语言学笔记5 5页

Chapter5Semantics一、定义1.命名论ThenamingtheoryThenamingtheory,oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsoaveryprimitiveonewasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor,sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.2.意念论TheconceptualistviewItholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.3.语境论ConceptualismIt’sbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.heraretwokindsofcontext:thesituationalandthelinguisticcontext.4.行为主义论BehaviorismItreferstotheattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe”situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.thistheorysomewhatclosetoconceptualismemphasizesonthepsychologicalresponse.5.意义SenseIt’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.6.所指意义ReferenceItmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.7.同义词SynonymyItreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningorwecansaythatwordsarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.8.多义词PolysemyItreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.9.同音(形)异义HomonymyItreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavedifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.10.同音异义HomophonesItreferstotwowordsareidenticalinsound.e.g.rain/reign.\n11.同形异义HomographsItreferstotwowordsareidenticalinform.e.g.tearv./tearn.12.上下义关系HyponymyItreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.13.反义词AntonymyIt’sthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondifferentdimension.14.成分分析法ComponentialAnalysis----分析词汇抽象意义It’sawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.thisapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatmeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.15.述谓结构分析PredicationAnalysis由BritishLinguistG.Leech提出It’sanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.Predicationisusuallyconsideredanimportantcommoncategorysharedbypropositions,questions,commandsect.通过对论元argument和谓语predicate的分析，达到对句子意义进行分析的许多模式中的一种。16.先设前提PresuppositionIt’sasemanticrelationshiporlogicalconnection.ApresupposesB.17.蕴涵EntailmentEntailmentcanbeillustratedbythefollowingtowsentencesinwhichsentenceAentailssentenceB.A:Markmarriedablondeheiress.B:Markmarriedablonde.二、知识点1.Majorviewsofmeaningstudy:ThenamingTheory-----希腊ScholarPlatoTheconceptualism-----观点代表人是JohnFirth,但Bloomfield阐述更有说服力TheConceptualistview----Ogden和Richards用classicsemantictriangleofsignificanceTheBehaviorism-----英国Bloomfield提出，使用了Jack和Jill故事阐明Thenamingtheory的局限性:⑴It’sonlyapplicabletoNounsonly.⑵Withinthecategoryofnouns,therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdon’texistintherealworld.sense\n2.Lexicalmeaningreference3.主要的意义关系Synonymy;Antonymy;Hyponymy;Polysemy;homonymy4.(1)Dialectalsynonyms—synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialectsSynonyms(2)Stylisticsynonyms---Synonymsdifferinginstyle分类(3)Synonymsthatdifferentintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning(4)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms例子：(1)BritishEnglishLiftLuggageLorryPetrolFlatwindscreentorchAmericanEnglishElevatorBaggageTruckGasolineApartmentwindshieldflashlight(2)kickthebucket=popoff=die=passaway=decease5.Wordshavingthesamemeaningmaydifferinstyle,ordegreeofformality.6.somesynonymsdifferintheircollocation.例子:Accuse….ofcharge….withrebuke….forsourmilkRottentomatoesaddledeggsrancidbaconorbutter7.apolysemicword,i.e,awordwithseveralmeaning,istheresultoftheevolutionoftheprimarymeaningoftheword.completehomonymsareoftenbroughtintobeingbycoincidence.8.Accordingnamingtheorywordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.9.9.Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatiotemporalsituation,themaincomponentsofwhichinclude,apartfromtheplaceandtimeoftheutterance,thespeakerandthehearer,theactiontheyareperformingatthetime,thevariousobjectsandeventexistedinthesituation.10.thecontextulistviewwasfurtherstrengthenedbyBloomfield,whodrewonbehaviouristpsychologywhentryingtodefinethemeaningoflinguisticforms.11Homophones—whentwowordsareidenticalinsoundRain/reign;night/knight;piece/peace;leak/leekHomonymyHomographs—whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling分类Bowv./bown.tearv./tearnleadv./leadn.Completehomonyms—whentwowordsareidenticalinbothspellingandsound.例子Fastadj./fastv.scalen./scalev.12.(1)Gradableantonyms分级反义词(amatterofdegree)例子Old—middle-aged—young;hot-warm-coldAntonym(2)Complementaryantonyms互补反义词amatterofdegreebetween分类twoextremes例子Alive—dead;male—female;\n(3)Relationalopposites关系反义词(中间可以加成分，如上、中、下)father-son;teacher-pupil;doctor-patient;buy-sell;above-below13.句子间的意义关系senserelationbetweensentencesXissynonymouswithY.XentailsY.XpresupposesY.Xisacontradiction.Xissemanticallyanomalous.14.Analysisofmeaning意义的分析(1)Componentialanalysis—awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning对词汇成分的分析(2)Predicationanalysis—awaytoanalyzesentencemeaning对句子意义的分析(1)isawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledSemanticfeatures.一个单词的意义可以分析为称作语义特征的意义。Thisisparalleltothewayaphonemeisanalyzedintosmallercomponentscalleddistinctivefeatures.这一方法和把一个音位分析成更小的叫作区别性特征的方法类似。Plusandminimumssignsareusedtoindicatewhetheracertainsemanticfeatureispresentorabsent,thesefeaturesymbolsareusuallywrittenincapitalizedletters.Oneadvantageofcomponentialanalysisisthatbyspecifyingthesemanticfeaturesofcertainwords,itwillbepossibletoshowhowthesewordsarerelatedinmeaning.加减号用来表示某一语义特征在一个词义中是存在或缺省，这些特征用大写字母来写。15.themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.TwoaspectsofSentencemeaning:grammaticalandsemanticmeaning.16.Selectionalrestrictions---Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrules.17.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication------Predicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.itappliestoallformsofasentence,includingstatements,imperativeandinterrogative.PredicationconsistsofArgumentsandPredicates.述谓是句子基本单位，是对句子的抽象化，适用于包括陈述句、祈使句和疑问句。述谓由一个或数个论元和一个谓词组成。Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelementsinasentence,apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.\n论元是一个的逻辑的一个参与者，谓词是关于论元的陈述，或说明一个句子的论元间的逻辑关系。18.Accordingtothenumberofargumentscontainedinapredication,weclassifythepredicationsintotwo-placepredication(hastwoarguments),one-placepredication(hasoneargument),andno-placepredication(hasnoargument).19.判断题：althoughpredicateandargumentarethesamekindofunitintermsoftheircomponentialmake-up,theyhavedifferentrolesinthewholepredication.thepredicatecanberegardedasthemainelement,foritincludestense,modality,ect.itmayalsosaidtogoverntheargumentsforitdeterminesthenumberofnatureofthearguments.20.Theanalysisofmeaningisahighlyabstractandcomplicatedmatter.三、问答题1.howaresenseandreferencerelated?Sensereferstotheinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,whichisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itisamatterofrelationshipbetweentheformandreality.2.inwhatwayiscomponentialanalysissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处？Inthelightofcomponentialanalysis,themeaningofawordconsistsofanumberofdistinctivemeaningfeatures,theanalysisbreaksdownthemeaningofthewordintothesefeatures;itisthesedifferentfeaturesthatdistinguishwordmeaningsimilarly,aphonemeisconsideredasacollectionofdistinctivesoundfeatures,aphonemecanbebrokendownintothesedistinctivesoundfeaturesanditsthesesoundfeaturesthatdistinguishdifferentsounds.3.what’sgrammaticality?whatmighttakeagrammaticallymeaningfulsentencesemanticallymeaningless?什么是语法性？一个语法上有意义的句子可能由于什么而不是有意义的?Grammaticality---thegrammaticalwell-formednessofasentence.Asentencemaybewell-formedgrammatically,i.e.itconformstothegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage,butitisnotnecessarilysemanticallywell-formed,i.e.itmaynotmakesenseatall评分管理共条评分