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英语语言学试题(9)语言学试题及参考答案 I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%) 1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof__________. A.aparticularlanguage B.theEnglishlanguage C.humanlanguagesingeneral D.thesystemofaparticularlanguage 2.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:__________. A.voiceless,bilabial,stop B.voiceless,labiodental,fricative C.voiced,bilabial,stop D.voiced,labiodental,fricative 3.Therearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix"ed"intheword"learned"isknownasa(n)__________. A.derivationalmorpheme B.freemorpheme C.inflectionalmorpheme D.freeform 4.Inthephrasestructurerule"S→NPVP",thearrowcanbereadas__________. A.isequalto B.consistsof C.has D.generates 5."Iboughtsomeroses"__________"Iboughtsomeflowers". A.entailsB.presupposes C.isinconsistentwith D.issynonymouswith 6.Y'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof__________. X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight? Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks? A.quality B.\nquantity C.relation D.manner 7.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,__________,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered. A.phrases B.sentences C.morphemesD.utterances 8.Inaspeechcommunitypeoplehavesomethingincommon__________alanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit. A.socially B.linguistically C.culturally D.pragmatically9.Whichofthemajormentalfunctionslistedbelowisnotunderthecontrolofthelefthemisphereinmostpeople?__________. A.languageandspeech B.visualandspatialskills C.readingandwriting D.analyticreasoning 10.Ingeneral,the__________stagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild'ssecondyear. A.babbling B.one-word C.two-word D.multiword Ⅱ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%) 11.Asthefirststepoftheirscientificinvestigationoflanguage,linguistshavetoobserveandcollectlinguisticf beforetheycandoanythingelse. 12.Phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds rules. 13.Anindependentunitofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelybyitselfiscalledaf___________morpheme. 14.Ac sentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas"and","but","or". 15.Thestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalleds . 16.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheC principleproposedbyJ.Grice. 17.Inadditiontosocialchanges,oneofthemostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechangeseemstobethecontinualprocessofculturalt acrossgenerations. 18.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthes attitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist. 19.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregard\nthoughtas"s speech,"andspeechas"overtthought."Insuchacase,speakingandthinkingtakeplacesimultaneously. 20.I isthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA. Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%×10=20%) 21.( )Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe"bestauthors"forlanguageusage. 22.( )InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied. 23.( )Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.24.( )Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperites. 25.( )Theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,i.e.betweenlanguageandthought. 26.( )Oftheviewsconcerningthestudyofsemantics,thecontextualview,whichplacesthestudyofmeaninginthecontextinwhichlanguageisused,isoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense. 27.( )Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage. 28.( )Thesentences"Hecrazy"and"Hebesickallthetime"arebothacceptableinBlackEnglishvernacularbecausecopuladeletionandhabitualbearetwofamousfeaturesofBlackEnglish. 29.( )Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizingexperiencesofthesameobjectiveworldaccordingtotheirrespectivedifferentlinguisticcodingsystem. 30.( )Instructionandcorrectionarekeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment. Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%×10=30%) 31.synchroniclinguistics 32.displacement 33.aminimalpair 34.derivationalaffixes 35.syntax 36.languagetransfer 37.hyponymy 38.sentencemeaning 39.linguafranca 40.cerebral\ncortex Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%) 41.ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish. 42.Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.参考答案 一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分) 1、C2、B3、C4、B5、A6、C7、C8、B9、B10、C 二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11、facts12、sequential13、free14、coordinate 15、semantics16、Cooperative17、transmission18、social19、subvocal20、Interlanguage 三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分) 21、(T) 22、(F)Asthereisanessentialdifferencebetweentheconsonantsandthevowels,i.e.thereissomekindofobstructionofairintheproductionoftheformer,butthereisnotintheproductionofthelatter,itisimpossibletousethesamecriteriaintheirclassification. 23、(F)Wecannotalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningofitsparts. 24、(T) 25、(F)Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolanditsreferent,i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind. 26、(T) 27、(F)Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren'sgrammarnevermodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage,becausechildrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammarsbythemselvesandgeneralizerulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear. 28、(T) 29、(T) 30、(F)Instructionandcorrectionarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittle\nconsciousinstruction.Instructionandcorrectionjustplayaminorrole. 四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分) 31、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare'stime. 32、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageisnotrestrictedbythe'here'and'now'asanimalcommunicationis;wecanvirtuallytalkaboutanythingwewant,includingwhathappenedinthepast,whatisgoingtohappeninthefuture,whatisnotexistentintheimmediatesurroundingsandevenwhatweimagine. 33、Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound,e.g./pit/and/bit/. 34、Affixesaddedtoanexistingformtocreateanewword,e.g.in-,-er35、Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,anditconsistsofasetofrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences. 36、LanguagetransferisaphenomenonthatL2learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeintheirlearningprocess. 37、Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamorespecificwordandamoregeneral,moreinclusiveword.Theformerisincludedinthelatter.Forexample,acatisahyponymofanimal.38、Sentencemeaningreferstotheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractanddecontextualized.Forexample,semanticanalysisofthesentencemeaningof"Thebagisheavy"resultsintheone-placepredicationBAG(BEINGHEAVY). 39、Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeopleofdiverselinguisticbackgrounds.Forthisreason,alinguafrancamustbeanagree-upon"commontongue"usedbypeoplethrownintosocialcontactforvariouspurposes,suchasforsocialorcommercialpurposes. 40、Cerebralcortexistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,thedecision-makingorganofthebody,receivingmessagesfromallsensoryorgansandinitiatingallvoluntaryactions.Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromothermammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,arebelievedtoresideinthecortex. 五、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分) 41、Sociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangerefertosuchradicalsocio-politicalchangesaswars,invasions,occupation,colonialization,andlanguageplanningandstandardizationpolicies.AtypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglishistheNormanConquest,amilitaryeventthatmarkedthedawningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.ThismeansthatMiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglishunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.AndforaboutacenturyandahalfaftertheNormanConquest,Frenchremainedasthelanguageoftherulingclass,asfarasliteratureandadministrationwereconcerned.SoMiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsas"army,""court,""defense,""faith,""prison"and"tax"camefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers. 评分标准:满分10分,其中定义占3分,典型例子占5分,例词占2分。 42、Thefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sL2acquisitionare:1)age,2)motivation,3)acculturation,4)\npersonality. TheoptimalageforL2acquisitionisearlyteenage. Motivationreferstothelearner'soverallgoalororientation.Therearetwotypesofmotivation:instrumentalmotivationandintegrativemotivation.Theformeroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalisfunctionalandthelatteroccurswhenthelearner'sgoalissocial. AcculturationistheprocessinwhichthelearneradaptstothenewcultureoftheL2community. PersonalityisalsorelatedtoL2learning.Adultlearnerswhoareextrovertedlearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanintrovertedlearners.