Lingua franca 社会语言学 21页

Linguafranca研1302小胖鼠和小兔兔\nContents1.BriefIntroduction2.CharacteristicsofLinguafranca3.OrigionsofLinguafranca4.ExamplesofLinguaFranca5.SimilaritiesandDissimilaritiesamongPidgin,CreoleandLinguafranca6.Currentsituationoflinguafranca\n1.BriefIntroductionLinguafrancaisalanguageusedforcommunicationbetweendifferentgroupsofpeople,eachspeakingadifferentlanguage.\n2.CharacteristicsofLinguafrancaItcouldbeaninternationallyusedlanguageofcommunicationItcouldbethenativelanguageofoneofthegroupsItcouldbealanguagewhichisnotspokennativelybyanyofthegroupbuthasasimplifiedsentencestructureandvocabularyandisoftenamixtureoftwoormorelanguage.\nInternationallyusedlanguageNativelanguageNonnativeandmixedlanguageLinguafranca\n3.OrigionsofLinguafrancaThetermlinguafranca(ItalianforFrankishtongue)originatedintheMediterraneanregionintheMiddleAgesamongcrusadersandtradersofdifferentlanguagebackgroundsinWesternAfrica,India,Kenya.\nItappearedintheHolyLandaroundthe13thCentury.Piracyandnavalwarfarebroughtitinthe16thcenturytotheBarbaryCoast,whereitcametobeusedinofficialrecords,onaccountoftradecontacts.Bythe19thcentury,Europeansettlersandtheopeningofregularschoolsthreatenedthisoncewidespreadinformaljargon.AsaninstinctiveadaptationofabasicItalian/SpanishlexicontoasimplifiedArabicsyntax,LinguaFrancadoesoccasionallyappeareventoday.\n4.ExamplesofLinguaFrancaLatinandGreekwerethelinguafrancasoftheRomanempire;\nAkkadian,andthenAramaic,remainedthecommonlanguagesofalargepartofWesternAsiathroughseveralearlierempires.Incertaincountriesthelinguafrancaisalsousedasthenationallanguage;e.g.,UrduisthelinguafrancaofPakistanaswellasthenationallanguage\nExamplesoflinguafrancasremainnumerous,andexistoneverycontinent.Themostobviousexampleasoftheearly21stcenturyisEnglish.Therearemanyotherlinguafrancascentralizedonparticularregions,suchasArabic,Chinese,French,Portuguese,RussianandSpanish.\n5.SimilaritiesandDissimilaritiesamongPidgin,CreoleandLinguafrancaisasimplifiedlanguagethatdevelopsasameansofcommunicationbetweentwoormoregroupsthatdonothavealanguageincommon.Apidginisnotthenativelanguageofanyspeechcommunity,butisinsteadlearnedasasecondlanguage.Pidgin\nAlanguagethatdevelopedhistoricallyfromaPidgin.Sometimesthepidginbecomesstableandestablishedandcomestobespokenasamothertonguebychildren:thelanguagehasthenbecomeacreole,whichquicklydevelopsincomplexityandisusedinallfunctionalsettings.Creole\n"Linguafranca"isafunctionallydefinedterm.ThoughPidginsandCreolesoftenfunctionaslinguafracas,manysuchlanguagesareneitherpidginsnorcreoles.Linguafranca\npidginCreoleLinguafrancaItusedasmothertongueofaspeechcommunityItisacceptedbymembersofitsownspeechcommunityascommunicationlanguagetobelearnedandused\n6.CurrentsituationoflinguafrancaEnglishasLinguafranca6.1CurrentsituationofEnglishEnglishisnowthedominantorofficiallanguageinover60countriesandisrepresentedineverycontinent.Fromthisfact,itcanbeunderstoodthattheEnglishlanguageisavitalmeansofcommunicationformillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.\nDuringthetwentiethcentury,numeroustechnologicalinventionsanddevelopments,suchasthetelephone,fax,electronicmail,internet,etchavefacilitatedcommunicationbetweenpeoplefromallwalksoflifeandthelanguagethatisusedmostisEnglish,asthefollowingquoteproves.‘Mostofthescientific,technologicalandacademicinformationintheworldisexpressedinEnglishandover80%ofalltheinformationstoredinelectronicretrievalsystemsisinEnglish.\n6.2ReasonsforthissituationEnglishasafuturelinguafrancahasthreecharacteristics:thestatusofofficiallanguageinseveralcountries;apriorityincountries'foreign-languageteachingprogramme;beingwidelyusedallovertheworld.Thestatusofalanguageasalinguafrancainthe21stcenturyisnotdeterminedbyitslinguisticmerits,orthenumberofpeoplewhospeakthelanguage,oracountry'slanguagepolicy,butthecombinedeffectofpolitical,economicandculturalforces.\n6.3ThedevelopingtrendofEnglishasLinguafrancaWhileintheprocessofglobalization,Englishisalsolocalizedandgivesbirthtoalotofnewvarieties.ThesevarietiescalledWorldEnglish.e.g.tofu豆腐tea茶taichi太极chopstick筷子\nReasonsforthistendencyBecauselanguageisatoolforitsuserstoexpresstheiridentity,andsincetheycanbeindentifiedwhenspeakingnativizedvarietyofEnglishratherthannativeEnglishininternationalcommunication,thenativizedformwillbeadopted.\nsummaryMandarinLinguafrancaallovertheworld\nThankyou!