语言学基本内容概念 9页

第一单元1Designfeaturesoflanguage：arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement.2.Functionsoflanguage：Informative,Interpersonal（人际-）,Performative施为-,Emotive,Phaticcommunion寒暄语，Recreational，Metalinguistic元语言功能3Mainbranchesoflinguistics:Phonetics(speechsounds)语音学/Phonology音系学/Morphology:(words)形态学/Syntax:(structuresofsentences)句法学/Semantics语义学/Pragmatics语用学Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Importantdistinctioninlinguistics:Descriptive(native)vsprescriptive/Synchronic共时&diachronicstudies历时/Languevsparole/Competencevsperformance~运用/\n第二单元1Phoneticsdivisions:Articulatoryphonetics/Acousticphonetics/Auditoryphonetics2trachea气管/vocalfolds(cords)声带:/glottis声/epiglottis会厌/hardpalate硬颚/velum软颚/uvula小舌/alveolarridge齿/labium唇/larynx喉/pharynx咽3obstructionoftheairstreamintheproductionof-4IPA/stop(plosive)爆破音nasal鼻音fricative摩擦音affricate破擦音bilabial唇音labio-dental唇齿音alveolar齿龈音velar软腭音uvular小舌音RP标准发音GA通用美国英语coarticulation协同发音aspirated送气音phoneme音位minimalpairs最小对立体allophone音位变体assimilation同化unvoiced清音epenthesissyllablestructure音节结构open/closedsyllable开音节stress重音intonation语调tone音调\nConsonants1)Mannersofarticulation:stop/fricative…2)Placesofarticulation/bilabial,dental,alveolar…3)Voicing:voicedvsvoicelessorunvoiced4)Nasalvsoral:/m/,/n/,/ŋ/vsotherconsonants5)Lateralvscentral:/l/Vowelsisproducedwithoutobstructionofairinthepronunciationofvowels1)Thepartofthetonguethatisraised:front/i:/,central/ə/,back/ɑ/2)Theheightofthetongue:high,mid,low;closed/i:/,halfclosed/e/,halfopen/ε/,open/a/3)Thedegreeofliprounding:rounded/u:/,unrounded/i:/4)Monophthongvsdiphthongorpurevowelsvsglidings:/a/,/au/5)Longvsshortvowelsortensevslaxvowels:/i:/,/I/\n3WORD--Open/Closed-class封闭/开放类词wordswhosemembershipisfixed(infinite)or(un)limited--Wordclasses分类:categoriesofwordsclassifiedaccordingtotheirgrammatical,semantic,phonologicalpropertiesoronthebasisofformalsimilaritiesintermsofinflectionsanddistribution:interjections!Article冠词/Newwordclassesidentified:Particles小品词(to,not,subordinateelementinphrasalverb),auxiliaties助词(traditional-do,can),pro-forms代词形式,determiners限定词,-morpheme语素minimalunitsofmeaning,包括free/bound-自由/粘着--&affixes,roots,stems--Formationofwords词的形成:theprocessofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships/compounding/derivation--Compound复合:wordsthatconsistofmorethanonefreemorphemeorthewaytojointwoormoreseparatewordstoproduceasingleform/completelyunited,hyphenated,separated/noun,verb,adjective,prepositionalcompounds/endocentricandexocentric（离心的）compounds--Allomorph语素变体morphemesmayhavedifferentshapesorphoneticforms--lexicalchanges：newwords/invention,compounding,derivation,blending,fusion熔合法,abbreviation缩写词,acronym缩略语,backformation逆构词法,borrowing借词,--Loanwords借词:bothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyalightadaptation--Broadening词义扩大:toextendthemeaningofawordfromitsoriginalspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone/Narrowing词义缩小:theoriginalmeaningofawordisnarrowedorrestrictedtoaspecificsense\n3补充：*Identificationofword:stability,uninterruptibility,aminimumfreeform*Lexeme词位:basicabstractunitsofthelexicon/realizedindifferentgrammaticalforms*Morphophonology形态音系学:relationshipbetweenphonologyandmorphonology5SENSE--Senserelations涵义关系/senseabstractpropertiesofanentity--synonymy同义关系:samenessrelation--Antonymy:反义关系oppositenessrelation/Gradableantonymy等级反义(covertermorunmarkedterm>),Complementaryantonymy:互补反义关系,Converseantonymy反向反义关系--Hyponymy上下义关系:meaninginclusiveness/(superordinate上坐标词,hyponymsorco-hyponyms下义词/同下义词\n4句法--Syntacticrelations句法关系:1positionalrelations,orwordorder位置~(sequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage)横/2Relationofsubstitutability替代关系（setsofwordsorexpressionssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure）纵/3Relationofco-occurrence同现~（wordsofdifferentclassesrequiretheoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformaparticulartypeofsentences）--syntagmatic/paradigmatic：横组合关系/纵聚合关系--immediateconstituents直接成分:ifaconstructionisanalyzedintotwoconstituentsatalevelimmediatelybelowthatconstruction--coordination/subordination:并列/从属关系--syntacticfunction句法功能:therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.~areexpressedinsuchtermsassubject,object,predicate,complement--syntacticcategory语法范畴:thedefiningpropertiesoflanguageunitslikenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs/number数,gender性,case格,tense,aspect,voice语气,mood语态,degree,concord(agreement)一致关系,government--folketymology俗词源学--recursiveness：递归性thereisnolimittothenumberoflinguisticelementsembedded嵌入intoonelinguisticelement--cohesion:连贯aconcepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsentences.Itreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetextanddefinesitasatext.\n第一单元1Designfeaturesoflanguage：arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement.2.Functionsoflanguage：Informative信息~,Interpersonal（人际-）,Performative施为-,Emotive,Phaticcommunion寒暄语，Recreational，Metalinguistic元语言功能3Mainbranchesoflinguistics:Phonetics(speechsounds)语音学/Phonology音系学/Morphology:(words)形态学/Syntax:(structuresofsentences)句法学/Semantics语义学/Pragmatics语用学Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Importantdistinctioninlinguistics:Descriptive(native)vsprescriptive/Synchronic共时&diachronicstudies历时/Languevsparole/Competencevsperformance~运用/\n第二单元1Phoneticsdivisions:Articulatory/Acoustic/Auditoryphonetics2trachea气管/vocalfolds(cords)声带:/glottis声门/epiglottis会厌/hardpalate硬颚/velum软颚/uvula小舌/alveolarridge齿龈/labium唇/larynx喉/pharynx咽3obstructionoftheairstreamintheproductionof-4IPA国际音标/stop(plosive)爆破音nasal鼻音fricative摩擦音affricate破擦音bilabial唇音labio-dental唇齿音alveolar齿龈音velar软腭音uvular小舌音RP标准发音GA通用美国英语coarticulation协同发音aspirated送气音phoneme音位minimalpairs最小对立体allophone音位变体assimilation同化unvoiced清音epenthesis增音syllablestructure音节结构open/closedsyllable开音节stress重音intonation语调tone音调\nConsonants1)Mannersofarticulation:stop/fricative…2)Placesofarticulation/bilabial,dental,alveolar…3)Voicing:voicedvsvoicelessorunvoiced4)Nasalvsoral:/m/,/n/,/ŋ/vsotherconsonants5)Lateralvscentral:/l/Vowelsisproducedwithoutobstructionofairinthepronunciationofvowels1)Thepartofthetonguethatisraised:front/i:/,central/ə/,back/ɑ/2)Theheightofthetongue:high,mid,low;closed/i:/,halfclosed/e/,halfopen/ε/,open/a/3)Thedegreeofliprounding:rounded/u:/,unrounded/i:/4)Monophthongvsdiphthongorpurevowelsvsglidings:/a/,/au/5)Longvsshortvowelsortensevslaxvowels:/i:/,/I/