英语语言学试题集锦 50页

试题（一）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)1.Thepairofwords“lend”and“borrow”are___.(     ) A.gradableopposites     B.relationaloppositesC.co-hyponyms  D.synonyms2.ThediscoveryofIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththeworkoftheBritishscholar   .(     ) A.JacobGrimm     B.RasmusRaskC.FranzBopp     D.SirWilliamJones3.Alinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguageuseas__.(     ) A.unusual         B.somethingtobefearedC.abnormal       D.natural4.__producefastandfluentspeechwithgoodintonationandpronunciationbutthecontentoftheirspeechrangesfrommildlyinappropriatetocompletenonsense,oftenasunintelligible.(     ) A.Broca'saphasic     B.Thelinguisticdeprivation C.Thedamageontheangulargyrus     D.Wernicke'saphasic5.SomeSouthernlearnersofEnglishinChinatendtosay“night”as“light”.Thisshows:   .(     ) A.Theycannotpronounce/n/      B.Interlangueinterferencebecausethereisnotthesound/n/intheirmothertongue C.Theteachersdonothaveagoodteachingmethod D.Theydonotliketopronouncenasalsounds6.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled__word.(     ) A.apolysemous   B.asynonymous   C.anabnormal   D.amultiple7.Thefunctionofthesentence“Aniceday,isn'tit?”is__.(     ) A.informative   B.phatic   C.directive   D.performative\n8.ThemostrecognizabledifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglisharein__andvocabulary.(     ) A.usage         B.grammar     C.pronunciation     D.structure9.__dealswiththewayinwhichalanguagevariesthroughgeographicalspace.(     )A.Linguisticgeography     B.LexicologyC.Lexicography   D.Sociolinguistics10.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“gentleman”canbeexpressedas__.(     ) A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adult C.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adultII、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)11.Asthefirststepoftheirscientificinvestigationoflanguage,linguistshavetoobserveandcollectlinguisticf___________beforetheycandoanythingelse.12.Phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds___________rules.   13.Anindependentunitofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelybyitselfiscalledaf___________morpheme.   14.Ac___________sentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas"and","but","or".   15.Thestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalleds___________. 16.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheC___________principleproposedbyJ.Grice.   17.Inadditiontosocialchanges,oneofthemostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechangeseemstobethecontinualprocessofculturalt___________acrossgenerations.   18.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthes___________ attitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist.\n   19.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtas"s___________speech,"andspeechas"overtthought."Insuchacase,speakingandthinkingtakeplacesimultaneously.   20.I___________isthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA.三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。(     )21.Inthehistoryofanylanguagethewritingsystemalwayscameintobeingbeforethespokenform.(     )22.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.(     )23.Acompoundisthecombinationofonlytwowords.(     )24.“Thestudent”inthesentence“Thestudentlikedthelinguisticlecture.”,and“Thelinguisticlecture”inthesentence“Thelinguisticlecturelikedthestudent.”belongtothesamesyntacticcategory. (     )25.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesamesense.(   )26.Animportantdifferencebetweenpresuppositionandentailmentisthatpresupposition,unlikeentailment,isnotvulnerabletonegation.Thatistosay,ifasentenceisnegated,theoriginalpresuppositionisstilltrue.(     )27.ThedivisionofEnglish intoOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglishisnonconventionalandnotarbitrary.(     )28.Languagereflectssexisminsociety.Languageitselfisnotsexist,justasitisnotobscene;butitcanconnotesexistattitudesaswellasattitudesaboutsocialtaboosorracism.(     )29.Ifachildisdeprivedoflinguisticenvironment,heorsheisunlikelytolearnalanguagesuccessfullylateron.(     )30.Whenchildrenlearntodistinguishbetweenthesoundsoftheirlanguageandthesoundsthatarenotpartofthelanguage,theycanacquireanysoundsintheirnativelanguageoncetheirparentsteachthem. \n四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。)31.culturaltransmission(asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage)32.phonicmediumoflanguage33.voicing34.inflectionalmorphemes35.reference36.locutionaryact37.protolanguage38.ethnicdialect39.registers40.acculturation五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。)41.Whydowesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureinanalyzingtheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements?Supportyourstatementwithexamples.42.Describetheprocessoflanguageperception,comprehensionandproduction.试题（一）参考答案一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)1.B     2.D     3.D     4.D     5.B   6.A     7.B     8.C     9.A     10.B一、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)  11、facts             12、sequential      13、free       14、coordinate    15、semantics16、Cooperative   17、transmission  18、social    19、subvocal       20、Interlanguage二、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)\n   21.F     Thecontraryistrue.Thewritingsystemisalwaysalaterinvention.   22.T23.F     Somecompoundscontainmorethantwowords.   24.T   25.F     Itisfalsebecauselinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthetwoexpressions"morningstar"and"eveningstar."Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferinsense.   26.T27.F     ThedivisionofEnglishintoOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglishisconventionalandsomewhatarbitrary.   28.T29.T   30.F     Childrenfirstacquirethesoundsfoundinalllanguagesoftheworld,nomatterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto,andinlaterstagesacquirethe"moredifficult"sounds.四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)   31.Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmitted,ratheritisculturallytransmitted,i.e.ithastobetaughtandlearnt.   32.Thelimitedrangeofsoundsthatareusedinhumanlanguagecommunication,i.e.thespeechsounds.   33.Voicingisaphoneticfeatureofsomesounds.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords.34.Inflectionalmorphemesaremorphemesthatareusedtoindicatethegrammatrcalrelationsandcategories,suchas-ed,-(e)s,-estinEnglish.   35.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.Forexample,ifwesay,"Thedogisbarking,"wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearerinthesituation.Theactualdogtheword"dog"referstointhisparticularsituationisthereferenceoftheword"dog".   36.Locutionaryactreferstotheactofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Forexample,bysaying"Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen",thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhathehasutteredallthewordsandexpressedwhatthewordsliterallymean.\n   37.Aprotolanguageistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.Theprotoformcanbereconstructedbyidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages.   38.Anethnicdialectisasocialdialectofalanguage,oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.Itisspokenmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolation,suchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.   39.Registersarelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,incontrasttolanguagevarietiesthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Forthisreason,registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.   40.Acculturationreferstoaprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity.五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)   41.Inadditiontorevealingalinearorder,aconstituentstructuretree hasahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,andconsequentlyisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.      Forexample,thephrase"theoldmenandwomen"mayhavetwointerpretations,i.e.theadjective"old”maymodifythenoun"men",orthefollowingtwonouns"menandwomen".Linearorderanalysiscannottellthisdifference,soitisambiguous.Whereas,theconstituentortreediagramsanalysiscanmakethisdifferenceclear.So,wesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureanalysis.                    NP                             NP         NP               NP               NP               NP    Theoldmen     and       thewomen theoldmen and   theoldwomen\n   42.Fromtheperspectiveofpsycholinguisticanalysis,languageuseintermsofperception,comprehensionandproductionfollowsacertainpatternwhichinvolvesthecoordinationofvariouslanguagecenters.  Whenwespeak,wordsaredrawnfromWernicke'sareaandtransferredtoBroca'sarea,whichdeterminesthedetailsoftheirformandpronunciation.Theappropriateinstructionsarethensenttothemotorareawhichcontrolsthevocaltracttophysicallyarticulatethewords.  Whenwehearsomethingandtrytocomprehendit,thestimulusfromtheauditorycortexistransmittedtoWernicke'sarea,whereitistheninterpreted.  Whenweperceiveavisualimage,amessageissenttotheangulargyrus,whereitisconvertedintoavisualpattern.  试题（二）I.选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中选择一个或几个符合题目要求的选项，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。1.“IcanrefertoConfuciuseventhoughhewasdead2,000yearsago.”Thisshowsthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureof_____. A.arbitrarinessB.creativityC.dualityD.displacement2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofJacobson’sframeworkoflanguagefunctions? A.Thereferentialfunctionistoindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake. B.Theemotivefunctionistoconveymessageandinformation. C.Theconativefunctionistoclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings. D.Thephaticfunctionistoestablishcommunionwithothers.3.“Don’tendasentencewithapreposition.”Thisisanexampleof_____rules.\n A.prescriptive       B.descriptive    C.transformational   D.functional4.AccordingtoG.B.Shaw’sridiculeofEnglishorthography,thenon-existentwordghoticanbepronouncedinthesamewayas_____. A.goat      B.hot               C.fish              D.foot5.Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectdescriptionof[v]? A.voicelesslabiodentalfricative                    B.voicedlabiodentalfricative C.voicelesslabiodentalstop                   D.voicedlabiodentalstop6.Traditionalgrammarseesasentenceas_____. A.asequenceofmorphemesB.asequenceofclauses C.asequenceofwordsD.asequenceofphrases7.Intoday’sgrammarwenormallysaythatEnglishdoesnothavea“futuretense.”ThisisbecauseinEnglish_____. A.thefutureisnotexpressedbymorphologicalchange B.thefuturecanbeexpressedinmanyways C.thefuturebelongstothecategoryof“aspect”  D.thefutureisexpressedbymodalverbs.8.Amajordifferenceofthevariousmodelsofgenerativegrammarliesinwherethe_____componentispositioned. A.baseB.transformationalC.semanticD.phonological9._____isconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto. A.ConnotativeB.DenotativeC.AffectiveD.Reflected10.Whichofthefollowingaregradableantonyms? A.good:badB.male:femaleC.young:oldD.buy:sell二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)\n11.Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofw________toformacompletestatement,q________orcommand.12.Insociolinguisticstudies,speakersaretreatedasmembersofs__g________.13.Utteranceisbasedon________ ________;itis therealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.14.Tomanypeople,alinguististhesameasa________,onewhocanspeakseverallanguagesfluently.15.Consonantsoundscanbeeither v________orv__,whileallvowelsoundsarev________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)16.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.(     )17.Tenseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.(     )18.Linguisticsisthecourseoflanguage.(     )19.Thepartofasentencewhichcompriesecomprisesaninfiniteverboraverbphraseisgrammaticallycalledpredicate.(     )20.Historicallinguisticsequalstothestudyofsynchronicstudy.(     )21.Thetermdialect,asatechnicalterminlinguistics,carriesvaluejudgmentandnotsimplyreferstoadistinctformoflanguage.(     )22.Morphologyistranslatedas形态学。(     )23.Theword“photographically”ismadeupof4morphemes.(     )24.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageisallomorph.(     )25.Semanticsisthemainpartoflinguistics.(     )四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)26.generallinguistics27.suprasegmentalfeatures\n28.rootandstem29.hierarchicalstructure30.namingtheoryandconceptualistview31.maximsofqualityandmanner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocalspeech35.contrastiveanalysis五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowthesyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences. (1)Theshootingofthehuntersmightbeterrible. (2)Hesawyoungmenandwomenpresent. (3)Theyweresurprisedatthepresident'sappointment.   37.Decidethemeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples. re-un- anti-super- -wise -itis -ize-age试题（二）参考答案\n一、选择题(每小题2分，共20分)  1.D  2.D      3.A  4.C   5.B11.C 12.ABD  13.C  14.B  15.AC二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)   11.wordsquestion12.socialgroups13.sentencemeaning14.polyglot   15.voiceless voiced voiced三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分)   16.T17.F(Senseandreference…)   18.F(scientificstudyoflanguage)19.F(finiteverb…)   20.F(diachronic)21.F(novaluejudgement)   22.T23.T24.F(morpheme)25.F(oneoftheparts)四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)   26.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.   27.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.   28.Thebaseformofaword;theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.   29.Thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.   30.Thewordsofalanguagearelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor;alinguisticformislinkedthroughconceptstowhatitrefersto.   31.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalseorwithoutadequateevident;Avoidobscurityofexpressionandambiguity,bebriefandorderly.   32.Aprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.   33.Avarietyoflanguagesusedbyasocialclass.   34.Thoughtwhenitisclosetolanguage.\n   35.Acomparativeproceduretoestablishlinguisticdifferencesbetweenlanguagesforteachingpurposes.五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)   36.(1)thehuntersareshooting;thehuntersareshot;     (2)youngmenandyoungwomen;youngmenand(notyoung)women     (3)thepresidentappointsothers;thepresidentisappointed.   37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize       un-:not,reverse,e.g.unhappy,unlock       anti-:against,anti-drug,anti-imperialism       super-greaterthanusual,e.g.superpower,superman       -wise:inthemannerof,e.g.clockwise,moneywise -itis:infection.e.g.bronchitis,arthritis  -ize:makeinto,e.g.realize,modernize-age:process.e.g.mileage,linkage试题（三） I.MultipleChoiceDirections:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentoveraperiodoftimeisgenerallytermedas_____linguistics.A.applied     B.diachronic    C.comparative    D.synchronic2.Thestructuralapproachtotheanalysisoflanguagewasstartedby__________..A.Bloomfield   B.Saussure     C.Chomsky        D.J.Searle3.Whichofthefollowingsoundsisavoicelessbilabialstop?   A.[p]   B.[m]   C.[b]     D.[t]\n4.Thewords“make”and“bus”arecalled_________becausetheycanoccurunattached.A.derivationalmorphemes           B.inflectionalmorphemesC.boundmorphemes               D.freemorphemes5.Thepairofwords“lend”and“borrow”are__________.   A.gradableantonymy    B.converseantonymy   C.synonyms    D.co-hyponyms6.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“man”canbeexpressedas_________.   A.＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adult       B.＋animate,＋human,－male,－adult   C.＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adult        D.—animate,＋human,－male,－adult7.Whatkindoffunctiondoesthesentence“Howdoyoudo?”have?   A.Directive     B.Phatic     C.Informative      D.Evocative8.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas___________.A.lexicalwords    B.grammaticalwords   C.functionwords    D.formwords9.Whatistheconstructionofthesentence“Theboysmiled”?   A.Exocentric     B.Endocentric    C.Coordinate     D.Subordinate10.Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesmeaningoflanguageincontextiscalled____________ A.semantics    B.sociolinguistics   C.pragmatics      D.psycholinguisticsII.FillintheblanksDirections:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)11、Chomskydefines"competence"astheidealuser'sk    oftherulesofhislanguage.\n12、Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb     .13、M     isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.14、As       isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.15、Synonymsthataremutuallysubstitutableunderallcircumstancesarecalledc        synonyms.16、Theillocutionarypointofr     istocommitthespeakertosomething'sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid.17、Wordsarecreatedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.Suchamethodofenlargingthevocabularyisknownaswordc      .18、Whereverthestandardlanguagecanuseacontraction(he+is→he's),BlackEnglishcand         theformof"be".19、Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthec        periodforfirstlanguageacquisition.20、Asatypeoflinguisticsystemin12learning,I         isaproductofL2training,mothertongueintereference,overgeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules,andlearningandcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner. III.Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%×10=20%)(  )21、Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thewrittenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthespokenformforanumberofreasons.(  )22、VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.(  )23、Thecompoundword"bookstore"istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.\n(  )24、Syntacticcategoriesrefertosentences(S)andclauses(C)only. (  )25、DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish. (  )26、OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.(  )27、TheterritoryinwhichtheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesaremainlyspokentodayalsoincludeslanguagesthatarenotIndo-European.(  )28、Inmostbilingualcommunities,twolanguageshavethesameinspeechsituationsknownasdomains.(  )29、AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,speakers'perceptionsdeterminelanguageandpatterntheirwayoflife.(  )30、Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilitytoacquiretheirfirstlanguage.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachroniclinguistics33、broadtranscription34、morphologicalrules35、phrasestructurerule36、relationalopposites37、componentialanalysis38、context39、euphemism40、brainlateralizationV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%)\n41、Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesinEnglishforillustration.42.ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish. 试题（三）参考答案I.MultipleChoice(20%)1-5：BBADB 6-10：CBAAC二、Fillintheblanks(10%)11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、TorF(20%)21、FActuallymodernlinguisticslaysmoreemphasisonthespokenformoflanguagethanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.22、F\nVoicingdistinguishesmeaninginEnglishbutnotinChinese.23、FThemeaningofsomecompoundwordshasnothingtodowiththesumtotalofthemeaningsoftheircomponents,suchasthecompound"redcoat".24、FApartfromSandC,theyalsorefertoaword,oraphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.25、FDialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundnotonlyindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutalsowithinthevarietyitself.Forexample,withinBritishEnglish,"girl"iscalled"lassie"inScottishdialect,and"liquor"iscalled"whishey"inIrishdialect.26、T27、T28、FTheyhaveafairlyclearfairlyclearfunctionaldifferentiation,i.e.onelanguagemaybeusedinsomedomains,otherlanguageinotherdomains.29、FThetruestatementis"AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,languagedeterminesspeakers'perceptionsandpatternstheirwayoflife"30、T IV.Explainthefollowingterms(30%)31、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,therearealimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaninglesswhileatthehigherlevelthereareanunlimitednumberofcombinationsofthesesounds.Itisalsoknownasdoublearticulation.32、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.\n33、Awaytotranscribespeechsounds.Thebasicprincipleistouseonelettertoindicateonesound.Itisgenerallyusedindictionariesandlanguageteachingtextbooks.34、Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword,e.g.-lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.35、arewriterulethatallowsforthepossiblecombinationsofwordstoformphrasesandsentences36、Relationalopposites,akindofantonyms,refertopairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.Forexample,"husband"and"wife","father"and"son"etc.37、Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Forexample,theword"man"isanalyzedascomprisingof+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Contextisregardedasconstitutedbyallkindsofknowledgeassumedtobesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,Forexample,theknowledgeofthelanguageusedandtheknowledgeoftheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.39、Aeuphemismisamild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionthatreplacesataboowordorservestoavoidmoredirectwordingthatmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive,e.g."passaway"for"die".40、Brainlateralizationreferstothelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.Forexample,therighthemisphereprocessesstimulimoreholisticallyandthelefthemispheremoreanalytically.Inmostpeople,thelefthemispherehasprimaryresponsibilityforlanguage,whiletherighthemispherecontrolsvisualandspatialskills.V.Answerthefollowingquestions(20%)41、Theinventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,soundloss,soundaddition,andsoundmovement.1)Vowelsoundchange:Englishhasundergonethesystematicandregularchangeinthevowelsounds,knownastheGreatVowelshiftwhichoccurredattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiodandwhichinvolvedsevenlong,ortensevowels.Thesechangesledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenthe\nphonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemes,i.e.betweenpronunciationandthespellingsystemofModernEnglish,e.g.five→/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)→/faiv/(ModernEnglish)2)Soundloss:Soundscanchangebythelossofphonemes.InthehistoryofEnglishthevelarfricative/x/waslost.ThissoundexistedinOldEnglish,so"night"waspronouncedas/nixt/,butinModernEnglish,itspronunciationis/nait/.3)Soundaddition:Soundadditionincludesthegainorinsertionofasound.Forexample,thewordleisurewasborrowedfromFrench,sothephoneme/3/wasaddedtotheinventoryofEnglishsounds.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4)Soundmovement:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementknownasmetathesisinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.Metathesisislesscommon,butitdoesexist.InsomedialectsofEnglish,forexample,thewordaskispronounced/?ks/.Also,bridd("bird")isanOldEnglishword.Whenmetathesisoccurredtothisword,themovementof/r/soundtotherightofthevowelsoundresultedinitsModernEnglishcounterpart"bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。42、Sociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangerefertosuchradicalsocio-politicalchangesaswars,invasions,occupation,colonialization,andlanguageplanningandstandardizationpolicies.AtypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglishistheNormanConquest,amilitaryeventthatmarkedthedawningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.ThismeansthatMiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglishunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.AndforaboutacenturyandahalfaftertheNormanConquest,Frenchremainedasthelanguageoftherulingclass,asfarasliteratureandadministrationwereconcerned.SoMiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsas"army,""court,""defense,""faith,""prison"and"tax"camefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers.评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分试题（四）I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)\n1.Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandle_____. A.arbitrarinessandcreativity                 B.generalizationsandabstractions C.interpersonalrelationship                   D.performativefunctions2.Usinglanguageforthesheerjoyofusingitshowsthatlanguagehasa_____function. A.recreational          B.metalingual           C.informative      D.performative3.Accordingto_____,thetaskofalinguististodeterminefromthedataofperformancetheunderlyingsystemofrulesthathasbeenmasteredbythelanguageuser.A.RomanJacobson    B.LeonardBloomfield    C.Kennethe   D.NoamChomsky4.WhoseCardinalVowelsystemisstillinuse? A.A.J.Ellis          B.A.M.Bell        C.DanielJones  D.A.C.Gimson 5."Iboughtsomeroses"__________"Iboughtsomeflowers".   A.entailsB.presupposesC.isinconsistentwithD.issynonymouswith   6.Y'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof__________.   X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?   Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?   A.quality   B.quantityC.relation   D.manner   7.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,__________,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered.   A.phrases     B.sentencesC.morphemesD.utterances8.Inaspeechcommunitypeoplehavesomethingincommon__________alanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit.\n   A.socially     B.linguisticallyC.culturally D.pragmatically9.Whichofthemajormentalfunctionslistedbelowisnotunderthecontrolofthelefthemisphereinmostpeople?__________.A.languageandspeechB.visualandspatialskillsC.readingandwriting       D.analyticreasoning10.Ingeneral,the__________stagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild'ssecondyear.   A.babbling   B.one-wordC.two-word   D.multiwordII.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%×10=20%) 11.(   )Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe"bestauthors"forlanguageusage.12.(   )InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.13.(   )Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.14.(   )Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperites.15.(   )Theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,i.e.betweenlanguageandthought.16.(   )Oftheviewsconcerningthestudyofsemantics,thecontextualview,whichplacesthestudyofmeaninginthecontextinwhichlanguageisused,isoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.17.(   )Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage.\n18.(   )Thesentences"Hecrazy"and"Hebesickallthetime"arebothacceptableinBlackEnglishvernacularbecausecopuladeletionandhabitualbearetwofamousfeaturesofBlackEnglish.19.(   )Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizingexperiencesofthesameobjectiveworldaccordingtotheirrespectivedifferentlinguisticcodingsystem.20.(   )Instructionandcorrectionarekeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%×10=30%)   21.synchroniclinguistics   22.displacement   23.aminimalpair   24.derivationalaffixes   25.syntax   26.languagetransfer   27.hyponymy   28.sentencemeaning   29.linguafranca   30.cerebralcortexⅤ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(30%)   31.Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.（10%） 32.Whyisthespeechacttheoryinfactatheoryoftheillocutionaryact?(20%)\n 试题（四）参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、B  2、A   3、D  4、C   5、A  6、C   7、C  8、B   9、B  10、C 二、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）   11、（T）   12、（F）Asthereisanessentialdifferencebetweentheconsonantsandthevowels,i.e.thereissomekindofobstructionofairintheproductionoftheformer,butthereisnotintheproductionofthelatter,itisimpossibletousethesamecriteriaintheirclassification. 13、（F）Wecannotalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningofitsparts.   14、（T）   15、（F）Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolanditsreferent,i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.   16、（T）   17、（F）Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarnevermodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage,becausechildrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammarsbythemselvesandgeneralizerulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.   18、（T）   19、（T） 20、（F）Instructionandcorrectionarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstruction.Instructionandcorrectionjustplayaminorrole.三、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）\n21、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare'stime.22、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageisnotrestrictedbythe'here'and'now'asanimalcommunicationis;wecanvirtuallytalkaboutanythingwewant,includingwhathappenedinthepast,whatisgoingtohappeninthefuture,whatisnotexistentintheimmediatesurroundingsandevenwhatweimagine.23、Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound,e.g./pit/and/bit/.24、Affixesaddedtoanexistingformtocreateanewword,e.g.in-,-er25、Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,anditconsistsofasetofrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.26、LanguagetransferisaphenomenonthatL2learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeintheirlearningprocess.27、Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamorespecificwordandamoregeneral,moreinclusiveword.Theformerisincludedinthelatter.Forexample,acatisahyponymofanimal.28、Sentencemeaningreferstotheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractanddecontextualized.Forexample,semanticanalysisofthesentencemeaningof"Thebagisheavy"resultsintheone-placepredicationBAG(BEINGHEAVY).29、Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeopleofdiverselinguisticbackgrounds.Forthisreason,alinguafrancamustbeanagree-upon"commontongue"usedbypeoplethrownintosocialcontactforvariouspurposes,suchasforsocialorcommercialpurposes.30、Cerebralcortexistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,thedecision-makingorganofthebody,receivingmessagesfromallsensoryorgansandinitiatingallvoluntaryactions.Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromothermammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,arebelievedtoresideinthecortex.四、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）31.参考答案\nThefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sL2acquisitionare:1)age,2)motivation,3)acculturation,4)personality.TheoptimalageforL2acquisitionisearlyteenage.Motivationreferstothelearner'soverallgoalororientation.Therearetwotypesofmotivation：instrumentalmotivationandintegrativemotivation.Theformeroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalisfunctionalandthelatteroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalissocial.AcculturationistheprocessinwhichthelearneradaptstothenewcultureoftheL2community.PersonalityisalsorelatedtoL2learning.Adultlearnerswhoareextrovertedlearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanintrovertedlearners.32.参考答案InthelatterpartofHowtoDoThingswithWords,Austinmadeafreshstartontheproblemandconsidereditfromthegroundupagain,i.e.inwhatsensetosaysomethingistodosomething. Inhisopinion,therearethreesensesinwhichsayingsomethingmaybeunderstoodasdoingsomething.Thefirstsenseisanordinaryone.Thatis,whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Inthissense,whensomeonesays“Morning!”,wecanaskaquestionlike“Whatdidhedo?”insteadof“Whatdidhesay?”Andtheanswercouldbethatheproducedasound,wordorsentence—“Morning!”TheactperformedinthissenseiscalledaLOCUTIONARYACT.Withinthisact,however,Austinsuggeststhatthereisanotheract.“[I]nperformingalocutionaryactweshallalsobeperformingsuchanactas:askingoransweringaquestion,givingsomeinformationoranassuranceorawarning,announcingaverdictoranintention,pronouncingsentence,makinganappointmentoranappealoracriticism,makinganidentificationorgivingadescription,andthenumerouslike”.Forexample,tothequestion“Whatdidhedo?”whenthepersonconcernedsaid“Morning!”,wecouldperfectlywellsay“Heofferedagreeting.” Inotherwords,whenwespeak,wenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,ortheyalsohavecertainforcesasAustinpreferstosay.Intheexampleof“Morning!”wecansayithastheforceofagreeting,oritoughttohavebeentakenasagreeting.Thisisthesecondsenseinwhichtosaysomethingistodosomething,andtheactperformedisknownasanILLOCUTIONARYACT.Austinacknowledgesthatthe\nforcecanberegardedaspartofmeaning,whenthelatterisusedinabroadsense.Sointheexampleweareconsidering,wecanalsosay“Hemeantitasagreeting”.Intheretort“Whatdoyoumean?”,thewordmeanisusedinthebroadsense,too.ButAustinthinksitisbettertodistinguishforcefrommeaning,withthelatterusedinanarrowsense,orwhatwecalledthemoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning.Thusinterpreted,force,orillocutionaryforce,maybesaidtobeequivalenttospeaker’smeaning,contextualmeaning,orextrameaning. Thethirdsenseinwhichtosaysomethingcanmeantodosomethingconcernstheconsequentialeffectsofalocutionuponthehearer.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,etc.Whetherornottheseeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartoftheactthatthespeakerhasperformed.Thisact,whichisperformedthrough,bymeansof,alocutionaryact,iscalledaPERLOCUTIONARYACT. Forexample,bysaying“Morning!”tosomeone,thespeakerhasmadeitclearthathewantstokeepfriendlyrelationswiththehearer.Thisfriendlinessonthespeaker’ssidewilldefinitelyhaveeffectsonthehearer.Whenthetwointerlocutorsareonnormalterms,theeffectmaybenegligible.Butiftherewereanytensionsbetweenthem,asimple“Morning!”fromonesidemaybringaboutgreatchangesintheirrelationship.Theothermayaccepthisshowoffriendship,andbefriendswithhimagain.Inthiscase,wecansay“He’smadepeacewithhisfriend”inresponsetothequestion“Whatdidhedo?”whenthepersonconcernedsaid“Morning!”.Ontheotherhand,thehearermayhavesomeprejudiceagainstthespeaker,andtakehisfriendlinessasaninstanceofhypocrisy.Asaresult,thespeaker’sgreetingmayleadtheirrelationshipfrombadtoworse.Thoughthiseffectisnotwhatthespeakerhadoriginallyintended,itisstillaperlocutionaryactperformedbyhim.Thisbringsupanotherdifferencebetweentheillocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact,i.e.oneisrelatedtothespeaker’sintentionandtheothernot. Definedinthisway,thelocutionaryactiswhatlinguistshavebeenstudyingallalong.Thatis,howsounds,wordsandsentencesaremade,andwhatinherentmeaningstheyhave.Theperlocutionaryactinvolvesmanypsychologicalandsocialfactors,ofwhichwearestillmoreorlessinthedark.SotheillocutionaryactiswhatAustinreallydrivingat.Inthissense,speechacttheoryisinfactatheoryoftheillocutionaryact.TESTPAPER(5)\nI.Directions:Choosetheanswerthatbestfillintheblanks.(1.5’×20=30’)1.____________,Fatherofmodernlinguistics,isknownforhisCourseinGeneralLinguistics.A.SassureB.ChomskyC.LeechD.Firth2.ThetraditionalgrammarruleslikeYoushouldneveruseadouble-negativearetechnicallyknownas______________.A.descriptiveB.prescriptiveC.connotativeD.denotative3.Thefactthathumanbeingsuselanguagestosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunicationisreferredto______________oflanguage.A.displacementB.metalanguageC.dualityD.arbitrariness4.Allbut_____________arebilabial.A.[p]B.[b]C.[m]D.[n]5.Inthecardinalvoweldiagram,schwarefersto______________.A.[ә]B.[a]C.[i]D.[o]6.Asfarasmannersofarticulationisconcerned,whichisthefollowingdiffersfromtheothers?A.[f]B.[W]C.[n]D.[z]7.Thegenerative-transformationalgrammarwasoriginatedwiththelinguist_____________.A.ChomskyB.FirthC.HallidayD.Leech8.Bysaying__________,wemeanthestudyofrulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.morphologyD.syntax9.“En-”in“enrich”isa(n)________________.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.freerootD.boundroot10.WhichofthefollowingpairswasproposedbyChomsky?A.langueandparoleB.eticandemicC.synchronicanddiachronicD.competenceandperformance11.Inpredicatelogic,CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(～ALIVE(y)))))means“__________”.A.dieB.deadC.killD.murder12.“Lift”and“elevator”formapairof___________synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialecticalC.markedD.connotative13.Whichofthefollowingpairdiffersfromtheothersinthesenserelation?A.good:badB.long:shortC.big:smallD.innocent:guilty14.Theconsonant[p]isa(n)_____________.A.oralstopB.nasalstopC.lateralD.approximate15.Inthesentence“Marygaveabooktohim”,“him”iswitha(n)_________case.A.accusativeB.dativeC.ablativeD.nominative16.MacrolinguisticsincludesallthebranchesEXCEPT_____________.A.sociolinguisticsB.psycholinguisticsC.pragmaticsD.computationallinguistics17.Therelationbetweenanytwowordsin“Whataniceday!”isknownas___________.A.choicerelationB.paradigmaticrelationC.verticalrelationD.syntagmaticrelation18.“Burgle”resultingform“burglar”isanexampleof__________.A.back-formationB.compoundingC.clippingD.blending19.____________isanon-productiveaffix.A.“Self-”asin“self-evaluation”B.“With-”asin“withhold”C.“Un-”asin“unfair”D“Bi-”asin“bicycle”20.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalconstative?\nA.Ipromisetofinishitintime.B.Ideclarethemeetingopen.C.ThepresentPresidentofU.S.AisGeorgeW.Bush.D.Thankyou.II.Directions:Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:(1.5’*10=15’)21.M____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.22.Theaffix“-ish”inthewordboyishconveysag____meaning.23.B___________morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.24.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesandd__________affixes.25.D________affixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.26.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.27.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.28.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.29.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.30.ThetheoryofC_____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.III.Directions:Definethefollowingterms.(2’×5=10’)31.semantics32.synonymy33.allophone34.syntax35.Sapir-WhorfhypothesisIV.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youarerequiredtoexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(3’×5=15’)36.Macrolinguisticsincludepragmatics,computationallinguistics,sociolinguisticsandpsycholinguistics,etc.37.Theword“microphone”consistsoftwomorphemes,ofwhich“micro-”isaroot,and“phone”isanaffix.38.Deepstructureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforethemovementtakesplace.39.Suprasegmentalfeatureincludeaspiration,intonation,stress,tone,etc.40.AccordingtoChomsky,competenceinsteadofperformanceshouldbestudiedinlinguistics.V.Directions:Decidethemeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples.(10’)41.re-42.un-43.anti-44.super-45.-izeVII.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly,clearlyandcorrectly.(6’+6’+8’+10’=20’)46.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.(6’)47.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?(6’)48.Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.(8’)\nKEYSTOPAPER(5)I.Directions:Choosetheanswerthatbestfillintheblanks.(1.5’×20=30’)1-5ABADA6-10CABAD11-15CBDAB16-20CDABCII.Directions:Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:(1.5’*10=15’)21.Morpheme22.grammatical23.Bound24.derivative25.Derivative26.predicate27.open28.adjacency29.Parameters30.CaseIII.Directions:Definethefollowingterms.(2’×5=10’)31.semantics:thestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.(ORthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.)32.synonymy:thesamenessrelationbetweenlanguageunits33.allophones:thevariantsofaphoneme34.syntax:syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.(ORsyntaxisthestudyoftheformationofsentences.)35.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis:Thelanguagehelpsmouldthewayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagemayprobablyexpresstheuniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.IV.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youarerequiredtoexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(3’×5=15’)36.FPragmaticsdoesnotbelongtomacrolinguistics.37.FThemorpheme“micro-”isanaffixratherthanaroot,while“phone”isaroot.38.T39.FAspirationissegmentalfeatureratherthansuprasegmentalfeature.40.TV.Directions:Decidethemeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples.(10’)41.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize42.un-:not,reverse,e.g.unhappy,unlock43.anti-:against,anti-drug,anti-imperialism44.super-greaterthanusual,e.g.superpower,superman45.-ize:makeinto,e.g.realize,modernizeVII.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly,clearlyandcorrectly.(6’+6’+8’=20’)46.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.(6’)Freemorphemes:Theyaretheindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves,forexample,“book-”intheword“bookish”.Boundmorphemes:Theyarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformawordsuchas“-ish”in“bookish”.Boundmorphemescanbesubdividedintorootsandaffixes.Arootisseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughithasaclearanddefinitemeaning,suchas“gene-”intheword“generate”.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-s”intheword\n“books”toindicatepluralityofnouns.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateawordsuchas“mis-”intheword“misinform”.Derivationalaffixescanalsobedividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofawordsuchas“dis-”intheword“dislike”,whilesuffixesoccurattheendofawordsuchas“-less”intheword“friendless”.47.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?(6’)Themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponentsbecauseitcannotbeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitsconstituentwords.Forexample;(A)Thedogbittheman.(B)Themanbitthedog.Ifthemeaningofasentencewerethesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents,thentheabovetwosentenceswouldhavethesamemeaning.Infacttheyaredifferentinmeanings.Asweknow,therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:grammaticalmeaningandsemanticmeaning.Thegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in(A)aredifferentfromthegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in(B).Themeaningofasentenceistheproductofbothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning.Itistheproductofthemeaningoftheconstituentwordsandofthegrammaticalconstructionsthatrelateonewordsyntagmaticallytoanother.48.Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.(8’)ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchas`importandim`port.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,forexample:`blackbirdisaparticularkindofbird,whichisnotnecessarilyblack,butablack`birdisabirdthatisblack.Themoreimportantwordssuchasnouns,verbsadjectives,adverbs,etcarepronouncedwithgreaterforceandmademoreprominent.Buttogivespecialemphasistoacertainnotion,awordinsentencethatisusuallyunstressedcanbestressedtoachievedifferenteffect.Takethesentence“Heisdrivingmycar.”forexample.Toemphasizethefactthatthecarheisdrivingisnothis,oryours,butmine,thespeakercanstressthepossessivepronounmy,whichundernormalcircumstancesisnotstressed.Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation,knownasthefourtones:Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.Generallyspeaking,thefallingtoneindicatesthatwhatissaidisastraight-forward,matter-of-factstatement,therisingtoneoftenmakesaquestionofwhatissaid,andthefall-risetoneoftenindicatesthatthereisanimpliedmessageinwhatissaid.TESTPAPER(6)I.Definethefollowingterms.(2’×10=20’)1.designfeatures2.lexeme3.closed-class4.morpheme5.exocentricconstruction6.blending7.antonymy8.syntax9.deepstructure10.Sapir-Whorfhypothesis\nII.Readthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhethertheyaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalse.(2’×10=20’)得分阅卷人11.Grammaticalgenderstrictlycorrespondstobiologicalgender.12.Pragmaticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherelationshipbetweennaturallanguageexpressionsandtheirsusesinspecificsituations.13.Thebow-wowtheoryisevolvedfromthefactthatinthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy.14.Theexample“Heismoredeadthanalive”provesthatcomplementaryantonymyallowscomparativedegrees.5.Amorphemeisdifferentfromaphoneme,butitisidenticalwithasyllable.16.Allaffixesareboundmorphemes.17.Theallomorphsofamorphememaydifferinmeaningandfunction.18.Macrolinguisticsincludespsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,pragmatics,anthropologicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.19.Performativereferstotheutteranceofthesentencesis,orisapartof,thedoingofanaction.20.“Rose”isthehyponymof“flower”.III.Choosethebestanswertofillinthefollowingstatements.(2’×20=40’)得分阅卷人21.ThefunctionsoflanguageDOESNOTconsistof____________.A.informativeB.emotiveC.performativeD.prescriptive22.Thefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningistechnicallyknownas_______________.A.dualityB.arbitrarinessC.creativityD.displacement23._________madetheimportantdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.A.SaussureB.MalinowskyC.HallidayD.Chomsky24.Bysaying__________,wemeanthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.A.phonologyB.morphologyC.syntaxD.semantics25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTastop?A.[p]B.[m]C.[t]D.[g]26.Thesystemic-functionalgrammarwasoriginatedwiththelinguist______________.A.LeechB.FirthC.ChomskyD.Halliday27.__________ismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.A.GenderB.TenseC.AspectD.Number28.Inthesentence“Hebrokethewindowwithastone”,“astone”iswitha(n)_________case.A.accusativeB.dativeC.ablativeD.nominative29.___________isanon-productiveaffix.A.“Anti-”asin“anti-hero”B.“With-”asin“withhold”C.“Un-”asin“unfair”D“Bi-”asin“bicycle”30.___________refertoauniquesetofverbswhichhelptodistinguishnegation,inversion,codeandemphasis,suchas“do”and“can”.A.AuxiliariesB.DeterminersC.ParticlesD.Pro-forms31.Paradigmaticrelationisknownas_______________.A.horizontalrelationB.chainrelationC.choicerelationD.semanticrelation32.Theconnotativemeaningis________________.A.concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes\nB.someadditional,especiallyemotivemeaningC.similartoreferenceD.determinedbytheorderofthewordsinasentenceandthedifferentprominencetheyeachreceive33.“Vacuum-clean”resultingform“vacuum-cleaner”isanexampleof__________.A.back-formationB.compoundingC.clippingD.blending34.WhichofthefollowingstatementisFALSE?A.ThephrasetheloveofGodisambiguous.B.Theaffix–nessisderivational.C.Amorphemeshapedonatesoneandonlyonemeaning.D.Rootsmightbeboundorfree.35.Whichofthefollowingpairdiffersfromtheothersinthesenserelation?A.husbandvs.wifeB.buyvs.sellC.parentvs.childD.malevs.female36.“Beautiful”and“ugly”formapairof___________.A.complementaryantonymsB.gradableantonymsC.converseantonymsDhyponyms37.“-ceive”in“deceive”is________________.A.aderivationalaffixB.aninflectionalaffixC.afreerootDaboundroot38.“Flat”and“apartment”formapairof___________synonyms.A.dialecticalB.stylisticC.markedD.connotative39.Whichofthefollowingmaximsdoesthefollowingconversationviolate?A:Mr.Jameswearsaterriblehaircuttoday.B:Well,whatdoyouwanttohavefordinner?A.QuantitymaximsB.QualitymaximsC.RelevancemaximsD.Mannermaxims40.ThesemanticsubcategorizationINTEND(x,(CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(～ALIVE(y)))))))describesthesemanticfeaturesoftheword“________________”.A.murderB.deadC.dieD.killIV.Shortanswers.(1’×10=10’)得分阅卷人41.Languagecanchangethroughinvention,blending,borrowing,conversion,andcompounding,etc.Givetwoexamplesforeachofthem.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly,clearlyandcorrectly.(4’+6’=10’)得分阅卷人42.Howdoyoucriticize胡壮麟’sdefinitionofwords?Awordis“aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform”(胡壮麟2001:76)Pleasetellbothadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthedefinition.(4’)43.SuggestatreediagramofthesentenceThelittlegirlranintothegarden.Anddiscussthesyntacticrelations(governmentandC-command)betweenatleastthreeconstituents.(6’)\nKEYStoPAPER(6)I.Definethefollowingterms.(2’×10=20’)1.designfeatures:thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagecanbecalleddesignfeatures.2.lexeme:thebasicabstractunitunderlyingthesmallestunitinthelexicalsystemofalanguageistechnicallyknownaslexeme.3.closed-class:closed-classreferstowordclasswithfixedandlimitedmembershipandfewnewmembers.4.morpheme:morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.(Ormorphemeisaunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.)5.exocentricconstruction:theconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituentsisusuallydescribedasexocentricconstruction.6.blending:blendingisasortofcompounding,inwhichthetwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.7.antonymy:antonymyistheoppositenessofmeaningbetweenlexemes.8.syntax:syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.(Orsyntaxisthestudyoftheformationofsentences.)9.deepstructure:Thetermdeepstructurestandsfortheabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction(Orthetermdeepstructurestandsfortheunderlyinglevelofstructuralrelationsbetweenthedifferentconstituentsofaconstruction)10.Sapir-Whorfhypothesis:Thelanguagehelpsmouldthewayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagemayprobablyexpresstheuniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.II.Readthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhethertheyaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalse.(2’×10=20’)11.F12.T13.F14.F15.F16.T17.T18.F19.T20.TIII.(2’×20=40’)21.D22.B23.A24.D25.B26.D27.D28.C29.B30.A31.C32.B33.A34.C35.D36.B37.D38.A39.C40.AIV.Shortanswers.(1’×10=10’)41.Examplesofinvention:SARS,BBSExamplesofblending:fantabulous,ChinglishExamplesofborrowing:geisha,lamaExamplesofconversion:storm,mouseExamplesofcompounding:instantcoffee,laptopV.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly,clearlyandcorrectly.(4’+6’=10’)42.(Onepointforeachitem)Advantages:1)Wordsareappliedbothinspokenandwrittenlanguage.2)UniversalintuitiverecognitionDisadvantages:1)Phrasesandsentencescouldberecognizedbyintuitiverecognition.2)Wordscouldbeusedfreely.43.(3pointsforthetreediagram)S\nNPVPDetNPVPPANPNPDetNThelittlegirlranintothegarden(3pointsforthesyntacticrelations)TheNP“thelittlegirl”andtheVP“ranintothegarden”aremutuallyc-commanded.Theverb“ran”c-commandsandgovernsthePP“intothegarden”.ThePP“intothegarden”c-commandstheverb“ran”.Thepreposition“into”governstheNP“thegarden”andthetwoconstituentsaremutuallyc-commanded.TESTPAPER(7)I.Definethefollowingterms.(2’×5=10’)1.semantics2.synonymy3.allophone4.syntax5.Sapir-WhorfhypothesisII.Differentiatethefollowingterms(chooseanyFOURpairstoanswer).(3’×4=12’)6.languevs.parole7.synchronicvs.diachronic8.phonemevs.morpheme9.syntagmaticvs.paradigmatic10.competencevs.performanceIII.TrueorFalse(1.5’×10=15’)11.Vowelsdifferfromconsonantsinthatpronunciationoftheformerinvolvesobstructionofairstreams.12.InEnglish[p=]and[ph]aretwodifferentphonemes.13.ThereisonlyonelateralinEnglish.14.Allwordscontainarootmorpheme.15.“Colored”isasuperordinateto“white”,“black”,“red”,“green”,etc.16.Theconsonant[z]isvoicedalveolarfricative.17.Forthecomplementaryantonym(suchashit:miss),notonlytheassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,thedenialofonealsomeanstheassertionoftheother.18.“Rose”isthehyponymof“flower”.19.Amorphemicshapedonatesonlyonemeaning.20.Therearemanyquantifiersinlogicalpredicate,suchasafew,some,all,etc.\nIV.Multiplechoices(2’×20=40’)21.____________,Fatherofmodernlinguistics,isknownforhisCourseinGeneralLinguistics.A.SassureB.ChomskyC.LeechD.Firth22.ThetraditionalgrammarruleslikeYoushouldneveruseadouble-negativearetechnicallyknownas______________.A.descriptiveB.prescriptiveC.connotativeD.denotative23.Thefactthathumanbeingsuselanguagestosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunicationisreferredto______________oflanguage.A.displacementB.metalanguageC.dualityD.arbitrariness24.Allbut_____________arebilabial.A.[p]B.[b]C.[m]D.[n]25.Inthecardinalvoweldiagram,schwarefersto______________.A.[ә]B.[a]C.[i]D.[o]26.Asfarasmannersofarticulationisconcerned,whichisthefollowingdiffersfromtheothers?A.[f]B.[W]C.[n]D.[z]27.Thegenerative-transformationalgrammarwasoriginatedwiththelinguist_____________.A.ChomskyB.FirthC.HallidayD.Leech28.Bysaying__________,wemeanthestudyofrulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.morphologyD.syntax29.“En-”in“enrich”isa(n)________________.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.freerootD.boundroot30.WhichofthefollowingpairswasproposedbyChomsky?A.langueandparoleB.eticandemicC.synchronicanddiachronicD.competenceandperformance31.Inpredicatelogic,CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(～ALIVE(y)))))means“__________”.A.dieB.deadC.killD.murder32.“Lift”and“elevator”formapairof___________synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialecticalC.markedD.connotative33.Whichofthefollowingpairdiffersfromtheothersinthesenserelation?A.good:badB.long:shortC.big:smallD.innocent:guilty34.Theconsonant[p]isa(n)_____________.A.oralstopB.nasalstopC.lateralD.approximate35.Inthesentence“Marygaveabooktohim”,“him”iswitha(n)_________case.A.accusativeB.dativeC.ablativeD.nominative36.MacrolinguisticsincludesallthebranchesEXCEPT_____________.A.sociolinguisticsB.psycholinguisticsC.pragmaticsD.computationallinguistics37.Therelationbetweenanytwowordsin“Whataniceday!”isknownas\n___________.A.choicerelationB.paradigmaticrelationC.verticalrelationD.syntagmaticrelation38.“Burgle”resultingform“burglar”isanexampleof__________.A.back-formationB.compoundingC.clippingD.blending39.____________isanon-productiveaffix.A.“Self-”asin“self-evaluation”B.“With-”asin“withhold”C.“Un-”asin“unfair”D“Bi-”asin“bicycle”40.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalconstative?A.Ipromisetofinishitintime.B.Ideclarethemeetingopen.C.ThepresentPresidentofU.S.AisGeorgeW.Bush.D.Thankyou.V.ViolationofMaximsandimplicature(2’×5=10’)AccordingtoGrice,conversationalimplicaturearisesduetoviolationofmaxims.Readthefollowingsentences,judgewhichmaximisviolatedandstatetheimplicature.41.KidsareKids.42.Smithisalion.43.Mary:“Thebossisaliar.Hepromisedtopayme$3,000dollarsforextrawork,butIgetnothingtillnow.”John:“Well,whatshouldwehavefordinner?”44.“硕鼠硕鼠，无食我黍！三岁贯女，莫我肯顾。”——《诗经·硕鼠》45.Jenny:“InwhichcitydidPaulwork?"Thomas:“SomewhereinSpain."VI.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly,clearlyandcorrectly.(4’+9’=13’)46.TheBritishlinguistF.R.PalmerarguesinhisSemantics(P.97)that“thereisnoabsolutedistinctionbetween[gradableantonymsandcomplementaryantonyms].Wecantreatmale/female,married/single,alive/deadasgradableantonymsonoccasions.Someonecanbeverymaleormoremarriedandcertainlymoredeadthanalive.”Whatdoyouthinkoftheclaim?47.SuggestatreediagramofthesentenceThelittledogdashedintothekitchen.Anddiscussthesyntacticrelations(governmentandC-command)betweenatleastthreeconstituents.KEYSTOPAPER(7)I.Definethefollowingterms.(2’×5=10’)1.semantics:thestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.(ORthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.)2.synonymy:thesamenessrelationbetweenlanguageunits3.allophones:thevariantsofaphoneme4.syntax:syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsare\ncombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.(ORsyntaxisthestudyoftheformationofsentences.)5.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis:Thelanguagehelpsmouldthewayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagemayprobablyexpresstheuniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.II.Differentiatethefollowingterms(chooseanyFOURpairstoanswer).(3’×4=12’)6.Langue:thelinguisticperformanceofthespeakerParole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterance)7.Synchronic:thestudyofalanguageatafixedinstance(usu.thepresent)Diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory8.Phoneme:thesmallestunitoflanguageinphonologyMorpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent9.Syntagmatic:arelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresentParadigmatic:arelationbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent10.Competence:alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesPerformance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituationsIII.TrueorFalse(1.5’×10=15’)11.T12.F13.T14.T15.F16.T17.T18.T19.F20.FIV.Multiplechoices.(2’×20=40’)21.A22.B23.A24.D25.A26.C27.A28.B29.A30.D31.C32.B33.D34.A35.B36.C37.D38.A39.B40.CV.ViolationofMaximsandimplicature(2’×5=10’)41.ViolationofthefirstQuantityMaxim:MakeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequiredChildrenareyoung,hencenaughty.42.ViolationofFirstQualityMaxim:Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Heisstrongandbrave.43.ViolationofRelationMaxim:Toberelevant.Johnrefusestospeakillofthebossbyevadingthetopic.44.ViolationofthesecondMannermaxim:AvoidambiguityThemousebothreferstotheanimalandthecovertofficials.45.ViolationoftheQuantityMaxim.WhenQuantityMaximconflictswithQualityMaxim,weusuallygiveuptheformer.Intheconversation,ThomaswasnotquitesureofPaul’sworkingplace.Therefore,hechosetosaysomethingtruebutnotquiteaccurate.VI.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly,clearlyandcorrectly.(4’+9’=13’)46.Itisnotadvisabletotellbeginnersoflinguisticsthatthedistinctionbetweengradableantonymsandcomplementaryantonymsisrelative.Theexpressionmoredeadthanaliveisnotatruecomparative.47.\nSNPVPDetNPVPPANPNPDetNthelittledogdashedintothekitchenTheNP“thelittledog”andtheVP“dashedintothekitchen”aremutuallyc-commanded.Theverb“dashed”governsthePP“intothekitchen”.ThePP“intothekitchen”c-commandstheverb“dashed”.Thepreposition“into”governstheNP“thekitchen”andthetwoconstituentsaremutuallyc-commanded.TESTPAPER(8)I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatement.ChoosethecorrectanswerA,B,CorD,andmarkitonyouranswersheet.(1.5’×20=30’)1.Whatkindoffunctiondoesthesentence“Howdoyoudo?”have?A.InformativeB.EmotiveC.RecreationalDPhaticcommunion2.______________hasbeenwidelyacceptedasfatherofmodernlinguistics.A.BloomfieldB.SaussureC.ChomskyD.Halliday3.ThefamousquotationfromShakespeare'splay“RomeoandJuliet”‘Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’wellillustrates____________.A.theconventionalnatureoflanguageB.thecreativenatureoflanguageC.theuniversalityoflanguageD.thebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunication4._____________isavoicedalveolarstop.A./d/B./g/C./b/D./z/5.Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningssharethesameformiscalled______________.A.polysemyB.hyponymyC.antonymyD.homonymy6.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby______________in1957.A.BloomfieldB.SaussureC.ChomskyD.Halliday7.Thepairofwords“lend”and“borrow”are____________.A.gradableoppositesB.relationaloppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms8.Inthesentence“Theboybrokethewindowwithastone”,“astone”iswitha(n)_______case.A.accusativeB.ablativeC.dativeD.nominative9.Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor"correct"linguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptiveB.sociolinguisticC.psycholinguisticDdescriptive\n10.Theprocessthat“televise”derivesfrom“television”isknownas______________.A.blendingB.zero-derivationC.acronymDback-formation11.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa_____________studyoflanguage.A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC.diachronicD.synchronic12.____________isanon-productiveaffix.A.“With-”asin“withhold”B.“-ish”asin“foolish”C.“Un-”asin“unfair”D“Bi-”asin“bicycle”13.Ofallthespeechorgans,the__________is/arethemostflexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords14.Inthecardinalvoweldiagram,______________iscalledschwa.A.[ә]B.[a]C.[i]D.[o]15.NounsandverbsinEnglishbelongto______________words.A.invariableB.closed-classC.grammaticalD.lexical16.Thereare_______________inflectionalmorphemesin“Apple'sincautiousclaimof‘world'sfastest’wasseverelycriticizedbyadwatchdogs”.A.5B.6C.7D.817.Theword“so”in“Ithinkso.”isa_________________.A.pronounB.pro-formC.auxiliaryD.determiner18.“Fall”and“autumn”formapairof_____________synonyms.A.markedB.stylisticC.dialecticalD.connotative19.Themorpheme“-ceive”in“deceive”is________________.A.aderivationalaffixB.aninflectionalaffixC.afreerootDaboundroot20.ThesemanticsubcategorizationINTEND(x,(CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(～ALIVE(y)))))))describesthesemanticfeaturesoftheword“________________”.A.murderB.deadC.dieD.killII.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youarerequiredtoexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2’×10=20’)21.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintostops,fricatives,nasals,etc.,intermsofmannersofarticulation.22.Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword,andusuallydonotchangethewordclassoftheoriginalword.23.Phoneticsdiffersfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofsounds.24.Theminimalfreeunitofmeaningismorpheme.25.Dualityisadesignfeatureofhumanlanguagethatenablesspeakerstotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandspace.26.Macrolinguisticsincludepragmatics,computationallinguistics,sociolinguisticsandpsycholinguistics,etc.27.Theword“microphone”consistsoftwomorphemes,ofwhich“micro-”isaroot,and“phone”isanaffix.28.Deepstructureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforethemovementtakesplace.29.Suprasegmentalfeatureincludeaspiration,intonation,stress,tone,etc.30.AccordingtoChomsky,competenceinsteadofperformanceshouldbestudiedinlinguistics.III.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1’×10=10’)31.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn____________\ntranscription.32.Themorphemesthatcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsarecalledb__________morphemes.33.Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalledas_____________studyoflanguage.34.A_______________isaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighbouringsound.35.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb________________.36.M_______________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.37.L____________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.38.Wordslike“open”,“opens”,“opened”and“opening”sharethesamel___________,whichispostulatedastheabstractunitunderlyingthesmallestunitinthelexicalsystemoflanguage.39.Consonantscanbeeitherv____________orvoiceless,whileallvowelsoundsarev______________.IV.Directions:Definethefollowingterms.(2’×5=10’)40.Syntax41.Allophones42.Antonymy43.Pragmatics44.CompoundV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(3’×10=30’)45.Decidethemeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples.(10’)re-,un-,anti-,super-,-ize46.Languagecanchangethroughinvention,blending,borrowing,conversion,andcompounding,etc.Givetwoexamplesforeachofthem.(10’)47.WhatisICanalysis?InwhatwaysisICanalysisbetterthantraditionalparsing?WhataretheproblemsinICanalysis?(10’)KEYSTOPAPER(8)I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatement.ChoosethecorrectanswerA,B,CorD,andmarkitonyouranswersheet.(1.5’×20=30’)1-20DBAAACBBDDCACADABCDAII.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,\nyouarerequiredtoexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2’×10=20’)21.T22.T23.T24.FMorphememightormightbeusedfreely.Theminimalfreeunitofmeaningisword.25.FDisplacementisadesignfeatureofhumanlanguagethatenablesspeakerstotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandspace.26.FPragmaticsdoesnotbelongtomacrolinguistics.27.FThemorpheme“micro-”isanaffixratherthanaroot,while“phone”isaroot.28.T29.FAspirationissegmentalfeatureratherthansuprasegmentalfeature.30.TIII.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1’×10=10’)31.narrow32.bound33.synchronic34.Assimilation35.bilabial36.Morphology37.Langue38.lexeme39.voiced,voicedIV.Directions:Definethefollowingterms.(2’×5=10’)40.Syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.(Orsyntaxisthestudyoftheformationofsentences.)41.Allophonesarevariantsofaphoneme.42.Antonymyistheoppositenessofmeaningbetweenlexemes.43.Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.44.Polymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemesarecalledcompounds.V.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(3’×10=30’).45.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganizeun-:not,reverse,e.g.unhappy,unlockanti-:against,anti-drug,anti-imperialismsuper-greaterthanusual,e.g.superpower,superman-ize:makeinto,e.g.realize,modernize46.Examplesofinvention:SARS,BBSExamplesofblending:smog,ChinglishExamplesofborrowing:geisha,lamaExamplesofconversion:storm,mouseExamplesofcompounding:instantcoffee,laptop47.ICanalysis,abbreviationofImmediateConstituentanalysis,istheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents——wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Intraditionalparsing,asentenceismainlyseenasasequenceofindividualwords,asifithasonlyalinearstructure.ICanalysis,however,emphasizesthehierarchicalstructureofthesentence,seeingitasconsistingofwordgroupsfirst.Inthiswaytheinternalstructureofasentenceisshownmoreclearly,hencethereasonsofsomeambiguitiesmayberevealed.Therearesometechnicalproblemscausedbythebinarydivisionanddsicontinuousconstituents,butthemainproblemisthattherearestructureswhoseambiguitiescannotberevealedbyICanalysis,e.g.“theloveofGod”.Intermsofbothtreediagramandthelabels,thereisonlyonestructure,buttheword“God”isintwodifferentrelationswith“love”,i.e.eitherasa\nsubjectorobject.TESTPAPER(9)I.Directions:Choosethebestanswertofillinthefollowingstatements.WriteyouranswersintheAnswerSheet.(1’×30=30’)1.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby______________in1957.A.BloomfieldB.SaussureC.ChomskyD.Halliday2.Theterm___________maybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangesovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchroniclinguisticsB.comparativelinguisticsC.diachroniclinguisticsD.appliedlinguistics3.TheChinesephrase“茶，上茶，上好茶；坐，请坐，请上座”isanexampleof_____________ofhumanlanguage.A.phaticcommunionB.emotivefunctionC.interpersonalfunctionD.metalingualfunction4.“Luggage”and“baggage”are______________synonyms.A.dialecticalB.collocationalC.connotativeD.stylistic5.Inthecardinalvoweldiagram,______________iscalledschwa.A.[ә]B.[a]C.[i]D.[o]6.InChomsky’sTGGrammar,whichtheoryfocusesdiscussionongovernmentandbinding?A.TheClassicalTheory.B.TheStandardTheory.C.TheExtendedStandardTheory.D.TheRevisedExtendedStandardTheory.7.Ofthefollowingsoundcombination,only_____________ispermissibleinEnglish.A.bkilB.kiblC.ilkbD.ilkb8.Whichofthefollowingphrasesisexocentric?A.aclevergirlB.anuglymanC.intimeD.forkandknife9.Therelationbetweenthedetermineraandthenoundoginthephraseadogiscalled____________.A.concordB.governmentC.paradigmaticD.binding10.Thefundamentaldistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleisputforwardby_____________.A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Leech11.____________isanon-productiveaffix.A.“With-”asin“withhold”B.“-ful”asin“careful”C.“Un-”asin“unnecessary”D“Bi-”asin“bilabial”12.Aspeaker’sactualutteranceinChomsky’sterminologyisknownas______________.A.deepstructureB.surfacestructureC.universalgrammarD.linguisticuniversals13.“Motel”isa(n)__________________.A.abbreviationB.coinageC.blendingD.acronym14.Whichofthefollowingisthemajorroleplayedbyhumanlanguage?A.Emotive.B.Interpersonal.C.Performative.D.Informative.15.Thepairofwords“lend”and“borrow”are__________.A.gradableantonymsB.converseantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.co-hyponyms16.ThetraditionalgrammarruleslikeYoushouldneveruseadouble-negativearetechnically\nknownas______________.A.descriptiveB.prescriptiveC.connotativeD.denotative17.Inpredicatelogic,CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(～ALIVE(y)))))means“__________”.A.dieB.deadC.killD.murder18.Thewords“make”and“bus”arecalled_________becausetheycanoccurunattached.A.detivationalmorphemesB.inflectionalmorphemesC.boundmorphemesD.freemorphemes19.Thetwosounds[p=]and[ph]areincomplementarydistribution,andtheyareknownas___________ofthephoneme/p/.A.allophonesB.phonesC.symbolsD.signs20.Thefounderofmodernlinguisticsis________________.A.SaussureB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Halliday21.Whatisthecommonfeatureofthethreesounds:[b,p,m]?A.Voiceless.B.Voiced.C.Nasal.D.Bilabial.22.Allsyllablesmusthavea______________.A.codaB.onsetC.nucleusD.consonant23.Thewords“too”and“two”are______________.A.homographsB.homonymsC.homophonesD.allophones24.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“boy”canbeexpressedas_________.A.＋animate,＋human,－male,－adultB.＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adultC.＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adultD.—animate,＋human,－male,－adult25.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.Arbitrariness.B.Productivity.C.Creativity.D.Finiteness.26.Theword“holiday”originallymeant“holyday”;butnowthewordsignifiesanydayonwhichwedon’thavetowork.Thisisanexampleof_____________.A.meaningshiftB.wideningofmeaningC.narrowingofmeaningD.lossofmeaning27.____________isavoicedalveolarstop.A./z/B./g/C./d/D./b/28.Thereare_______________inflectionalmorphemesin“Apple'sincautiousclaimof‘world'sfastest’wasseverelycriticizedbyadwatchdogs”.A.5B.6C.7D.829.Inthesentence“Theboybrokethewindowwithastone”,“astone”iswitha(n)_______case.A.ablativeB.accusativeC.dativeD.nominative30.Wordslike“open”,“opens”,“opened”and“opening”sharethesame___________.A.infixB.suffixC.prefixD.lexemeII.ExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish.(2’×5=10’)得分阅卷人31.morpheme32.syntagmatic33.phonology34.competence35.syntaxIII.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalse.WriteTifitistrueandFifitisfalse.Ifthestatementisfalse,explainthereasonsoandgivethecorrectversion.(1.5’×10=15’)得分阅卷人\n36.Sciencesaspragmatics,psycholinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,computationallinguistics,etc.arelikelytobediscussedundertheheadingofmacrolinguistics.37.Inthehistoryofanylanguagethewritingsystemalwayscameintobeingbeforethespokenform.38.Inthephrase“inthenearfuture”,theword“future”ishead.39.Ifachildisdeprivedoflinguisticenvironment,heorsheisunlikelytolearnalanguagesuccessfullylateron.40.Vowelsdifferfromconsonantsinthatpronunciationoftheformerinvolvesobstructionofairstreams.41.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesamesense.42.Wordslike“actor”and“actress”manifestthatgrammaticalgenderstrictlycorrespondstobiologicalgender.43.ThereisonlyonelateralinEnglish.44.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.45.Amorphemicshapedonatesonlyonemeaning.IV.Answerthefollowingquestionsbrieflyinyourownwords.(6’+10’=16’)得分阅卷人46.Exemplifyarbitrarinessofhumanlanguages.(6’)47.Languagecanchangethroughinvention,blending,acronym,back-formationandborrowing.Givetwowordsforeachofthem.(10’)V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesifnecessary.(8’+9’+12’=29’)得分阅卷人48.Discusstypesofmorphemeswithexamples.(8’)49.WhatisICanalysis?InwhatwaysisICanalysisbetterthantraditionalparsing?WhataretheproblemsinICanalysis?(9’)50.Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.(12’)impliedmessageinwhatissaid.KEYSTOPAPER(9)I.Directions:Choosethebestanswertofillinthefollowingstatements.WriteyouranswersintheAnswerSheet.(1’×30=30’)1-5CCCAA6-10DBCAB11-15ABCDB16-20BCDAA21-25DCCBD26-30BCAADII.ExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish.(2’×5=10’)31.Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.32.Syntagmaticistechnicallyknownasarelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent33.Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledcompetence.35.Syntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.III.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalse.WriteTifitistrueandFif\nitisfalse.Ifthestatementisfalse,explainthereasonsoandgivethecorrectversion.(1.5’×10=15’)36.FSciencesaspsycholinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,computationallinguistics,etc.arelikelytobediscussedundertheheadingofmacrolinguistics.37.FThecontraryistrue.Thewritingsystemisalwaysalaterinvention.38.T39.T40.T41.FItisfalsebecauselinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthetwoexpressions"morningstar"and"eveningstar."Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferinsense.42.FGrammaticalgenderdiffersfrombiologicalgenderinthatwordslike“lebureau”havenogenderatallinnaturallanguage.43.T44.T45.FAmorphemicshapemaydonatemorethanonemeaning,e.g.“-er”isinterpretedasapersonin“reader”,anapparatusin“loud-speaker”,andcomparativedegreein“bigger”.IV.Answerthefollowingquestionsbrieflyinyourownwords.(6’+10’=16’)46.Exemplifyarbitrarinessinourhumanlanguages.(6’)Thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheword“elephant”andtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchas“crash”,“bang”inEnglish.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.47.Languagecanchangethroughinvention,blending,acronym,back-formationandborrowing.Givetwowordsforeachofthem.(10’)Invention:超女，PKBlending:Chinglish,smogAcronym:flu,adBack-formation:televise,matchmakeBorrowing:MP3,chinatownV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesifnecessary.(8’+9’+12’=29’)48.Discusstypesofmorphemeswithexamples.(8’)Freemorphemesaredefinedasindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves,forexample,“book-”intheword“bookish”.Boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformawordsuchas“-ish”in“bookish”.Boundmorphemescanbesubdividedintorootsandaffixes.Arootisseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughithasaclearanddefinitemeaning,suchas“gene-”intheword“generate”.Affixesaregroupedintoinflectionalandderivationalones.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-s”intheword“books”toindicatepluralityofnouns.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateawordsuchas“mis-”intheword“misinform”.Derivationalaffixescanalsodivideintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofawordsuchas“dis-”intheword“dislike”,whilesuffixesoccurattheendofawordsuchas“-less”intheword“friendless”.\n49.WhatisICanalysis?InwhatwaysisICanalysisbetterthantraditionalparsing?WhataretheproblemsinICanalysis?(9’)ICanalysis,abbreviationofImmediateConstituentanalysis,istheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents——wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Intraditionalparsing,asentenceismainlyseenasasequenceofindividualwords,asifithasonlyalinearstructure.ICanalysis,however,emphasizesthehierarchicalstructureofthesentence,seeingitasconsistingofwordgroupsfirst.Inthiswaytheinternalstructureofasentenceisshownmoreclearly,hencethereasonsofsomeambiguitiesmayberevealed.Therearesometechnicalproblemscausedbythebinarydivisionanddsicontinuousconstituents,butthemainproblemisthattherearestructureswhoseambiguitiescannotberevealedbyICanalysis,e.g.“theloveofGod”.Intermsofbothtreediagramandthelabels,thereisonlyonestructure,buttheword“God”isintwodifferentrelationswith“love”,i.e.eitherasasubjectorobject.50.Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.(12’)Suprasegmentalfeaturesrefertothoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments,suchassyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchas`importandim`port.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,forexample:`blackbirdisaparticularkindofbird,whichisnotnecessarilyblack,butablack`birdisabirdthatisblack.Themoreimportantwordssuchasnouns,verbsadjectives,adverbs,etcarepronouncedwithgreaterforceandmademoreprominent.Buttogivespecialemphasistoacertainnotion,awordinsentencethatisusuallyunstressedcanbestressedtoachievedifferenteffect.Takethesentence“Heisdrivingmycar.”forexample.Toemphasizethefactthatthecarheisdrivingisnothis,oryours,butmine,thespeakercanstressthepossessivepronounmy,whichundernormalcircumstancesisnotstressed.Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation,knownasthefourtones:Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.Generallyspeaking,thefallingtoneindicatesthatwhatissaidisastraight-forward,matter-of-factstatement,therisingtoneoftenmakesaquestionofwhatissaid,andthefall-risetoneoftenindicatesthatthereisanimpliedmessageinwhatissaid.TESTPAPER(10)I.Directions:Choosethebestanswertofillinthefollowingstatements.WriteyouranswersintheAnswerSheet.(1.5×10=15’)1.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentoveraperiodoftimeisgenerallytermedas______________linguistics.A.appliedB.diachronicC.synchronicD.comparative2.Thewords“daddy”and“father”areapairof______________synonyms.A.dialectalB.stylisticC.collocationalDsemanticallydifferent3.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled____________.A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission\n4.Theword“liquor”incontemporaryEnglishisanalcoholicdrink,butitwasoncesynonymouswith“liquid”,beitalcoholicornot.Thephenomenoniscalledsemantic______________.A.broadeningB.narrowingC.entailmentD.shift5.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive6.Theword“coupd'etat”inEnglishisamanifestationof_______________.A.loanshiftB.loantranslationC.loanblendD.loanword7.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“man”canbeexpressedas_________.A.＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adultB.＋animate,＋human,－male,－adultC.＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adultD.—animate,＋human,－male,－adult8.Theprocessbywhich“edit”isformedbytakingawaythesuffixof“editor”isknownas_______________.A.back-formationB.abbreviationC.blendingD.compounding9.Inthefollowingdialogue,Bdoesnotgiveenoughinformationthatisrequired,andhehasfloutedthemaximof_____________.A:DoyouknowwhereMr.Smithlives?B:Somewhereinthesouthernsuburbsofthecity.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner10.Thewayinwhichpeopleaddresseachotherdependsontheirage,sex,socialgroup,andpersonalrelationship.TheEnglishsystemofaddressformsfrequentlyusedincludesfirstname,lastname,title+lastname,_____________,andkinterm.A.title+firstnameB.title+titleC.titlealoneDfirstname+lastname+titleII.Fillintheblankswiththemostsuitablewords.Eachblankrepresentsoneword.WriteyouranswersintheAnswerSheet.(1.5×10=15’)11.B__________referstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionornation.12.Intermsofthenumberofindividualspeakersandindividuallanguages,EnglishbelongstoI_________Family.13.P____________actistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.14.P___________referstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning.15.Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalledp____________.16.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo_______categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.17.Canalysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.18.Roppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.19.P________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.20.As_____________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.III.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalse.WriteTifitistrueandFifitisfalse.Ifthestatementisfalse,explainthereasonsoandgivethecorrectversion.(2’×10=20’)21.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.22.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis.23.Senseisconcernedwiththeintra-linguisticrelations.24.Deepstructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction.25.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.\n26.Thesentence“Theboysmiled”isanexocentricconstruction.27.ThenamingtheoryisadvancedbyBloomfield.28.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.29.Utterancemeaningisthemeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.30.Pidginreferstoamarginallanguageoffewlexicalitemsandstraightforwardgrammaticalrules,usedasamediumofcommunication.IV.ExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish.(4’×5=20’)31.morpheme32.duality33.phonology34.langue35.internationalphoneticalphabet(IPA)V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesifnecessary.(10’×3=30’)36.Whatarethepossibleinfluencesoflanguageoverthinking?37.Whatistheroleofimitationinthefirstlanguageacquisition?38.Howdoindividuallearnerfactorsaffectthesecondlanguageacquisition?KEYSTOPAPER(10)I.Directions:Choosethebestanswertofillinthefollowingstatements.WriteyouranswersintheAnswerSheet.(1.5×10=15’)1-10BDABCDCABCII.Fillintheblankswiththemostsuitablewords.Eachblankrepresentsoneword.WriteyouranswersintheAnswerSheet.(1.5×10=15’)11.Bilingualism12.Indo-European13.Perlocutionary14.Polysemy15.pragmatics16.open17.Componential18.Relational19.Performatives20.sentenceIII.DecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalse.WriteTifitistrueandFifitisfalse.Ifthestatementisfalse,explainthereasonsoandgivethecorrectversion.(2’×10=20’)21.F\nThemeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Itcannotbeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitsconstituentwords.22.T23.T24.FSurfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction.25.T26.T27.FThenamingtheoryisadvancedbyPlato.28.FPragmaticsstudieshowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.29.T30.TIV.ExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish.(4’×5=20’)31.Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.32.Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.33.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.34.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity35.IPAisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesifnecessary.(10’×3=30’)36.Whatarethepossibleinfluencesoflanguageoverthinking?Languagedoesnotsomuchdeterminethewaywethinkasitinfluencesthewayweperceivetheworldandrecallthings,andaffectstheeasewithwhichweperformmentaltasks.Thatis,languagemaybeusedtoprovidenewideas,bringaboutachangeinbeliefsandvalues,solveproblems,andkeeptrackofthingsinmemory.Itisevidentthattothedegreeofsuccessthatlanguagefunctionsasanindispensablemediumofinformationstorageandretrieval,itcanleadlanguageuserstobepredisposedtoactandperceiveincertainwaysratherthaninothers.Inconclusion,languagebynomeansdeterminesthewaysweperceivetheobjectiveworld,butbyitsconvenience,availability,andhabitualuse,doesinfluencetheperceptions,memorytasks,andotherverbalandnonverbalbehaviorofhumanbeings.37.Whatistheroleofimitationinthefirstlanguageacquisition?Atonetime,itwaswidelybelievedthatchildrenlearnedlanguagebysimplyimitatingthespeechofthosearoundthem.Wenowknowthatthiscannotbetrue,sincemanyutterancetypesproducedbychildrendonotcloselyresemblestructuresfoundinadultspeech..Ifchildrenlearntheirnativetonguebyimitatingtheirparents,howcanweaccountfortheutterancesthataretypicalofchildren'slanguage,suchasthepluralform"myfoots,"thepasttenseformsof"Ieated,"andthenegativeconstructionof“Nothesunshining”?Itisimpossiblethatchildrenimitatethesestructuresfromadultsbecausetheyareneverheardinadultconversations.Inaddition,Childrenwithspeechimpairmentforneurologicalorphysiologicalreasonslearnthelanguagespokentothemandunderstandwhatissaid.Amorereasonableexplanationisthatchildrenareattemptingtoconstructandgeneralizetheirowngrammaticalrules.Someyounglanguagelearnersdoseemtomakeselectiveuseofimitation,buttheydonotblindlymimicadultspeechinaparrotfashion,butratherexploititinveryrestrictedwaystoimprovetheirlinguisticskills.Thepointisthatimitationplaysatbestaveryminorroleinthechild'smasteryoflanguage.38.Howdoindividuallearnerfactorsaffectthesecondlanguageacquisition?Thereareanumberoffactorsrelatingtothelearnerthatpotentiallyinfluencethewayinwhichasecondlanguageisacquired.\n(1)TheoptimumageforsecondlanguageacquisitionItisearlyteenageasthelearner’sflexibilityofthelanguageacquisitionfacultyhasnotbeencompletelylostwhileone’scognitiveskillshavedevelopedconsiderablytofacilitatetheprocessingoflinguisticfeaturesofanewlanguage.(2)Motivationisthelearner’soverallgoalororientation.Instrumentalmotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalisfunctional,i.e.touseitasaninstrumentforthepurposeof,forinstance,securingadesirablejob.Integrativemotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalissocial,i.e.tointegrateoneselfwiththesecondlanguagecommunity.(3)Acculturationisaprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity.Accordingtothisview,theacquisitionofasecondlanguageinvolvesandisdependentontheacquisitionofthecultureofthetargetlanguagecommunity.Ithasbeenhypothesizedthatsuccessfullanguagelearningismorelikelywhenlearnerssucceedinacculturatingtothesecondlanguagesociety.(4)Learner’spersonalityalsoinfluencestheSLA.Theyareextrovertedandintrovertedlearners.Itisrecognizedthatextrovertedlearnersarelikelytoachievebetteroralfluency.Tosumup,learnerfactorscontributetothesuccessofSLA.