英语语言学各章节题目 10页

1.Introduction1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________A.contactB.communicationC.relationD.community2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bang3.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness4.__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole5.__________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.ComparativelinguisticsD.AppliedlinguisticsII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.6.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.7.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.8.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.9.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.10.TheconventionalnatureoflanguageisillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespear’splayRomeoandJuliet:“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”.11.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.III.Fillintheblanks.12.Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.13.Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.14.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.15.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.16.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.17.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.Explainthefollowingterms:syntaxanthropologicallinguisticsExplainHalliday'stheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.\n2.SpeechSounds1.APitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice2.BWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove3.AWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]4.BWhichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i:]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]5.BWhatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.6.TSuprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.7.F[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.8.FAcousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.9.TAccordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintolongvs.shortortensevs.lax.10.FInEnglish,allthebackvowelsarerounded.11.TInEnglish,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunrounded.III.Fillintheblanks.12.voiced,voiceless,voicedAccordingtothefeatureofvoicing,consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.13.obstructionConsonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.14.minimalpairsInphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.15.InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.16.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.17.Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.(1)voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop(2)lowfrontvowel(3)lateralliquid(4)velarnasal(5)voicedinterdentalfricative\n3.Morphology1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.A.contentwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwords2.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivational3.Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six4.InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesD.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formation6.__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.addition7.ThewordDINKisformedinthewayof__________.A.acronymyB.clippingC.compoundingD.blending8.Thewordslikesmogandmotelareformedby__________.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymyII.Fillintheblanks.9.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.10.__________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.11.__________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.12.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.13.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.Explainthefollowingterm,usingexamples.AllomorphInflectionBoundroot\n4.Syntax1.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite3.Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical4.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator5.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.alloftheabove.6.Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinateII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)12.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.16.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.A__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.23.A__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.24.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled__________.25.A__________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.\nExplaintheterm"ICanalysis".ExplainthethreetypesofsyntacticrelationsDistinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”37.Drawatreediagramofthesentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.5.Semantics1.Accordingtothe“semantictriangle”presentedbyOgdenandRichards,thesymbolor________referstothelinguisticelements(words,sentences,etc.),the___________referstotheobjectintheworldofexperienceandthethoughtorreferencereferstoconcept.2.__________analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.3.Thesemanticcomponentoftheword_________are+Human,+Adult,+male,-Married.4.________oppositesmaybeseenintermsofdegreesofthequalityinvolved.5.Wecalltherelationbetween“animal”and“cow”as___________.A.polysemyB.antonymyC.homophonyD.hyponymy\n6.Thepairofwords“wide/narrow”arecalled__________.A.gradableoppositesB.complementaryantonymsC.co-hyponymsD.relationalopposites7.Whatisthemeaningrelationshipbetweenthetwowords“rose/tulip”?A.polysemyB.hyponymyC.homophonyD.co-hyponyms8.Awordwithseveralmeaningiscalled___________.A.anabnormalwordB.apolysemicwordC.asynonymouswordD.Noneoftheabove9.“Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.”Thisviewiscalled_________insemantictheory.A.mentalismB.conceptualismC.namingtheoryD.contexualism10.Thepairofwords“borrow/lend”arecalled__________.A.relationaloppositesB.synonymsC.complementariesD.gradableopposites11.Whichdescriptionofcomponentialanalysisfortheword“woman”isright?A.+human,-adult,-maleB.+human,+adult,-maleC.+human,+adult,+maleD.+human,-adult,+male12.Whatisthemeaningrelationshipbetweenthetwowords“flower/tulip”?A.PolysemyB.HomonymyC.HyponymyD.Antonymy13.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“man”canbeexpressedas________.A.+human,+male,-adultB.+human,-male,-adultC.+human,+male,+adultD.+human,-male,+adultExplainthefollowingterm,usingexamples.1)Componentialanalysis2)SemantictriangleExplainthethreekindsofantonymy.6.Pragmatics1.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context2.Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptual\n3.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive4.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact5.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs6.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.A.intheirillocutionaryactsB.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforceD.intheireffectbroughtabout7.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicaturesII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.8.Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.9.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.10.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.11.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.12.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.13.Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences14.SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.15.__________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.16.__________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.17.A(n)__________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.18.A(n)__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.19.A(n)_________iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.20.A(n)________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.21.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximof__________,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.\nIVAnalyzetheimplicaturesinthedialogues1)A:Canyouanswerthephone?B:I’minthebath.2)A:Ihavetoleavenow.B:It’sraininghardoutside.V.Whattypeofillocutionaryactdothefollowingutterancesinvolve?1)‘Isuggestthatyouseeadentistassoonaspossible.’2)‘IwillpayyouthemoneyIoweyounexttime.’3)‘PassengersareremindedthatflightNo.2284leaveshereat7:00sharp.’4)‘Shutup!Leavemealone!’5)‘I’mverysorrytohearthatyou’vejustlostyourpetdog.’1.Thestudyof_isSyntax.AtextualorganizationBsentencestructuresCwordformationDlanguagefunctions2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage?AarbitrarinessBproductivityCculturaltransmissionDfiniteness3.Thespeechacttheorywasfirstputforwardby_.AJohnScarlBJohanAustinCNoamChomskyDM.A.KHalliday4.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaninginconditionis_.AmorphologyBgenerallinguisticsCphonologyDsemantics5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?ALandladyBGreenhouseCUpliftDUnacceptable6.Thewordholidayoriginallymeantholyday;butnowthewordsignifiesanywhichwedon’thavetowork.ThisisanexampleofAmeaningshiftBwideningofmeaningCnarrowingofmeaningDlossofmeaning7.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionof___\nA.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context8.Thewords"kid,child,offspring”areexamplesof___A.dialectalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonymsC.emotivesynonymsD.collocationalsynonyms9.Thedistinctionbetweenparoleandlanguewasmadeby____A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure10.___referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.A.PhonologyB.MorphologyC.SemanticsD.Sociolinguistics11.ThedistinctivefeaturesofaspeechvarietymaybeallthefollowingEXCEPTA.lexicalB.syntacticC.phonologicalD.psycholinguistic12.Thewordtailoncereferredto“thetailofahorse”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal.”ThisisanexampleofA.wideningofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaningC.meaningshiftD.lossofmeaning13.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.Displacement.C.Duality.D.Diachronicity.14.Whattypeofsentenceis"Marklikesfiction,butTimisinterestedinpoetry"?A.Asimplesentence.B.Acoordinatesentence.C.Acomplexsentence.D.Noneoftheabove.15.Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalled___A.hyponymy.B.synonymy.C.polysemy.D.homonymy.16.Thestudyofthementalprocessesoflanguagecomprehensionandproductionis____A.corpuslinguistics.B.sociolinguistics.C.theoreticallinguistics.D.psycholinguistics.17.Aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixeslanguagesandisusedbyspeakersofdifferentlanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled()A.dialect.B.idiolect.C.pidgin.D.register.18.Whenaspeakerexpresseshisintentionofspeaking,suchasaskingsomeonetoopenthewindow,heisperforming____A.anillocutionaryact.B.aperlocutionaryact.C.alocutionaryact.D.noneoftheabove.19._____referstothelearninganddevelopmentofalanguage.A.LanguageacquisitionB.LanguagecomprehensionC.LanguageproductionD.Languageinstruction\n20.Theword“'Motel”comesfrom“motor+hotel”.Thisisanexampleof_____inmorphology.A.backformationB.conversionC.blendingD.acronym21.Languageisthetoolofcommunication.Thesymbol“'HighwayClosed”onahighwayserves()A.anexpressivefunction.B.aninformativefunction.C.aperformativefunction.D.apersuasivefunction.22.______isdefinedasthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmind.A.SemanticsB.PragmaticsC.CognitivelinguisticsD.Sociolinguistics23.AvowelisdifferentfromaconsonantinEnglishbecauseofA.absenceofobstructionB.presenceofobstructionC.mannerofarticulationD.placeofarticulation24.Thedefinition”theactofusing,orpromotingtheuseof,severallanguages,eitherbyanindividualspeakerorbyacommunityofspeakers”refertoA.PidginB.CreoleC.MultilingualismD.Bilingualism25.____isalanguagephenomenoninwhichwordssoundlikewhattheyreferto.A.OnomatopoeiaB.CollocationC.DenotationD.Assimilation26.Thesentence"Closeyourbookandlistentomecarefully!"performsa(n)_____function.A.interrogativeB.informativeC.performativeD.directive27.Whichofthefollowingpairsofwordsarehomophones?A.wind(v.)/wind(n.)B.suspect(v.)/suspect(n.)C.bare(adj.)/bear(v.)D.convict(v.)/convict(n.)28.InEnglish,ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.Thisisa(n)()A.assimilationruleB.sequentialruleC.deletionruleD.grammarrule29.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofclipping?A.APECB.MotelC.XeroxD.Disco30.ThetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetoaparticulartypeofsituationiscalledA.registerB.dialectC.slang.D.variety31.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsisaninflectionalmorpheme?A.unlockB.government.C.goesDoff-stage32.Whichofthefollowingsentenceshasthe"S+V+O"structure?A.Hediedahero.B.IwenttoLondon.C.Shebecameangry.D.Maryenjoyedparties.33.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeusedasanadverb?A.Heartandsoul.B.Thelion'sshare.C.Nullandvoid.D.Hammerandtongs.BDBCDBDBDBDADBDDCAACBCACADCBDACDB