语言学讲座4 13页

Morphology\nMorphology1Theformationofsentenceisgovernedbyrules,soisthestructureofwords.Forexample,wecanfindtherulegoverningtheformationoffollowingwordseasily.simpleadj.---simplifyv.qualityn.---qualifyv.falseadj.----falsifyv.identityn.---identityv.Theruleisthatallverbsareformedbyadding–ifytoanadjornoun.Morphologyisthestudyofthesemeaning-bearingunitsandtherulesgoverningthem,thestudyofthestructureofwords.\nMorphology2OpenClassandClosedClasswordsInEnglishweusuallyaddsomenewwordstoalargepartofthevocabulary.Theyaremadeupofcontentwordssuchasnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs.Thesecontentwordsarecalledopenclasswords.\nMorphology3Theotherwordssuchasconjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounsarereferredasclosedclasswords.Becausenewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem.Forexample,itisnoteasytothinkofnewconjunctionsthathaveenteredtheEnglishlanguagerecently\nMorphology4Wordsareoftenthoughtobethesmallestunitoflanguage.Butthisisafalsenotion.Wordscanbebrokendownintoevensmallercomponents.Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaning-bearingunitoflanguage.ForExample,re-isnotaword.Butitdoescarrymeaning.Thestructuraliststriedbothtoclassifythetypesofmorphemesandtorelatetheseabstractunitstotheactualwordsofspeech.\nMorphology5TypesofMorphemesManywordsarethemselvesmorphemes,suchasdryandwater.Theycannotbebrokendownintosmallerunitsthatinthemselvescarrymeaning.Freemorphemecanexistasindependentwords.Butmanyotherwordsconsistofmorethanonemorpheme.Theyareformedbyaddingprefixesandsuffixes.Forinstanceweuse-or,er,-fultoformalotofwords.Butthesemorphemescannotbeusedalone;Theyshouldbeattachedtoothermorphemes.\nMorphology6Boundmorphemeoccursonlywhenattachedtoanothermorpheme.Boundmorphemesmaybesubdividedintoderivationalandinflectionalmorphemes.Aderivationalmorphemeisonethatisaddedtoaroottoformanewwordthatdiffers,usuallyinitspartofspeechclassification.Forinstance,thesuffix-en,ate,and-iccanbecalledderivationalmorphemes.\nMorphology7Butsomederivationalprefixesdonotchangethepartofspeechofaword.Forinstance,theprefixes-inter,-tele,-multiandthesuffixes-ian,-ism,-anAninflectionalmorphemeindicatescertaingrammaticalpropertiesassociatedwithnounsandverbs,suchasgender,number,case,andtense.Theyarepurelygrammaticalmarkers,providinggrammarinformation.Sothe-edand–ingendingsareinflectionalmorpheme\nMorphology8InEnglish,prefixesareusuallyderivationalmorphemesthatchangethemeaningbutnotthepartofspeechclassification,whereassuffixesareusuallyderivationalmorphemesthatchangethepatofspeechclassificationbutnotthemeaning.UnlikehighlyinflectedlanguageslikeLatin,Englishhasveryfewinflectionalmorphemes.InEnglish,theinflectionalmorphemesareallsuffixes.\nMorphology9MorphologyandTransformational-GenerativegrammarUntilrecently,transformational-generativegrammarhadlittletosayaboutmorphology.Instead,intransformational-generativegrammarmuchofwhatthestructurlistcalledmorphologywascoveredbypowerfultheoriesofphonologyandsyntax.Morphologywasrediscoveredinthe1970s,andtransformational-generativegrammariansarereestablishingitsstatusasaseparatecomponentofgrammar.\nMorphology10Therearetwotypesofrulesdealingwithmorphology:word-formationrulesandadjustmentrules.Theruleswhichdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwordsarecalledmorphologicalrules.Someofthemorphologicalrulescanbeusedquitefreelytoformnewwords.Theyareregardedasproductivemorphologicalrules.\nMorphology11Compounds1.Whenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory.2.Theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofcompoundifthetwowordsareindifferentcategories.\nMorphology123.Thecompoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenoncompoundwords.4.Themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.