语言学填空题 21页

Chapter1Introduction1.Languageisasystemofa_____vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.arbitrary2.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughisad_____study.diachronic3.L____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Langue4.Thedesirefeaturesoflanguagearearbitrariness,duality,creativity,andd_____.displacement5.Thefunctionsoflanguageincludesinformative,interpersonal,performative,emotive,phatic,recreationalandm_____.metalingual6.Themainbranchesoflinguisticsshouldincludephonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,s_____andpragmatics.semantics7.Thebranchesofmacrolinguisticshavepsycholinguistic,sociolinguistics,a_____linguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.anthropological8.TheparadigmaticrelationisalsoknownastheVERTICALrelation,orc____relation.CHOICE9.TheSyntagmaticrelationisnowadaysalsoreferredtoastheHORIZONTALrelationorc______relation.CHAIN1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthe.scientificstudyoflanguage2.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled.generallinguistics.3.Thestudyofusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.Sounds4.Thestudyofisknownassemantics.meaning5.Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguageto.psychology6.Thestudyofisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.applications7.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe.descriptive\n8.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinisasynchronicstudythedescriptionofalanguageasitthroughtimeisadiachronic.history;changes9.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechistowriting.prior10._referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthememberofaspeechcommunity,andreferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.langue;parole11.Linguisticisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammaris.prescriptive12.Modernlinguisticregardsthelanguageasprimary,notthewritten.spoken13.Manyoftherulesoftraditionalgrammarapplyonlytothelanguage.written14.Whenthestudyofmeaningis,notinisolation,butinthecontextoflanguageuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics.conducted15.Prescriptiveanddescriptiverepresenttwodifferentoflinguisticstudy.types21.  Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage. 22.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules. 23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits. 24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.\n26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.27.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.21.knowledge      22.abstract       23.Duality      24.arbitrary25.syntax   26.genetic27.Parole    28.applied    29.productive  30.scientific(orsystematic)Chapter2Speechsounds1.Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isa____phonetics.articulatory2.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e.,theyareallb______.bilabial3.InEnglishthereareanumberofd______,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.diphthongs4.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthea______ofthatphoneme.allophones5.Themostelementalgrammaticalunitsinalanguagearem______.morphemes6.Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovement,knownasm______,involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.metathesis7.Phoneticsisthestudyofsoundsanditcanbedividedintothreemainareas,whicharea_____phonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.4.ThepresentsystemoftheIPA(InternationalphoneticAssociation)wasdevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphoneticianDanielJ_____,whoputforwardcardinal\nvowels,whichareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging.Jones4.Theformationofnewpronunciationincludesfactorsasloss,addition,metathesisanda_____.assimilation5.Phonemictranscriptionsareplacedbetweenslantlineswhilephonetictranscriptionsareplacedbetweens______brackets.squarebrackets.6.Thereareusuallytwotermsofnumber:Singularandp_____.Plural7.P____isabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified.phonetics1.Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyoftheoflanguage;ifisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.phonicmedium2.Thethreebranchesofphoneticsare,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.labeledarticulationphonetics3.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsof_andtheotherisintermsof.mannerofarticulation;placeofarticulation4.Bothphonologyandphoneticsareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage_______.thespeechsounds5.Thedifferentthroeswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticsenvironmentsarecalledtheofthatphoneme.allophones6.Theassimilationrulesassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofa_______;thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.sequentialphoneme7.Theassimilationrulealsoaccountsforthe_______ofthealvedarnasalinsomesoundcombinations.varyingpronunciation8.Thedeletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitis______.orthographicallyrepresented\n9.Languageisfirst______throughitssounds.perceived10.Theletter[P]intermsofplaceofarticulation______intermsofmannerofarticulationis_______.bilabial;stops11._______,notphoneticidentityisthecriterionwithwhichweoperatethephonologicalanalysisoflanguagephoneticsimilarity.12.Thegreatestsourceofmodificationoftheairstreamisfoundinginthe_______.oralcavity13.Correspondingtothedistinctionoflongandshortvowelsisthedistinctionof_____and______vowels.tense;lax14.Aphonemeisfurtheranalyzablebecauseitconsistsofasetof______.simultaneousdistinctivefeatures15.Similaralterationofstressalsooccursbetweena______andaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.compoundnoun1.Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother. tongue2.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation. place3.Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.stop4.S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc. Suprasegmental5.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules. sequential6.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription. narrow7.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________. intonation\n1.P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication. Phonology2.T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.Tone3.Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stress.sentence1.A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds. Aspiration2.A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer. Articulatory3.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e.theyareallb_______sounds.bilabial 4.Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother. tongue5.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation. place6.Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.stop7.S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc. Suprasegmental8.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules. sequential9.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription. narrow10.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________. intonation11.P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication. Phonology\n1.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity. oral2.T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.Tone3.Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stress.sentenceChapter3Morphology1.M____isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphology2.Noun,verb,adj.andadv.arem_____lexicalcategories.major3.Ana_____isashortenedformofawordorphrasewhichrepresentsthecompleteform.abbreviation4.Morphologyisdividedintotwosub-branches:i______morphologyandlexicalorderivationalmorphology.inflectional5.Accordingtoitspositioninthenewword,affixesaredividedintotwokinds______andsuffixes.prefixes6.ThemostcommonmodelaccentofTEFL(TeachingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage)isreferredtoasa_____.acronym7.AW_____isthecommonfactorunderlyingasetofforms,aunitofvocabulary,alexicalitem,oralexeme.31.articulatoryphoneticsWORD8.M_____studiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.MORPHOLOGY9.Apartfromcompoundandderivation,newwordsandexpressionsarecreatedbymeansofinvention,blending,abbreviation,acronym,back-formation,analogicalcreationandb_____.borrowing10.W_____isacomparablyabstractunittobesetuptoshowhowwordsworkinthegrammarofalanguage.Word\n6.B______advocatedtreatingsentenceas“themaximumfreeform”andword“theminimumfreeform”.（BloomField）7.Intermsofthemeaningexpressedbywords,theycanbeclassifiedintoGRANNATICALWORDSandL______WORDS.LEXICAL8.Englishvocabularyhastwomainsources:Anglo-SaxonandL_____.Latin.9.As_____isanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.stem10.Affixislimitedinnumberinalanguage,andisgenerallyclassifiedintothreesubtypes,namely,prefix,suffix,andi____.infix16.Concerningvocabularysemanticchange,therearebroadening,narrowing,meaningshift,classshift,folke_____andorthographicchange.etymology17.Compoundscanbefurtherdividedintotwokinds:theendocentriccompoundandthee_____compound.exocentric.18.Thereareseveraltypesofprocesseswithregardtoborrowing.TheyareLoanwords,Loanblend,Loanshiftandloant_____.translationChapterThree1.Linguistsdefinethewordasthesmallest______foundinlanguage.freeform2.Morphemeisthe_______________thatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.smallestunitoflanguage3.Therootconstitutesthe_____ofthewordandcarriesthemajorcomponentsofitsmeaning.core4.Morphemeareusually______:thereisnonaturalconnectionbetweentheirsoundandmeaning.arbitrary5.When_______areconjoinedtoothermorpheme（orwords）,anewwordsarederived,orformed.derivationalmorphemes6.Derivationisan_______thatformawordwithmeaningandcategorydistinctfromthatofitsbases.affixationalprocess\n1.Unlikephonemesandsyllableswhicharetheelementsofsound,words_______.carrymeaning2.______arethefoundationbuildingblocksofalanguage.words3.Linguistsusethetermmorphologytorefertothepartofthegrammerthatisconcernedwith______and________.wordformation;wordstructure4.Thecontentwordsoflanguage,suchas____,_____,_____andadverbs,aresometimescalledopenclasswords.nouns;verbs;adjectives5.Affixes______belongtoalexicalcategoryandarealwaysboundmorpheme.donot6.Boundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmakersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,casearecalled_________.inflectionalmorphemes7._______,________andfreemorphemescombinearethemajorwaystoproducenewwords.derivation;compounds8.Thewayswordareformedarecalled_______.morphologicalrules9.Whentwowordsareinthesame_______,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory.grammaticalcategory1.M____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Morpheme2.Theaffix“-ish”intheword‘boyish’conveysag____meaning.grammatical3.B___________morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.Bound4.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesandd__________affixes.derivative5.D________affixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.Derivative6.As______isaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.suffix7.C__________isthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.Compounding\n1.Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewwordarecalledm___________rules.morphological2.Intermsofmorphemicanalysis,d_______________canbeviewedastheadditionofaffixestostemstoformnewwords.derivation3.As______canbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitselftowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.stem1.Morpheme2.grammatical3.Bound4.derivative5.Derivative6.suffix  7.Compounding8.morphological9.derivation10.stemChapter4Syntax1.Mostembeddedclausesrequireanintroductorywordcalledas____suchas"that","if",and"before".subordinator2.S____isasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Syntax3.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Sentence4.Thestudiesoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguageorthestudyoftheformationofsentencesiscalleds_____.syntax5.Thereareonlytwooperationsinthecomputationalsystemnow:MergerandM_____.Move6.InthebookSyntacticstructurespublishedin1957,Chomskyproposedalinguisticmodelconsistingofthreecomponents:PhraseStructureComponent,T_______ComponentandMorpho-phonemicComponent.Transformational7.Thebasecomponentsitselfisdividedintotwosub-components:categoriesandl______.lexicon8.Endocentricconstructionsmaybefurtherdividedintotwosubtypes:SUBORDINATEandc_________constructions.COORDINATE9.Hallidayarguesthattherearethreegeneralfunctionsoflanguage:ideational,\ninterpersonalandt_____.textual1.Todetermineaword'scategory，threecriteriaareusuallyemployed:,,.meaning，inflection,distribution2.TheXPruleis.XP→(specifier)X(complement)3.Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthat.governtheformationofsentences4.TheSruleis.S→NPVP5.Thefirst,formedbytheinaccordancewiththesubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure.XPrule,head’s6.questionsbeginwithawh-wordarecalled.questions7.Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofsentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalled.sufficestructure8.Iftheheadisaverb,thenthespecifieris.qualifier9.Wordlevelcategoriesaredividedintotwokinds:and.majorlexicalcategories,minorlexicalcategories10.Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalled.phrases11.Thestructureswhichformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesometypewiththehelpofaconjunctionare.coordinatestructures12.Theinformationaboutisincludedintheheadandtermedsubcategorization.aword’scomplement13.Theelementwhichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofhandis.modifiers14.Aspecialtypeofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanotheris.transformation15.Theconstructioninwhichthecomplementphrasesisembeddediscalled.matrixclause\n1.As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.simple2.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand..sentence3.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.subject4.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.predicate5.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.complex6.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.embedded7.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.open8.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.adjacency9.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.Parameters10.ThetheoryofC_____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.CaseChapter5Semantics1.S______isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.sense2.Thec______viewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandthatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.conceptualist3.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes______.superordinate4.TheseventypesofwordmeaningrecognizedbyG.Leechsofarareconceptualmeaning,connotativemeaning,socialmeaning,affectivemeaning,reflectedmeaning,\ncolocativemeaningandth_____meaning.thematicmeaning5.Therepresentativeapproachestosyntaxarethetraditionalapproach,thestructuralapproach,thegenerativeapproachandf_____approach.thefunctional6.InSaussure'sview,languageisasystemofsigns,eachofwhichconsistsofsignified(concept)andS_____.SIGNIFIER7.Thetheoryofmeaningthatrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitreferstoorstandsfor,isknownasther_____theory.thereferentialtheory8.Forcomponentialanalysisorsemanticcomponents,themeaningofthewordWOMANmaybeanalyzedinto“Human”,“Adult”and“F____”.Female9.Therearegenerallythreekindsofsenserelationsrecognized,namely,Samenessrelation,Oppositenessrelation,andI______relation.inclusiveness1.Accordingtothenamingtheory,wordsarejustorlabeisforthings.names2.referent3.Twokindsofcontextarerecognized:thesituationalcontextandthe.linguisticcontext4.IntheEnglishvocabularytherearetwocategoryofwords:and.nativewords,borrowedwords5.Synonymscanbedividedintothe,stylisticsynonyms,and\ncollocationalsynonyms.Dialectalsynonyms,emotivesynonyms6.Whentwowordsareidenticalin,theyare.Whentwowordsareidenticalin,theyarehomographs.homophones,spelling7.swperordinateismoregeneralinmeaning,buthyponymsismore.specific8.threekindsofantonymyarerecognized：Gradableantonymys,,and.complementaryantonyms,relationalopposites9.Therearefourcertainrelationsbetweensentences,theyare:,,andpreswpposes.synonymous,inconsistence,entails10.Therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaninggrammaticalmeaningandmeaning.semantic11.Intermsoftruthcondition,ifXistrue,Yistrue,ifXisfalse,Ymaybetrueorfalse,wecalledtherelationis.entails12.Apolysemicwordistheresultoftheevolutionofthemeaningoftheword.Thevariousmeaningofthewordaretosomedegree.Completehomonymsareoftenbroughtintobeingby.primary,related,coincidence13.Referencedealswiththerelationshipbetweentheelementandwordofexperience.linguistic,non-linguistic14.heldtheviewthat“weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps”.J.R.Firth15.Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyof.meaning1.S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Semantics2.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.direct3.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Reference\n1.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.synonyms2.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.homophones3.R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.Relational4.C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.Componential5.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.selectional6.Ana________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.argument7.Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.namingFillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:11.S________  canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.12.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.13.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.14.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.15.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.16.R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.17.C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.18.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.19.Ana________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.20.Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.11.Semantics12.direct13.Reference14.synonyms15.homophones16.Relational17.Componential18.selectional19.argument  20.naming\nChapter6Pragmatics1.Al____actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.locutionary2.C____werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.Constatives3.C_____arethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.Commissives4.Ap______actistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.perlocutionary5.Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginc_____.context13.   P_________isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.14.    Whatessentiallydistinguishess_______andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.15.    Thenotionofc_________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.16.    Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanu___________.17.    Themeaningofasentenceisa_______,anddecontexualized.18.    C________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.19.    P________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.20.    Al_________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.21.    Ani__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.22.    Ac_________iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.23.    Ane________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.24.    Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximofq_______,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner. 13.  Pragmatics    14.semantics    15.context    16.utterance    17.abstract18.Constatives    19.Performatives  20.locutionary  21.illocutionary 22.commissive  23.expressive   24.quantityChapter7Discourseanalysis\nChapter8SociolinguisticsFillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.1.S______isconcernedwiththediversityoflanguageasitrelatestovarioussociologicalfactors.Sociolinguistics2.EugeneNida(1964)claimsthatthefivetypesofsub-culturalcommunicationisecologicalculture,linguisticculture,religiousculture,materialcultureands_____culture.SocialFillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21. Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechc________.22. Speechv_________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.23. Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethanad__________varietyofalanguage.24. Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguagep_______.25. Socialvariationgivesrisetos_________whicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.26. S_______variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.27. Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationaloro________languageofacountry.28. Thestandardlanguageisas_________,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.29. Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,orv_______languages.30.Apidgintypicallylacksini_______morphemes.\n31.Linguistictabooreflectss_________taboo.32. Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes,emotionsandvaluejudgmentsandhasnol_________basis.21.community22.variety23.dialectal24.planning25.sociolects26.Stylistic27.official28.superposed29.vernacular30.inflectional31.social32.linguisticChapter9Psycholinguistics11.    P_________isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind.12.    Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,calledthecerebralc_________,whichisthedecision-makingorganofthebody.13.    Thebrainisdividedintotworoughlysymmetricalhalves,calledh_________,oneontherightandoneontheleft.14.    Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularsideofthebrainiscalledl__________.15.    Brainlateralizationisg__________programmed,buttakestimetodevelop.16.    Inadditiontothem________areawhichisresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances,threeareasofthelefthemispherearevitaltolanguage,namely,Broca’sarea,Wernicke’sareaandtheangulargyrus.17.    Therelationshipbetweenthenameandthemeaningofawordisquitea______________.18.    Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtass________speechandspeechaso__________thought.19.    Becauselanguagesdifferinmanyways,Whorfbelievedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently,relativetotheirlinguisticbackground.Thisnotioniscalledlinguisticr__________.20.    Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthec____periodforfirstlanguageacquisition.\n21.    ThestrongversionofSapir-Whorfhypothesishastwoaspects:linguisticd_______andlinguisticrelativism.11.Psycholinguistics  12.cortex   13.hemispheres   14.lateralization 15.genetically16.Motor  17.arbitrary  18.sub-vocal,overt19.relativism20.critical  21.determinismChapter10CognitivelinguisticsFillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.1.C________occurseverywherearoundus,withoutwhichalotofinformationwouldbeindisorder.2.Therearetwomajortheoriesthatdealwithcategorization.Oneisthec________theory,andtheotheristhep________theory.3.Itisassumedintheclassicaltheoryofcategorizationthatcategorieshaveclearb________.4.Somecategorylevelsarecalleds________levels,whichmeanhigherlevelsormoregenerallevels.Basic-levelcategoriesaremorespecific,butnottoospecific.Subordinatelevelsmeanlowerlevelsormorespecificcategories.5.Traditionally,metaphorisafigureofspeechusedfrosomeartisticandr________purpose.6.Accordingtocognitivelinguistics,theconceptualdomainfromwhichwedrawmetaphoricalexpressionstounderstandanotherconceptualdomainiscalleds________domain,whichtheconceptualdomainthatisunderstoodthiswayiscalledt________domain.7.Iconicityoforderreferstothesimilaritybetweentemporaleventsandthel________arrangementofelementsinalinguisticconstruction.8.Usually,ingrammaticalization,wordsfrommajorgrammaticalcategories,suchasnouns,verbsandadjectivesbecomeminorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasprepositions,adverbsandauxiliaries,whichinturnmaybefurthergrammaticalisedintoa________.1.Categorization2.classical,prototype3.boundary4.superordinate5.rhetorical6.source,target7.linear8.affixesChapter11LanguageAcquisition\nI.Fillineachblankwithawordthatbeginswiththelettergiven.1.Accordingtothen__________viewoflanguageacquisition,humansarequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse,justasbirdsarebiologicallypre-wiredtolearnthesongsoftheirspecies.2.Theb_________learningtheorysuggestedthatachild’sverbalbehaviorwasconditionedthroughassociationbetweenastimulusandthefollowingresponse.3.ThelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLAisknownasi_________.4.Learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirfirstlanguageknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguaget___________.5.C____________strategiesrefertothestepsoroperationsusedinproblem-solvingthatneeddirectanalysis,transformationorsynthesisoflearningmaterials,whilem_____________strategiesmakeuseofknowledgeaboutcognitiveprocessesandregulatelanguagelearning.1.nativist;2.behaviorist;3.interlanguage;4.transfer;5.Cognitive,metacognitive21.    Thefirstlanguagea____________referstothedevelopmentofafirstornativelanguage.22.    Accordingtoan__________viewoflanguageacquisition,humansarequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse,justasbirdsarebiologicallyprewiredtolearnthesongsoftheirspecies.23.    Acaretakerspeech,alsocalledm______orb______,isthetypeofmodifiedspeechtypicallyaddressedtoyoungchildren.24.    B_________learningtheorysuggestedthatachild’sverbalbehaviourwasconditionedthroughassociationbetweenastimulusandthefollowingresponse.25.    Children’sone-wordutterancesarealsocalledh__________sentences,becausetheycanbeusedtoexpressaconceptorpredicationthatwouldbeassociatedwithanentiresentenceinadultspeech.26.    Theearlymultiwordutterancesofchildrenlackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories,theyareoftenreferredtoast__________speech.27.    A___________referstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.28.    TheC________Analysiswasfoundedonthebeliefthatitwaspossible,byestablishingthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthenativeandtargetlanguagesystems,topredictwhatproblemslearnersofaparticularsecondlanguagewouldfaceandthetypesoferrorstheywouldmake.29.    ThelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLAisknownasi_________.30.    Learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirfirstlanguageknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguaget___________.\n31.    Motivationinlanguagelearningcanbedefinedintermsofthelearner’soverallgoalororientation.I_________motivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalisfunctionalandi________motivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalissocial.21.acquisition22.nativist  23.motherese,babytalk24.Behaviorist25.holophrastic26.telegraphic27.Acquisition  28.Contrastive29.interlanguage30.transfer31.Instrumental,integrativeChapter12AppliedlinguisticsI.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.1.Initsnarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstothea_________oflinguisticfindingstol_________t________.2.Thegrammar-translationmethoddependsheavilyonanestablishedp_______grammar.3.Inthedirectmethod,learnersarerequiredtom____thenewlanguageandinthiswaybecomefamiliarwithaparticularstructureorp_____.4.A__________wasbuiltontheideasofAmericanstructurallinguisticsandthoseofbehaiouristpsychology.5.Itisheldinf_________languageteachingthatweshouldteachpeoplewhatwecandowithvariouslinguisticforms.6.BroaderthanChomsky’sl___________competence,Hymes’sc_____________competenceincludestheabilitytousethelanguageappropriatelyforavarietyofsocialcircumstances.7.D_________testsmeasureknowledgeofindividuallanguageitems,suchasagrammartestwhichhasdifferentsectionsontenses,adverbs,andprepositions.8.IELTSisakindofc_____________tests.1.application,language,teaching;2.prescriptive3.mimic,pattern4.Audiolingualism5.functional6.linguistic,communicative7.Discrete-point8.criterion-referenced