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Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1. Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________. A.contact B.communication C.relation D.community2. Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary? A.tree B.typewriter C.crash D.bang3. Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________. A.interrogative B.directive C.informative D.performative4. InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎(岁岁)平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform? A.Interpersonal B.Emotive C.Performative D.Recreational5. Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation? A.Transferability B.Duality C.Displacement D.Arbitrariness6. Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage? —Aniceday,isn’tit? —Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight. A.Emotive B.Phatic C.Performative D.Interpersonal7. __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances. A.Performance B.Competence C.Langue D.Parole8. Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________. A.culturaltransmission B.productivity C.displacement D.duality9. __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage. A.Psycholinguistics B.Anthropologicallinguistics C.Sociolinguistics D.Appliedlinguistics10. __________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation. A.Linguistictheory B.Practicallinguistics C.Appliedlinguistics D.ComparativelinguisticsII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12. Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13. Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14. Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15. Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegenetically\ntransmitted.16. Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17. F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18. AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19. Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20. Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.35. Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?(南开大学,2004)36. Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?(北京第二外国语大学,2004)VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?(青岛海洋大学,1999)1~5BACCC 6~10BACAC11~15FFTFF 16~20FFFFF31. Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32. Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33. Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34. Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.35. Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36. Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.37. Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.1. Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences. A.intonation B.tone C.pronunciation D.voice2. Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//). A.allophone B.phone C.phoneme D.\nmorpheme3. Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme. A.analogues B.tagmemes C.morphemes D.allophones4. Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________. A.glottis B.vocalcavity C.pharynx D.uvula5. Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs. A.wide B.closing C.narrow D.centering6. Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________. A.minimalpairs B.allomorphs C.phones D.allophones7. Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds? A.Acousticphonetics B.Articulatoryphonetics C.Auditoryphonetics D.Noneoftheabove8. Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation? A.[n] B.[m] C.[b] D.[p]9. Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels? A.[i:] B.[u] C.[e] D.[i]10. Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating? A.Voiceless B.Voiced C.Glottalstop D.ConsonantII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12. Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13. Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14. [p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15. Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16. Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17. Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18. Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19. ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20. Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.35. Whatisacousticphonetics?(中国人民大学,2003)36. Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?(南开大学,2004)VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.(青岛海洋大学,1999) (1) voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop (2) lowfrontvowel (3) lateralliquid (4) velar\nnasal (5) voicedinterdentalfricative~5 ACDAA 6~10DBABB11~15TTTFF 16~20TTTFF31. Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32. Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33. Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34. Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.Chapter3Lexicon1. Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________. A.lexicalwords B.grammaticalwords C.functionwords D.formwords2. Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme. A.inflectional B.free C.bound D.derivational3. Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization. A.three B.four C.five D.six4. InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________. A.prefixes B.suffixes C.infixes D.stems5. Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________. A.derivationalaffix B.inflectionalaffix C.infix D.back-formation6. __________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword. A.affixation B.back-formation C.insertion D.addition7. ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________. A.acronymy B.clipping C.initialism D.blending8. Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________. A.blending B.clipping C.back-formation D.acronymy9. Thestemofdisagreementsis__________. A.agreement B.agree C.disagree D.\ndisagreement10. Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________. A.lexeme B.phoneme C.morpheme D.allomorph11. Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12. Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13. Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14. Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15. Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16. Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17. Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18. Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19. Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20. Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.35. HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?(厦门大学,2003)36. WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?37. MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII(武汉大学,2004) I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) freemorpheme b. subconscious(3) derivationalmorpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectionalmorpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation1~5 AACBB 6~10BCADB11~15FTFTT 16~20FTFFF31. Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32. Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33. Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34. Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.37.(1)c (2)a (3)e (4)d (5)bChapter4Syntax1.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinear B.onlyhierarchicalC.complex D.bothlinearandhierarchical2. Thesyntactic\nrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.large B.small C.finite D.infinite3. The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexical B.morphological C.linguistic D.combinational4. Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right B.wrong C.grammatical D.ungrammatical5. A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator B.particle C.preposition D.subordinator6. Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive B.grammatical C.social D.functional7. Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.8. Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________. A.thecity B.Rome C.city D.thecityRome9. Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction. A.endocentric B.exocentric C.subordinate D.coordinate10. Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.”isa__________sentence. A.simple B.coordinate C.compound D.complex11. Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.12. Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13. Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14. Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.15. Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.16. InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17. InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.18. Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.19. Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.20. Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.1.35. Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?(武汉大学,2004)36. Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.(北京第二外国语大学,2004)\nVI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence: Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.1.1~5DCDDD 6~10ADDBA11~15TTTTF 16~20FTFTT2.31. Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.32. ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.33. Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.34. Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.36. (1)more|beautifulflowers (2)morebeautiful|flowers胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版)测试题——第五章:意义3.1. Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.Plato B.Bloomfield C.GeoffreyLeech D.Firth2. “Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistview B.contexutalismC.thenamingtheory D.behaviorism3. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin. \n4. “CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswith B.isinconsistentwith C.entails D.presupposes5. ___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.Predicationanalysis B.Componentialanalysis C.Phonemicanalysis D.Grammaticalanalysis6. “Alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonyms B.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonyms D.Noneoftheabove7. _________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.Reference B.Concept C.Semantics D.Sense8. ___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysemy B.Synonymy C.Homonymy D.Hyponymy9. Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonyms B.polysemies C.hyponyms D.synonyms10. Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrules B.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrules D.semanticfeaturesII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish. 12. Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.13. Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.14. Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.15. Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts. 16. Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer. 17. Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents. 18. Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.19. “Itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument. 20. Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.\n1.1~5ABDDB 6~10CACDAII.11~15FFTFT 16~20TFTTT2.胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版)测试题——第七章:语言、文化和社会1. _______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.Psycholinguistics B.SociolinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.Generallinguistics2. Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits__________.A.useofwords B.useofstructuresC.accent D.morphemes3. __________isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.Regionalvariation B.LanguagevariationC.Socialvariation D.Registervariation4. _______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.GeographicalbarriersB.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeechC.PhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD.Socialbarriers5. _________meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.Languageinterference B.Languagechanges C.Languageplanning D.Languagetransfer6. _________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.A.Regionalvariation B.ChangesinemotionsC.Variationinconnotations D.Stylisticvariation7. A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafranca B.registerC.Creole D.nationallanguage8. Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguagesB.creoles C.pidgins D.sociolects9. Innormalsituations,____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.A.female;male B.male;female C.old;young D.young;old10. Alinguistic_______referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A.slang B.euphemism C.jargon D.tabooII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.12. Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuse\namongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.13. Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin.14. Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.15. Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.16. Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.17. Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.18. Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.19. Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.20. Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.1.1~5BCAAC 6~10DACAD11~15FTFFF 16~20TFTFF2.胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版)测试题——第八章:语言的使用1. Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.A.reference B.speechact C.practicalusage D.context2. Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmatic B.grammatical C.mental D.conceptual3. Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.A.constative B.directive C.utterance D.expressive4. Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.5. Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.A.inthelate50’softhe20thecentury B.intheearly1950’s C.inthelate1960’s D.intheearly21stcentury6. __________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.Alocutionaryact B.AnillocutionaryactC.Aperlocutionaryact D.Aperformativeact7. AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs8. Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.\nA.intheirillocutionaryacts B.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforce D.intheireffectbroughtabout9. __________isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrinciple B.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammar D.AdjacencyPrinciple10. Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise. A.impoliteness B.contradictions C.mutualunderstanding D.conversationalimplicaturesII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.12. Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.13. Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.14. Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.15. Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.16. Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.17. Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences18. SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.19. Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.20. Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.1.1~5 DBCBA 6~10CBCAD11~15FTTFF 16~20FFFTT胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版)测试题——第十二章:现代语言学理论与流派1. Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”is__________.. A.Firth B.Saussure C.Halliday D.Chomsky2. ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof__________. A.function B.meaning C.signs D.system3. TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsis__________. A.Boas B.Sapir C.Bloomfield D.Harris4. Generallyspeaking,the__________specifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure. A.Slot B.Class C.Role D.Cohesion5. __________GrammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussingIndo-Europeanlanguages. A.Traditional B.Structural C.Functional D.Generative6. __________GrammarstartedfromtheAmericanlinguistSydneyM.Lambinthelate1950sandtheearly1960s. A.Stratificational B.Case C.Relational D.Montague7. InHalliday’sview,the__________functionisthefunctionthatthechildusestoknowabouthissurroundings. A.personal B.heuristic C.imaginative D.informative\n8. Therhemeinthesentence“OnitstoodJane”is__________. A.Onit B.stood C.Onitstood D.Jane9. Chomskyfollows__________inphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology. A.empiricism B.behaviorism C.relationalism D.mentalism10. TGgrammarhasseen__________stagesofdevelopment. A.three B.four C.five D.sixII. Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. FollowingSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,Trubetzkoyarguedthatphoneticsbelongedtolanguewhereasphonologybelongedtoparole.12. Thesubject-predicatedistinctionisthesameasthethemeandrhemecontrast.13. LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.14. AccordingtoFirth,asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure.15. AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.16. TheStandardTheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar.17. Americandescriptivelinguisticsisempiricistandfocusesondiversitiesoflanguages.18. Chomsky’sconceptoflinguisticperformanceissimilartoSaussure’sconceptofparole,whilehisuseoflinguisticcompetenceissomewhatdifferentfromSaussure’slangue.19. Glossematicsemphasizesthenatureandstatusoflinguistictheoryanditsrelationtodescription.20. Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence.35. WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?36. Whatisbehaviorism?Whatisbehaviorisminlinguistics?WhatistherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandbehaviorismaccordingtoBloomfield?Doesbehaviorismhaveanylimitations?Ifyes,whatarethey?VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Canyoumakeabriefintroductiontosomeimportantschoolsandtheirinfluentialrepresentativesinmodernlinguistics?1~5BACAA 6~10ABDCC11~15FFTTF 16~20FTTTF1. FSP:ItstandsforFunctionalSentencePerspective.Itisatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichreferstoananalysisofutterances(ortexts)intermsoftheinformationtheycontain.32. Cohesion:TheCohesionshowswhetheracertaintagmemeisdominatingothertagmemesorisdominatedbyothers.33. LAD:LAD,thatisLanguageAcquisitionDevice,ispositedbyChomskyinthe1960sasadeviceeffectivelypresentinthemindsofchildrenbywhichagrammaroftheirnativelanguageisconstructed.34. CaseGrammar:Itisanapproachthatstressestherelationshipofelementsinasentence.ItisatypeofgenerativegrammardevelopedbyC.J.Fillmoreinthelate1960s.2001乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知,那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓,他说:“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的,好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园,而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动,有益于身心健康。乔羽说:“钓鱼可分三个阶段:第一阶段是吃鱼;第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之;第三阶段主要是的趣,面对一池碧水,将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边,使自己的身心得到充分休息。”\nPossessionforitsownsakeorincompetitionwiththerestoftheneighborhoodwouldhavebeenThoreau’sideaofthelowlevels.Theactivedisciplineofheighteningone’sperceptionofwhatisenduringinnaturewouldhavebeenhisideaofthehigh.Whathesavedfromthelowwastimeandefforthecouldspendonthehigh.Thoreaucertainlydisapprovedofstarvation,buthewouldputintofeedinghimselfonlyasmucheffortaswouldkeephimfunctioningformoreimportantefforts.Effortisthegistofit.Thereisnohappinessexceptaswetakeonlife-engagingdifficulties.Shortoftheimpossible,asYeatsputit,thesatisfactionwegetfromalifetimedependsonhowhighwechooseourdifficulties.RobertFrostwasthinkinginsomethinglikethesametermswhenhespokeof“Thepleasureoftakingpains”.Themortalflawintheadvertisedversionofhappinessisinthefactthatitpurportstobeeffortless.Wedemanddifficultyeveninourgames.Wedemanditbecausewithoutdifficultytherecanbenogame.Agameisawayofmakingsomethinghardforthefunofit.Therulesofthegameareanarbitraryimpositionofdifficulty.Whensomeoneruinsthefun,healwaysdoessobyrefusingtoplaybytheroles.Itiseasiertowinatchessifyouarefree,atyourpleasure,tochangethewhollyarbitraryroles,butthefunisinwinningwithintherules.Nodifficulty,nofun.QiaoYutooktofishinginhisoldage.Hesaid:“Wherethereisfishandwater,thereisgoodenvironment,andgoodenvironmentfillsone’sheartwithjoy(makesonefeeldelighted,delightseveryone,givesdelighttoeveryone).Ithinkthebestplaceforfishingisnotacomfortableman-madefish-pondwherehungryfishareready(provided)foryou,butanenchantingplaceinthewildwhereeverythingisnatural.”Fishing(Angling)isagamethatcanhelpimproveone’stemperament(character).Itisgoodformentalandbodilyhealth.QiaoYusaid:“Fishingfallsintothreestages.Thefirststageisjustforeatingfish.Thesecondstageisforeatingfishandforenjoyingthepleasureoffishingaswell.(Thesecondstageisforenjoyingthepleasureoffishingaswellaseatingfish.)Thethirdstageismainlyforthepleasureoffishingfacingapoolofgreenwater,onecasts(throws)asideallanxietiesandworriesandenjoys(takes)agoodrest,bothmentalandphysical.”参考译文梭罗所理解的“低层次”,即为了拥有而去拥有,或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的“高层次”,则是这样一种积极的人生戒律,即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于他从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力,他可将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑,梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿,但他在膳食方面所投入的精力仅果腹而已,只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务,他便别无所求。付出努力才是其本质所在,除非我们终生与困难为伴,否则就无幸福可谈。正如济慈所言,除去不可能做的事,我们一生获得的满足有多大,取决于我们选择的困难有多强。罗伯特·福剂罗斯特谈到“苦中求乐”时,也有异曲同工之理。就通常宣传的幸福而言,其致命弱点在于声称不用付出努力即可获得幸福。我们甚至在竞赛中寻求困难。我们需要困难,因为没有困难也就无所谓竞赛,竞赛是制造困难以求得乐趣之道。竞赛规则就是任意强加的困难。违犯竞赛规则就是破坏乐趣。下棋\n时,随心所欲,肆意更改强制之规更易获胜。然而乐趣源于获胜而又遵守规则。没有困难就没有乐趣。prevail流行,盛行preposterous荒谬的tumultuous喧嚣的demographer人口统计学家niche【生】小生境bedraggled衰败的,破旧的cirrhosis【医】硬化annihilation灭绝bottomout降至最低点averageout达到平均数sweepup扫除,清除inaway在某种程度上,稍微falloff下降,跌落,减少,衰退strivefor为……奋斗,争取2003在得病以前,我受父母宠爱,在家中横行霸道,一旦隔离,拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里,顿感被打入冷宫,十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚,园中百花怒放,父母在园中设宴,霎时宾客云集,笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里,悄悄掀起窗帘,窥见园中大千世界,一片喧闹。自己的哥姐,堂表弟兄,也穿插其间,个个喜气洋洋。一霎时,一阵被人摈弃,为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头,禁不住痛哭起来。Inhisclassicnovel,“ThePioneers”,JamesFenimoreCooperhashishero,alanddeveloper,withhiscousinonatourofthecityheisbuilding.Hedecribesthebroadstreets,rowsofhouses,abustlingmetropolis.Buthiscousinlooksaroundbewildered.Allsheseesisaforest.“Wherearethebeautiesandimprovementswhichyouweretoshowme?”sheasks.He’sastonishedshecan’tseethem.“Where!Whyeverywhere,”hereplies.Forthoughtheyarenotyetbuiltonearth,hehasbuilttheminhismind,andtheyareasconcretetohimasiftheywerealreadyconstructedandfinished.CooperwasillustratingadistinctlyAmericantrait,future-mindeness:theabilitytoseethepresentfromthevantagepointofthefuture;thefreedomtofeelunencumberedbythepastandmoreemotionallyattachedtothingstocome.AsAlbertEinsteinoncesaid,“LifefortheAmericanisalwaysbecoming,neverbeing.”BeforeIfellill,myparentsdotedonmealot.Icouldhavemywayathome.OnceIwasisolatedandconfinedinachamberonthehillsideofthegarden,IsuddenlyfeltIwasneglectedandbecameverydepressed.Onespringevening,myparentsheldaBanquetinthegarden,whereallsortsofflowerswereinfullbloom.Innotime,acrowdoftheirguestscollectedandlaughterwasheardalloverthere.I,withoutbeingnoticed,liftedthecurtaininmysmallroom,onlytospythebustleofakaleidoscopicworlddowninthegarden,andmyeldersisters,brothersandmycousins,eachfullofthejoysofspring,wereshuttlingamongtheguests.Quicklyenough,Iwasthrownintoafistofsorrowfulangeratbeingforgottenanddiscardedbytherestandcouldnothelpcryingmyheartout.在其经典小说《开拓者》中,詹姆士·菲尼摩尔·库珀让主人公,一个土地开发商,带他的表妹参观正在由他承建的一座城市。他描述了宽阔的街道,林立的房屋,热闹的都市。他的表妹环顾四周,大惑不解。她所看见的只是一片树林。“你想让我看的那些美景和改造了的地方在哪儿啊?”她问道。他见表妹看不到那些东西,感到很惊讶。“哪儿?到处都是啊!”他答道。虽然那些东西还未建成在大地上,但他已在心中将它们建好了。对他来说,它们都是实实在在的,宛如已建成竣工一样。库珀这里阐明的是一种典型的美国人特性:着眼于未来,即能够从未来的角度看待现在;可以自由地不为过去所羁绊,而在情感上更多地依附于未来的事物。正如阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样:“对美国人来说,生活总是在发展变化中,从来不会静止不变。”confound 挫败,使落空mercenary 外国雇佣兵nomadism游牧生活,流浪生活burgeon迅速增长,发展繁荣venerated受尊敬的founder失败,崩溃\nholster 维持fragmentedandfractious分裂而且难以驾驭的downplaytheir profile贬低他们的形象或影响decry...as 谴责...run/rideroughshodover 残暴地(或盛气凌人地)对待,对……横行霸道atpeaklevel处于最好的水平97来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样,大多非常刻苦勤奋,周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班,因而比起美国学生来,成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人,嗜烟好酒,脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识,也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此,在他实验室所招的学生中,除有一名来自德国外,其余5位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌:“本室助研必须每周工作7天,早10时至晚12时,工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的,在我所呆的3年半中,共有14位学生被招进他的实验室,最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1990年夏天,我不顾别人劝阻,硬着头皮接受了导师的资助,从此开始了艰难的求学旅程。MyadvisorwasanAsianAmerican.Heindulgedhimselfinsmokingandalcoholicdrinkingandwashot-tempered.ButheappreciatedthediligenceandthesoundbasicknowledgeofstudentsofAsianoriginverymuch,andsharedtheirsentiments(understoodtheirfeeling).Therefore,ofthesixstudentswhowerepermittedtostudyinhislaboratory,onlyonewasfromGermany,theotherfivewereallfromAsia.Hewassostraightforwardastoputupanoteonthedoorofhislab,whichread:“Researchassistantinthislabmustworksevendaysaweek,from10a.m.tomidnighteveryday,andmustsparenoeffort(goallout)inworkhours.“Hewaswellknownthroughoutthecampusforhisstrictnessandseverity.Duringthethreeandahalfyearsofmyworktherefourteenstudentsenteredhislab,butonlyfiveleftwithadoctor’sdegree.Inthesummerof1990,irrespectiveofother’sadvice,Iforcedmyselftoreceivehisassistanceandbeganmyhardjourneyforschooling.Operaisexpensive:thatmuchisinevitable.Butexpensivethingsarenotinevitablytheprovinceoftherichunlessweabdicatesociety’spowerofchoice.Wecanchoosetomakeopera,andotherexpensiveformsofculture,accessibletothosewhocannotindividuallypayforit.Thequestionis:whyshouldwe?Nobodydeniestheimperativesoffood,shelter,defence,healthandeducation.Buteveninaprehistoriccave,mankindstretchedoutahandnotjusttoeat,drinkorfight,butalsotodraw.Theimpulsetowardsculture,thedesiretoexpressandexploretheworldthroughimaginationandrepresentationisfundamental.InEurope,thisdesirehasfoundfulfillmentinthemasterpiecesofourmusic,art,literatureandtheatre.Thesemasterpiecesarethetouchstonesforallourefforts;theyarethetouchstonesforthepossibilitiestowhichhumanthoughtandimaginationmayaspire;theycarrythemostprofoundmessagesthatcanbesentfromonehumantoanother. 观看歌剧是件昂贵的事。昂贵是必然的。然而昂贵的东西并非富人所独有,除非我们放弃社会赋予的选择权。我们有权做出选择去创作歌剧和其它昂贵的文化形式,使那些单凭个人的能力无力支付的人享受得起。问题在于我们为什么要这样做?没有人否定食物、住所、防御能力、健康和教育是必不可少的,即使在史前的山洞里,人类伸出手来不仅是为了吃、喝、战斗,他们还作画。文化的冲动,即通过想象和表达去显示和探索世界的渴望是最根本的东西。在欧洲,这种渴望已通过音乐、绘画、文学和戏剧的名著得以实现。这些名著对我们付出的所有努力进行了检验。它们成了人类的思维和想象力所能达到程度的试金石它们包含着人与人之间能够传递的最深刻的信息。