语言学期末复习 20页

第一章（判）Languageisonlyameansofcommunication.（F）Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence.(F)Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.(F)EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.(F)BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.(F)Thefollowingaresomefundamentalviewsaboutlanguage.判）Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.(T)Languageoperatesbyrules.(T)Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem语音系统,asystemoflexicogrammar词汇语法andasystemofsemantics语意学.(T)Everyonespeaksadialect.(T)Languageslowlychanges.(T)Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons行话.(T)Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.(T)Writingisderivative来源的ofspeech.(T)Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.分析）P3)itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicationbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.DesignfeaturesoflanguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatures.(1)Arbitrariness任意性分析，以下三点瑞士Saussure（现代语言学之父）:theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(定义)(1)Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorpheme词素anditsmeaning,evenwithonomatopoeic拟声的words:ThedogbarksbowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChinese.2）Arbitrarinessatthesyntactic句法的level:languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.（判）Bysyntaxthatsentencesareconstructedtothegrammarofarrangement3）Arbitrarinessandconvention.Conventionality规约性Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.\nConventionality,aslearnersofEnglishweareoftentold“thisisanidiom”—meaningitisconventionaltosaythingsthiswayandyoucannotchangetheexpressionanyotherwayevenifyouthinkitdoesnotlookorsoundlogical.(2)Duality双重性定义/单Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel(3)Creativity创造性定义/填Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness递归性.(4)Displacement移位性定义Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Andonethingwecansayforcertainisthatlanguageevolveswithinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontexts.单FunctionsoflanguageForJakobson,languageisaboveallforcommunication.Inhisfamousarticle,LinguisticsandPoetics,hedefinedsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent,namely:speaker,addressee,context,message,code元语言解码,contact.Sixkeyelementsofcommunication,namely:referential(toconveymessageandinformation),Poetic诗学(toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake),emotive(toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions),conative意动(topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests),phatic寒暄(toestablishcommunionwithothers)Metalingualfuncation(toclearupintentionsandmeanings).Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehasideational概念功能,interpersonal人际功能andtextual语篇功能functions.填(1)Informativefunction最重要Formostpeopletheinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguage.判Theinformativefunctionisindeedacrucialfunctionoflanguage.(2)InterpersonalfunctionByfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.(3)Performativefunction施为功能Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingof\nchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.Forexample,suisuipingan(4)EmotivefunctionExpressivefunction(5)Phaticcommunion寒暄功能书上的例句选择(6)Recreationalfunction娱乐功能theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.(7)Metalingualfunction源语言填空Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.WhatisLinguistics?ThescientificstudyofhumanlanguageMainbranchesoflinguistics定义/填空/大题Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.Wecanapproachitonvariouslevels.Atonelevel,speechisamatterofanatomy解剖学andphysiology生理学.Wecanstudyorganssuchastongueandlarynxandtheirfunctionsintheproductionofspeech.Atanotherlevel,wecanfocusonthespeechsoundsproducedbytheseorgansbyidentifyingandclassifyingtheindividualsounds.Thisisthedomainofarticulatoryphonetics发音语言学.\nWecanalsoinvestigatethepropertiesofthesoundwaves—acousticphonetics声学语言学.Asspeechisintendedtobeheardorperceived,itisthereforepossibletofocusonthewayinwhichalisteneranalysesorprocessesasoundwave—auditoryphonetics听觉语言学.Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.Aphonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning.Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning—morphemesandword-formationprocesses.Morphemesservedifferentpurposes.Syntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.Psycholinguistics心理语言学单Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,forexample,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisition.vSociolinguisticsSociolinguisticsisthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.Descriptivevs.prescriptive描述vSynchronicvs.diachronicAsynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.ThestructureofShakespeareEnglishvLangue&parole区别Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)aslangueandparole.\nvCompetenceandperformanceThisfundamentaldistinctionisdiscussedbyChomskyinhisAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax(1965).Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations第二章Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.定义Threemainareas:Articulatoryphonetics:studiestheproductionofspeechsounds;Acousticphonetics:studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds;Auditoryphonetics:studiestheperceptionofspeechsounds.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguage.单SpeechOrgans发音器官定义/填空=Vocalorgans:partsofhumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeechVocaltract,oralcavity口腔,nasalcavity鼻腔Vocalfolds声带apart:voicelesssounds[p,s,t]Closetogether:voicedsounds[b,z,d]Totallyclosed：glottalstop声门塞音TheIPAInternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标表格TheideawasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarian Jespersenin1886.ThefirstversionofIPAwaspublishedinAugust1888.Thelatestversionwasrevisedin2005.ConsonantsandVowelsConsonants:producedbyaclosure接近inthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.\nVowels:producedwithoutsuchstricturesothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughmouthornose.DistinctionbetweenCandV:Obstructionofairstream气流是否受阻单/填空TheSoundsofEnglishRPvsGATeachingofEnglishasaforeignlanguage,itisreferredtoasreceivedpronunciation(RP)IntheUSA,thewidelyacceptedaccentusedbymosteducatedspeakersisoftenreferredtoasgeneralAmerican(GA)MannerofarticulationPlaceofarticulationbilabiallabiodentaldentalalveolarpostalveolarpalatalvelarglottalStop/plosivePbtdkgNasalmnŋFricativefvθ  ðsz∫  ʒhApproximant(w)rjwLaterallAffricatet∫  dʒDescriptionbyfeatures:Consonants:[p] voicelessbilabialstop[b] voicedbilabialstop[s]  voicelessalveolarfricative[z]  voicedalveolarfricativeP36Thedescriptionofvowels:Theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）Thepositionofthehighestpartoftongue(front,central,back)Thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tense,lax)\nLip-rounding(rounded&unrounded)Vowels[iː] highfronttenseunroundedvowel[ʊ] highbacklaxroundedvowel[ə]  midcentrallaxunroundedvowel[ɒ] lowbacklaxroundedvowel[e]midfrontlaxunroundedvowelCoarticulation协同发音定义P37Whensuchsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved,wecalltheprocessCoarticulationBroadtranscriptionNarrowtranscriptionAllophones音位变体P40Peak/speakAprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.P45Elsewherecondition剩余条件规则定义Themorespecificruleappliesfirst.较为特殊的规则应用在先DistinctivefeaturesTheideaofDistinctivefeatureswasfirstdevelopedbyRomanJacobsonSuprasegmentals超音段Suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsarestress,toneandintonation.Thesyllablestructure音节理解P47Asyllablemusthaveanucleus核心节orpeak节峰,whichisoftenthetaskofavowel第三章\nMorphemeandmorphology定义Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageinregardtotherelationshipbetweensoundingandmeaning,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning.Thesystematicstudyofmorphemeisabreachoflinguisticscalledmorphology,whichinvestigatestheinternalstructuresandrulesofmorphemesbywhichwordsareformed.TypesofmorphemesRootaffixstem(P53)Inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix简答P54lessproductivegrammaticalfunctione.g.toys,walks,John’smoreproductiveformnewwordse.g.receive,reception,receptionistdonotchangethewordclassofthewordmightchangethewordclassdependonotherfactorswithinaphraseorasentencedependonthemeaningwewanttoexpressinmostcasessuffixesprefixes/suffixesWord1)Stability2)Relativeuninterruptibility相对联系3)AminimunfreeformClassificationofwords1)variableandinvariablewords可变化和非变化词2)Grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords语法词和词汇词Grammatical/Functionwords:功能词conjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.\nLexical/Contentwords:实义词nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.1)Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords封闭类词和开放类词Closed-classwords:Newmemberscannotnormallybeaddede.g.pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,auxiliaries.Open-classwords:Newmemberscanbeadded;membershipisinfiniteorunlimitede.g.nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.2)WordclassWordformation(1)看PPTWordformation(2):lexicalchangeInvention发明法Blending混成法举例/定义Blendingisaprocessinwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtogethertheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyonlyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.smog烟雾(smoke+fog);boatel水上旅馆(boat+hotel);brunch早午餐(breakfast+lunch);telecastAbbreviation缩写词(clipping截断法)AnewwordiscreatedbythefollowingmethodsCuttingthefinalpart:fanatic(fan),advertisement(ad)Cuttingtheinitialpart:aeroplane(plane),omnibus(bus)Cuttingboththeinitialpartandfinalpartsaccordingly:influenza(flu),refrigerator(fridge)Acronym首字母缩略词Acronymismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.Eg:CIA,EEC,WTO,UNESCO\nThisprocessisalsowidelyusedinshorteningextremelylongwordsofwordgroupsinscience,technology,andotherspecialfields.Eg:AIDS,SARS,Radar,VATBackformation逆构词法定义Anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Analogicalcreation类推构词Classshift词类转换Borrowing借词PPTGreek:electricity,atomFrench:entail,mortgageSpanish:macho,grandeeLatin:adjacent,inferiorGerman:quartz,plunder第四章Syntax句法学P17SyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.或者Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.Syntacticrelations句法关系单P73单Syntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds:positionalrelations位置关系relationsofsubstitutability替代关系relationsofco-occurrence同现关系Positionalrelation位置关系Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Relationofsubstitutability可替换性关系\nGrammaticalconstruction语法结构P75Immediateconstituents直接成分Constituentisapartofalargerlinguisticunit.ICanalysis直接成分分析法Treediagram要求会画树形图P77EndocentricandExocentricConstructions向心结构和离心结构单Usuallynounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrasesbelongtoendocentrictypesExocentric：thebasicsentence,theprepositionalphrase,thepredicate(verb+object)construction,theconnective(be+complement)construction.Predicate谓语除主语之外的其他所有成分，谓语通常表达主语的动作，过程和状态Predicatereferstoamajorconstituentofsentencestructureinabinaryanalysisinwhichallobligatoryconstituentsotherthanthesubjectwereconsideredtogether.Category范畴单Number数Gender性Case格Agreement一致关系单Thissyntacticrelationshipmaybeanaphoric,aswhenapronounagreeswithitsantecedent,Recursiveness递归性Recursivenessmainlymeansthataphrasalconstituentcanbeembeddedwithinanotherconstituenthavingthesamecategory.Recursivenessalsoincludesseveralphenomenasuchascoordinationandsubordination,conjoining连接andembedding嵌入,hypotacticandparatactic.判\n第五章Semantics语义学Thesubjectconcerningthestudyofmeaning研究意义的学科Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.Meaningsof“meaning”GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).Semantics:TheStudyofMeaningSeventypesofmeaning:Conceptualmeaning概念意义Associativemeaning联想意义Connotativemeaning内含意义Socialmeaning社会意义Affectivemeaning情感意义Reflectedmeaning反射意义Collocativemeaning搭配意义Thematicmeaning主位意义Thereferentialtheory指称论Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.Words→Meaning:Words‘name’or‘referto’things--PlatonicAndthatsomethingisabstract,whichhasnoexistenceinthematerialworldandcanonlybesensedinourminds.Thisabstractthingisusuallycalledconcept(概念）.SenserelationsPPT单Synonymy同义词buy/purchase\nworld/universebrotherly/fraternalAntonymy反义词1.Gradableantonyms等级反义词hotVs.cold2.Complementaryantonyms互补反义词maleVs.female3.Converseantonymy反向反义词teacherVs.pupilHyponymy上下意义关系PPT后的选择题1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?CA.Languageisasystem.B.Languageissymbolic.C.Animalsalsohavelanguages.D.Languageisarbitrary.2.Arbitrarinessoflanguagewasfirstdiscussedby___D___.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.FirthD.Saussure3.Whichfunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage?AA.InformativeB.InterpersonalC.PerformativeD.Emotive4.Whichbranchofstudycannotbeincludedinthescopeoflinguistics?DA.SyntaxB.PragmaticsC.PhoneticsD.Anthropology5.Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?BA.SoundsandlettersB.Soundsandmeaning\nC.LettersandmeaningD.Soundsandsymbols6.Productivityisoneofthe_____featuresoflanguages.BA.distinctiveB.designC.SuprasegmentalD.pragmatic7.Thefunctionofthesentence“Lovelyweather,isn’tit?”is_B____.A.informativeB.phaticC.performativeD.recreational8.Oncethenotionof__B__wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledintopragmatics.A.meaningB.contextC.formD.content9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefunctionoflanguage?DA.MetalingualfunctionB.InterpersonalfunctionC.EmotivefunctionD.Culturaltransmission10._A___investigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.A.PsycholinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.AnthropologicallinguisticsD.Computationallinguistics11.ThefollowingaboutlanguagearewrongEXCEPT_A____.(大外，11年)A.Languageevolveswithinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontext.B.Languagehasaform-soundcorrespondence.C.Languageisameansofcommunication.D.Languageisnotrelatedtoanyoftheindividualswhouseit.12.Verbaldueling,theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,ismainlytodowiththe_B___functionoflanguage.(武汉大学11)A.performativeB.interpersonalC.informativeD.recreational\n13.“IcanrefertoConfuciuseventhoughhewasdead2000yearsago.”Thisshowsthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureof_B__.(天外11)A.arbitrarinessB.creativityC.dualityD.displacement14._A___referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.(天外11)A.LangueB.CompetenceC.CommunicativecompetenceD.Linguisticpotential15._B___hasbeenwidelyacceptedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics.(天外12)A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Halliday1.Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguge?CA.InterpersonalfunctionB.PerformativefunctionC.InformativefunctionD.Recreationalfunction2._C__functionreferstoexpressionsthathelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations.A.PerformativeB.InterpersonalC.PhaticD.Metalingual3._C__referstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.A.CompetenceB.PerformanceC.EloquenceD.Action4._B___isthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctionsandthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.A.PsycholinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.AnthropologicallinguisticsD.Computationallinguistics\n5.Thesentence“Closeyourtextbookandlistentomecarefully!”performsa(n)_D___function.A.InterrogativeB.informativeC.PerformativeD.directive6.C___isdefinedasthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmind.A.SemanticsB.PragmaticsC.CognitivelinguisticsD.Sociolinguistics7.A___referstothelearninganddevelopmentofalanguage.A.LanguageacquisitionB.LanguagecomprehensionC.LanguageproductionD.Languageinstruction8.Languageisatoolofcommunication.Thesymbol“Highwayclosed”onahighwayserves__B__.A.AnexpressivefunctionB.aninformativefunctionC.AperformativefunctionD.apersuasivefunction9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?DA.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Diachronicity10.Thedistinctionbetweenparoleandlanguewasmadeby___D__.A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure1.Allsyllablescontaina__A___.（北二外）A.nucleusB.codaC.onset2.Asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordfromanotherinagivenlanguageis___C__.（北二外）A.allophoneB.phoneC.phoneme3.__D___isoneofthesuprasegmentalfeatures.A.stopB.voicingC.deletionD.tone（东南）4.WhichofthefollowingconsonantsdoesnotexistinEnglish?（东南）A\nA.dentalstopB.bilabialstopC.alveolarstopD.velarstop5.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only_A___ispermissible.A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk6.WhichpairofwordsisNOTaminimalpair?BA.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit7.Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistribution,theyare__B__ofthesamephoneme.A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs8.Wherearethevocalcords?DA.inthemouthB.inthenasalcavityC.abovethetongueD.insidethelarynx9._B___studiesthesoundsystemsinacertainlanguage.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax10.Distinctivefeaturesareusedtodescribe_D___.A.phonesB.phonologyC.allophonesD.phonemes11.Intheproductionofconsonantsatleast__B__articulator(s)areinvolved.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four12.VoicelesssoundsareproducedwhenthevocalfoldsareB____.A.closedB.apartC.totallyclosedD.completelyopen13.__C__involvemorethanonemannersofarticulation.A.StopsB.FricativesC.AffricatesD.Laterals14.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin_B___.A.theplaceofarticulationB.theobstructionofairstreamsC.thepositionofthetongueD.theshapeofthelips1.__C__areboundmorphemesbecausetheycannotbeusedasseparatewords.A.RootsB.StemsC.AffixesD.Compounds2.__C__isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.A.RootB.AllomorphC.MorphemeD.Word3.TheEnglishword“untouchable”iscomposedof_B___morphemes.\nA.fourB.threeC.twoD.five4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?BA.pencilboxB.unreasonableC.deadlineD.upstairs5.Whenthesuffix_A__isaddedtoaverb,itchangesthisverbintoanadjective.A.lessB.nessC.fullyD.er6.The“s”indrumsis_D__.A.afreemorphemeB.astemC.arootD.aninflectionalaffix7.Theword“bodyguard”isa__A___.A.compoundwordB.complexwordC.derivationalwordD.freemorpheme8.Whichofthefollowingwordsisaderivationalone?CA.blackboardB.singsC.astonishmentD.boys1.Atomisawordof__B__origin.A.LatinB.GreekC.ArabicD.Spanish2.EnglishhasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsfromotherlanguagesEXCEPT_B___.A.FrenchB.KoreanC.LatinD.Greek3.Whichofthefollowingwordsisbuiltbyabbreviation?BA.smogB.fridgeC.motelD.edit4.Theword“hamburger”isof__C_origin.A.AmericanB.ItalianC.GermanD.French5.Theword“smog”isformedthrough__B_.A.derivationB.blendingC.clippingD.backformation6.WTOis_B____.A.anabbreviationB.anacronymC.ablendingwordD.abackformationword7.Ofthefollowingwordformationprocesses,_D__isthemostproductive.A.clippingB.blendingC.initialism\nD.derivation8.Motelisa(n)__C___.A.abbreviationB.coinageC.blendingD.acronym1.Therelationbetweenthedeterminer“this”andthenoun“man”inthephrase“thisman”is__B__.A.governmentB.concordC.bindingD.paradigmatic2.Whichofthefollowingphrasesisexocentric?DA.womenandmenB.onthetableC.acleverboyD.anuglyman3.__C__arethedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenouns(number,gender,case,etc)andverbs(tense,aspect,voice,etc).A.PartsofspeechB.wordclassesC.categoriesD.functionsofwords4._D___isNOTagrammaticalcategoryofEnglishverbs.A.tenseB.aspectC.voiceD.gender5._D___isNOTagrammaticalcategoryofEnglishpronouns.A.genderB.numberC.caseD.voice6.Expressionslike“Tom”or“He”canbothbefilledintheblankofthesentence“__D__issmiling”.SoTomandHehave____relation.A.syntagmaticB.paradigmaticC.systematicD.governing7.Thephrase“thethreesmallChinesechildren”is_A___construction.A.endocentricB.exocentricC.hierarchicalD.linear1.“Big”and“small”areapairof_B___opposites.A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.converse2.__A__examineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.A.SemanticsB.Syntax\nC.PragmaticsD.Morphology3.Leechdividedmeaningsinto_D___types.A.4B.5C.6D.74.Therelationbetween“food”and“bread”iscalled__D__.A.synonymyB.polysemyC.homonymyD.hyponymy5.“Buy”and“sell”formapairof_A___.A.converseantonymsB.gradableantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.markedantonyms6._D___isapairofcomplementaryantonyms.A.wildandtameB.nimbleandlameC.coldandwarmD.aliveanddead7.__D__isNOTincludedinLeech’sassociativemeaning.A.connotativemeaningB.socialmeaningC.collocativemeaningD.conceptualmeaning8.Thewords“male”and“female”are__B__antonyms.A.gradableB.complementaryC.converseD.complete