语言学 选择判断题 12页

CHAPTER1I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:T1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.F2.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.T3.GenerallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawholeT4.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.T5.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.T6.AppliedlinguisticsistheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningT7Competenceandperformancereferrespectivelytoalanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcreteF8Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguageT9.BydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguageF10.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitraryF11.Thereisuniversalagreementabouttheoriginoflanguage.F12.Petdogscanspeakhumanlanguages.F13.Allhumaninfantscanspeaksomelanguage.F14.Bycreativitywemeanthecreativeuseoflanguageasoftenpracticedbypoets.F15.Withdifferentculturestherewillbedifferentlanguages.T16.Notallusesoflanguagearemeanttoconveynewinformation.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.1.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic2.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?\nA.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness3.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable4.Thefunctionofthesentence“waterboilat100degreescentigrade”AinterrogativeBdirectiveCinformativeDperformative5.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative6.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhuman__________.AcontactBcommunicationCrelationDcommunity7.Languagesis_______AinstinctiveBnon-instinctiveCstaticDgeneticallytransmitted8.Alinguistregardsthechangeinlanguageandlanguageuseas_______AunnaturalBsomethingtobefearedCnaturalDabnormal9.WhichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitraryAtreeBcrashCtypewriterDbang10.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD.AlloftheaboveCHAPTER2I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:T1. VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish. F2.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution. F3. Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning. F4. EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot. \nT5. Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting. T6.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed. F7. Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph. F8.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest. T9. Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing. F10. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest. F11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar. T12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels. F13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels. F14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme. F15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning. F16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories. T17. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning. F18. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast. T19. Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific. T20.Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:35．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.A.mouth B.lips C.tongue D.vocalcords \n36．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.   A.voiceless          B.voiced   C.vowel            D.consonantal37．__________isavoicedalveolarstop.   A./z/             B./d/     C./k/             D./b/ 38．Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.     A.identical              B.same     C.exactlyalike           D.similar 39．Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.    A.inphonemiccontrast     B.incomplementarydistribution     C.theallophones          D.minimalpair 40．Thesound/f/is_________________. A.voicedpalatalaffricate      B.voicedalveolarstop C.voicelessvelarfricative      D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative 41. A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition. A.back            B.centralC.front            D.middle 42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________. A.phoneticcomponents       B.immediateconstituents\n C.suprasegmentalfeatures      D.semanticfeatures 43.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue. Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.    A.phone            B.sound    C.allophone           D.phoneme 44．Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.  A.phones          B.soundsC.phonemes         D.allophones CHAPTER3I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:T1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.F2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.T3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.T4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.T5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.T6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.T7.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.F8.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.F9.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.T10.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.\nIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:21.Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)______.A.boundmorphemeB.boundformC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freemorpheme22.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound__________.A.isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponentsB.canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemesC.isthesameasthemeaningofafreephrase.D.Noneoftheabove.23.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof__________.A.thefirstelementB.thesecondelementC.eitherthefirstorthesecondelementD.boththefirstandthesecondelements.24._______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.A.FreemorphemesB.BoundmorphemesC.BoundwordsD.Words25._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.SyntaxB.GrammarC.MorphologyD.Morpheme26.Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.A.lexicalB.morphemicC.grammaticalD.semantic27.Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.\nA.havetobeusedindependentlyB.cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemesC.caneitherbefreeorboundD.havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes.28.____modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.Affixes29._________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.Sentences30.“-s”intheword“books”is_______.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.arootCHAPTER4I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:T1.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.T2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.F3.AnendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasheadedconstructionbecauseithasjustoneheadT4.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.F5.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.T6.Numberandgenderarecategoriesofnounandpronoun.T7.WordorderplaysanimportantroleintheorganizationofEnglishsentences.T8.LikeEnglish,modernChineseisaSVOlanguage.T9.  InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollows\ntheverb.T10. Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:1Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________AthecityBRomeCcityDthecityandRome2.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.PrepositionD.subordinator3Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.socialD.functional4.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.Alloftheabove.5Thephrase“onthehalf”belongsto________constructionAendocentricBexocentricCsubordinateDcoordinate6.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.\n7Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.OnlyhierarchicalC.compelD.bothlinearandhierarchical 8.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite9.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational10Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves”isa____________sentenceAsimpleBcoordinateCcompoundDcomplexCHAPTER539.Interrogativeandimperative（祈使）sentencesdonothavetruthvalue.T40.Componentialanalysisisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcannotbedissected（切分）intomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeature.F(…canbe…)41.Onemeritofcomponentialanalysisisthatbyspecifyingthesemanticfeaturesofcertainwords,itwillbepossibletoshowhowthesewordsarerelatedinmeaning.T42.Hyponymyisamatterofclassmembership,soitisthesameasmeronymy.F(Meronymyisatermusedtodescribeapart-wholerelationship.)43.Twosentencesusingthesamewordsmaymeanquitedifferently.T44.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesamesense.F45.Animportantdifferencebetweenpresuppositionandentailmentisthatpresupposition,unlikeentailment,isnotvulnerabletonegation.Thatistosay,ifasentenceisnegated,theoriginalpresuppositionisstilltrue.T46.Conceptualistsmaintainthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenlinguisticformandwhatitrefers\nto.ThisviewcanbeseenbytheSemantictriangle.T47.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.T48.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.T49.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.F50.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.T51.“itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.T52.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.TCHAPTER6I. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:F1. BothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunicationF2. Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.T3. Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.T4. Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.F5. Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.F6. Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.F7. Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.F8. UtterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentencesF9. SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.T10.  Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.T11.  Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.F12.  Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention. \nIII. Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:25._________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext. A.Pragmatics        B.Semantics C.Senserelation       D.Concept26.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething_______intraditionalsemantics. A.contextual         B.behaviouristic C.intrinsic          D.logical27.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________ isconsidered. A.reference          B.speechact C.practicalusage        D.context28.Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.  A.pragmatic          B.grammatical  C.mental           D.conceptual29.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________. A.constative          B.directive C.utterance          D.expressive30. Whichofthefollowingistrue?  A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.  B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.  C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.  D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.31.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.  A.inthelate50’softhe20thecentury  B.intheearly1950’s  C.inthelate1960’s  D.intheearly21stcentury.\n32.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance. A.Alocutionaryact       B.Anillocutionaryact C.Aperlocutionaryact      D.Aperformativeact33.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.  A.togetthehearertodosomething  B.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecase  C.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction  D.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs.34.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.  A.intheirillocutionaryacts.  B.intheirintentionsexpressed  C.intheirstrengthorforce  D.intheireffectbroughtabout35.__________isadvancedbyPaulGrice A.CooperativePrinciple B.PolitenessPrinciple C.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammar D.AdjacencyPrinciple36.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise. A.impoliteness         B.contradictions C.mutualunderstanding      D.conversationalimplicatures