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.PartOnePleasereadthefollowingsentencesandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.(25%)1.Semanticsisthestudyof____.A.linguisticcompetenceB.languagefunctionsC.meaningsD.socialbehavior2.Whichofthefollowingisnotgenerallybelievedtobeareaoflinguistics?A.syntaxB.semanticsC.phonologyD.etiology3.Therearemorphemesintheword“boyish”.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four4.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“man”canbeexpressedas.A.+animate,+human,+male,-adultB.+animate,+human,-male,-adultC.+animate,+human.+male,+adultD.+animate,+human,-male,+adult5.Themaximof______requiresthataparticipant'scontributionberelevanttothe conversation.A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation6.Thewordssuchas“editor”,“hawker”are.A.formedbyblendingB.acronymsC.coinedbybackformationD.Clippedwords7.TheSwisslinguistlaidthefoundationoflinguisticsinthe20thcentury,andthuswasdescribedas“FatherofModernLinguistics”.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.D.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday8.isNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage.A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivityC.CulturaltransmissionD.Displacement9.TGgrammarwasadvancedby____..\n.A.SearleB.WhorfC.HallidayD.NoamChomsky10.WhoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenLangueandParole?A.SaussureB.ChomskyC.HallidayD.Anonymous11.Thestudyofstatic,orso-called“literal”,meaningoflanguagefallsintothescopeof,amajorbranchoflinguistics.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.SyntaxD.Morphology12.firstputforwardthespeechacttheory.A.J.SearleB.J.AustinC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.KHalliday13.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is _____ A. morphology B. general linguistics C. phonology D. semantics 14.ThefamousCooperativePrinciplewasfirstputforwardby.A.J.AustinB.G.LeechC.H.P.GriceD.S.Levinson15.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandreferstotheactualizedlanguage.A.speechB.languageC.paroleD.language16.Normally,asyllableconsistsofthreeparts,thatis,the,the,andthe.A.onset,peak,codaB.peak,coda,onsetC.peak,onset,codaD.coda,peak,onset17.Accordingtomorphology,“-ful”intheword“colorful”iscalleda(n)morpheme,while“-es”in“apologies”iscalleda(n)morpheme.A.derivational,freeB.inflectional,boundC.inflectional,freeD.derivational,inflectional18.Insemantics,therelationshipbetween“buy”and“sell”areopposites,and“single”and“married”arecalledantonyms.A.relational,complementaryB.gradable,relationalC.relational,gradableD.complementary,relational.\n.19.isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewayswords,wordgroupsandphrasesarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.A.SemanticsB.PragmaticsC.SyntaxD.Morphology20.Whichofthefollowingwordclassesareopenclasses?A.conjunctionB.determinerC.articleD.verb21.“Concord”hasthesamemeaningas_____.A.perfectiveB.progressiveC.agreementD.government22.Synonymyisthetechnicaltermforthe_____relation.A.oppositenessB.complementaryC.gradableD.sameness23. Whichofthefollowingarecorrectreadingsof“CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y,(~ALIVE(y)))))”?A.xcausesytobecomenotalive.B.xcausesytobecomealive.C.xcausesytobecomenotdead.D.ycausesxtobecomedead.24.Linguistsgiveprioritytothespokenlanguagenotthewrittenlanguagebecause.A.vocalsoundsarederivedfromwritingsystemsB.speechprecedeswritingeverywhereintheworldC.wehaverecordingdevicestostudyspeechD.spokenlanguageprecedeswrittenlanguageonlyinIndo-Europeanlanguages.25.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentoveraperiodoftimeisgenerallytermedaslinguistics.A.appliedB.diachronicC.comparativeD.synchronicPartTwoReadeachinthefollowingstatementsandjudgewhetheritistrueorfalse.Write“T”fortrue,“F”forfalseonyouranswersheet.(10%).\n.26.Forsoundstobeallophonesofthesamephonemetheymustbecomplementarilydistributedandmusthavephoneticsimilarity.27.Aclosedsyllableisonewithoutacoda.28.Everywordhasasensejustaseverywordhasareference.29.Conversationalimplicativeisakindofimpliedmeaning,deducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.30.Thefirstmeaningforawordthatadictionarydefinitiongivesisusuallyitsfigurativemeaning.31.Similesandmetaphorsaredifferentinthatametaphormakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements.32.“Shit,you’veputthepeanutbutterintherefrigeratoragain.”Thisismostlylikelytobesaidbyawoman.33.Therelationbetween“vehicle”and“car”iscalledhyponymy.34.Theconsonant[s]inEnglishcanbedescribedas:voicedalveolarfricative.35.Inflectionisthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionaffixes,whichdochangethegrammaticalclassofthestem.PartThreePleasedefinethefollowingtermsbriefly(20%)36.theSapir-WhorfHypothesis37.ConversationalImplicature38.ICanalysis39.theLondonSchoolPartFourAnswerthefollowingquestions:(15%).\n.40.Howtounderstandtheterm“affix”?Giveexamplesforitsdifferentsubtypes.41.Whatissynonymy?Whatisantonymy?Giveexamples.42.Whatissyllable?Useanexampletoillustrateitscomponents.PartFive.Essaywriting.(30%)B:Directions:Chooseanyonefromthegiventopicsanddevelopitintoanessayinnotlessthan200words.(30%)ThePragueschoolTGGrammarAmericanStructuralismLinguisticsofMyViewPartOne.此部分共25题,一题1分,合计25分。主要考察学生语言学基本知识的掌握程度。1-5ADBCD6-10CBCDA11-15BBCCC16-20ADACD21-25CDABBPartTwo.此部分共10题,一题1分,合计10分。主要考察学生运用语言学基本知识进行分析判断的能力。26-30TFFTT31-35FTTFFPartthree.此部分共4题,一题5分,合计20分。主要考察学生语言学术语及基本理论的掌握程度。评分标准:1)每题5分。2)拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符,每处扣2分。3)内容比答案少按比例扣分,内容多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容多于答案但有概念性错误(如举例不当)酌情扣1-2分。.\n.36.theSapir-WhorfHypothesis:ahypothesisdevelopedbyBenjaminLeeWhorfonhisandEdwardSapir’santhropologicalresearchandexperiencewithHopi,anAmericanIndianlanguage.Itsuggeststhat‘ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld’.Followingthisargument,twoimportantpointscouldbecapturedinthistheory.Ontheonehand,languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;ontheother,similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.Thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.Forthisreason,thishypothesishasalternativelybeenreferredtoaslinguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity—aviewwhich“wasfirstexpoundedbytheGermanethnologist,WilhelmvonHumboldt”.37.ConversationalImplicature:itwasproposedbyGrice,Grice’sawarethatspeakersdonotalwaysfollowCPanditsmaxims.Infact,theyoftenviolatethem.Whetherthespeakerfollowsorviolatesthesemaxims,heproducessomeimplicature–akindofextrameaningthatisnotcontainedintheutterance.Particularly,whenanyofthemaximsisblatantlyviolatedthatthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolated,thenconversationalimplicaturesarise.38.ICanalysis,immediateconstituentanalysis,maybedefinedas:theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents---wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinternanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.39.TheLondonSchoolgenerallyreferstothekindoflinguisticscholarshipinEngland.TherepresentativesareMalinowski,FirthandHalliday.Theallstressedtheimportanceofcontextofsituationandthesystemaspectoflanguage.Thus,LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.PartFour.此部分共3题,一题5分,合计15分。主要考察学生语言学术语及运用语言学基本原理分析诗歌的能力。1)每题5分。2)拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符,每处扣2分。.\n.3)内容比答案少按采分点扣分,内容点多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容点多于答案但有概念性错误酌情扣分,举例不当每处扣2分,概念或阐述性错误每处扣5分。40Anaffixisthecollectivetermofthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).e.g.:prefixpara-,mini-suffix-ise,-tioninfixfoot/feet,goose/geese41.synonymy:isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.Suchas,buyandpurchase.antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Suchashusbandandwife,buyandsell.42.Thesyllableisanimportantunitinthestudyofphonology.InEnglish,awordmaybemonosyllabic(withonesyllable,likecatanddog)orpolysyllabic(withmorethanonesyllable,liketransplantorfestival).Asyllableusuallyconsistsofanonset,anucleusorpeak,andacoda.Thenucleusandthecodaarecalledtherhyme.sO(nset)R(hyme)N(ucleus)Co(da)klapsAllsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.Asyllablethathasnocodaiscalledanopensyllablewhileasyllablewithcodaisknownasclosedsyllable.PartFiveA.具体得分要求如下:分析方法见《语言学教程》第三版9.3,.\n.罗米欧和朱莉叶的这段对话采用的是十四行诗的形式写成,说明莎士比亚娴熟地掌握了商籁体诗的写作技巧。本题要求学生掌握诗歌分析的方法,能够运用诗歌分析的术语对诗歌中的特殊语言现象进行细致的分析。答案要点和分值:1)Informationaboutthepoem:Shakespeareandhisfourtragedies,esp.RomeoandJuliet,sonnetinhisdrama(2)2)Form:layout(3quatrainsandacouplet=sonnet),numberoflines(14),lengthoflines(10syllables)(3)3)Soundpatterning:metre(iambicpentametre),rhymes(ababcacadedeff),otherformsofsoundpatterning(egalliteration)(3)4)Language:figurativeuseoflanguage,syntax,punctuation,register,intertextualallusionetc.(2)B.(Omitted).