗。美：狗是宠物是伙伴。中：狗带贬义色彩，如走狗，狗仗人势，狼心狗肺正译：你是幸运儿\nSignificanceofcontextAsmostwordsarepolysemic（一词多义的）,withoutcontextthereisnowaytodeterminethemeaningofaword.Withcontextthereisgenerallynodangerofmistranslationormisinterpretation.Suggestion：Alwaystakecontextualfactorsintoaccountwhenwetrytounderstandthelanguage!\nTHANKSNAME