胡壮麟语言学试题 42页

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题Chapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsLChoosethebestanswer.（20%）1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman•A.contactB.communicationC・relationD.community2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.treeB.typewriterC・crashD・bang3.Thefunctionofthesentence"Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.^is・A.interrogativeB.directiveC・informativeD.performative4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives・Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A・InterpersonalB.EmotiveC・PerformativeD・Recreational5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A・TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD・Arbitrariness6.Studythefollowingdialogue・Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?一Aniceday,isn，tit?一Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight・A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal7.referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances・A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC・LangueD.Parole8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow・Itcouldn^tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone・Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof.\n1.answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage・A.PsycholinguisticsB・AnthropologicallinguisticsC・SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics2.dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation,A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD・ComparativelinguisticsILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11・Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary・13.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted・16.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate・17・F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare'stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage・19・Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory・20.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III.Fillintheblanks.(10%)21•Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansofcommunication.22.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed23・Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis\n24.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthetheory.25.Linguisticsisthestudyoflanguage.26.Modernlinguisticsisinthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofoverwriting.2&Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisastudy・29.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure^slangueandChomsky's.III.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Designfeature32・Displacement33.Competence34.SynchroniclinguisticsIV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?(南开大学,2004)36.Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?(北京第二外国语大学，2004)V.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?(青岛海洋大学，1999)Key:[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon'tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples・Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.一icywarmtea]\n1〜5BACCCII.11-15FFTFFIII.21.verbal23.metalingualfunction25.scientific27.speech29・1angueIV.6〜10BACAC16〜20FFFFF22.productivity/creativity24.yo-he-ho26.descriptive28.diachroniclinguistic30・competence31.Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32.Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33.Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance・Itisthespeaker'sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage・Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious・Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34.Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin・Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime・V.35.Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive・Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbefonnedoutofasmallnumberofelements-forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage・Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited・Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.\n37.Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis-collectdata一checkagainsttheobservablefacts-cometoaconelusion.\nChapter2SpeechSoundsLChoosethebestanswer(20%)1.Pitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences・A.inlonalionB.loneC・pronunciationD・voice2.Conventionallyaisputinslashes(//).A.allophoneB.phoneC・phonemeD.morpheme3・Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareofthepphoneme・A.analoguesB.tagmemesC・morphemesD.allophones4.TheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesrefeiTedtoas・A.glottisB.vocalcavityC・pharynxD.uvula5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.A.wideB.closingC・narrowD.centering6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled・A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC・phonesD・allophones7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A・AcousticphoneticsB・ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD・Noneoftheabove8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i：lB.[u]C.fe]D.ri]\n10・Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11・Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentenee.12.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound・13.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop・15・Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds・16.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda・17.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace・18・Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.Consonantsoundscanbeeitheror,whileallvowelsoundsare22・Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing.22.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionoftheandthelips.24・Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthetowhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.25・Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout.26.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwo\nphonemes/f7-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating.26.InEnglishthereareanumberof,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.2&referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors・29・isthesmallestlinguisticunit.30・Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound・Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthecomingfromthelungs.III.Explainthefollowingterms,usin出examples.(20%)31•Soundassimilation29.Suprasegmentalfeature33・Complementarydistribution34.DistinctivefeaturesV>Answerthefollowingquestions*(20%)35.Whatisacousticphonetics?(中国人民大学，2003)36.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?(南开大学，2004)VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Writethesymbolthatcoixespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstopfd]dog・(青岛海》羊大学，1999)(1)voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop(2)lowfrontvowel(3)lateralliquid(4)velarnasal(5)voicedinterdentalfricativeKey:I.1~5ACDAA6〜10DBABBII.11-15TTTFF16〜20TTTFF\n22.friction24.heightIII.21・voiced，voiceless,voiced23・longue25.obstruction26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes30・airstreamIV.31.Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32.Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone・33.Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34.Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanothe匚Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature・V.35.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves・36.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced・[b,z，d]arevoicedconsonants・VI.37.Omit.\nChapter3LexiconChoosethebestanswer(20%)D・formwords1•Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas•A・lexicalwordsB・grammaticalwordsC・functionwords2.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalledmorpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC・boundD.derivational3・ThereareA.threemorphemesintheworddenationcilization.B.fourC.fiveD.six4.InEnglish-iseand-tionarecalledA・prefixesB.suffixesC・infixesD.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixandD.back-formationA・derivationalaffixB・inflectionalaffixC・infix6.isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword・A・affixationB.back-formationC・insertionD.addition1.ThewordTBisformedinthewayofA.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending8・ThewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedbyA.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD・acronymy9.ThestemofdisagreementsisA.agreementB.agreeC・disagreeD・disagreement4.AllofthemaremeaningfulexceptforA.1exemeB.phonemeC・morphemeD・allomorph\nILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)II.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress・12・Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved・14.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase・15.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16・Reduplicativecompoundisfonnedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword・17.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18・Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes・19.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21・Anispronouncedletterbyletter,whileanispronouncedasaword.19.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith・23・Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:、and■22.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot・23.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongtoclass,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongstoclass.26・isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.27.isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa・2&Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthelevel.29.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda.\n30・Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:and.\nII.Explainthefollowingterms,usinzexamples.(20%)31・Blending32・Allomorph29.Closed-classword30.MorphologicalruleIII.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)31.HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?(厦门人学,2003)32.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?IV.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)33.McitchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII(武汉大学，2004)(1)acronym(2)freemorpheme(3)derivationalmorpheme(4)inflectionalmorpheme(5)prefixfoeb.subconsciousc.UNESCOd・oveTwhelm昶e.calculationKey:I.I〜5AACBBII.II〜15FTFTTIII.21.initialism,acronym23.solid,hyphenated,open25.close,open27.conversion29.derivative,compoundIV.6〜10BCADB16〜20FTFFF22.vocabulaiy24.morpheme26.back-formation2&morpheme30・affix,boundroot31.Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)\n32.Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited・Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords・34.Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.-lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective・V.Omit.VI.37.(l)c(2)a(3)e⑷d(5)b\nChapter4SyntaxLChoosethebestanswer(20%)1・Thesentencestructureis・A.onlylinearC.complex2.ThesyntacticrulesofanylanguageareA.largeB.smallB.onlyhierarchicalD.bothlinearandhierarchicalinnumber.C.finiteD・infinite3・Therulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC・1inguisticD.combinational4.Asentenceisconsideredwhenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati-calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers・A・rightB.wrongC・grammaticalD.ungrammatical5.Aintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause・A・coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD・subordinator6.Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.A・recursiveB.grammaticalC・socialD・functional7.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand・A・howwordsandphrasesformsentences.A.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsB.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesC.alloftheabove・&Theheadofthephrase"thecityRome”is・A.thecityB.RomeC.cityD.thecityRomeD・coordinate9.Thephrase“ontheshelf'belongstoconstruction.A.endocentricB.exocentricC・subordinate10.Thesentence"Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.^isa\nsentence.A.simpleB.coordinateC・compoundD.complexILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11・Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence・12.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,bulthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend・13.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14・Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.12.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.16・InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.1&Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge・19.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.20・Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure・III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)19.Asentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence・20.Aisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.23・Amaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate・24.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled・\n25・Asentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincoiporatedintothe\nother.26.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledanclause.27・Majorlexicalcategoriesarecategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded・27.conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.28.aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.30・Thetheoryofconditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.III.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31・Syntax32.ICanalysis33.Hierarchicalstructure34.TracetheoryIV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?(武汉大学，2004)36.Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof"morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.(北京第二外国语大学，2004)V.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.Key:I.1〜5DCDDD6〜10ADDBAIL\n11-15TTTTFIII.16〜2()FTFTT\n21・simple23.subject25.complex27・open29・Parameters22.sentence24.predicate26.embedded28.Adjacency30.CaseIV.31.Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.32.ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents一wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.33.Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.34・Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It'ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure・E・g・ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers・differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams,inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid・V.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole・Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents・Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype・36.(1)more|beautifulflowers(2)morebeautiful|flowersVI.NPVPDet.NPNPAdv.\nThestudentwroteaN.letteryesterday.\nChapter5Meaning[MainlytakenfromIxmlOOOw'sexercises-一icywanntea]Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1・Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth1.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”ThisstatementrepresentsA.theconceptualistviewB.contexutalismC・thenamingtheoryD.behaviorism2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticfonn.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticfonn.C.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized・D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.3."CanIborrowyourbike?^^“Youhaveabike.,^A.issynonymouswithB・isinconsistentwithC・entailsD.presupposes4.isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures・A.PredicationanalysisB・ComponentialanalysisC・PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis5."Alive”and“dead"are.A.gradableantonymsB.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD・Noneoftheabove6.dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience・A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sensereferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesame\nform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy9.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled.A.homonymsB.polysemiesC.hyponymsD.synonyms10.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby・A.grammaticalrulesB・selectionalrestrictionsC・semanticrulesD・semanticfeaturesILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11・DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.12.Senseisconcemedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whiletherefereneedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.13.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.14・Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.15.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts・16.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.17.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.1&Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddilferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality・19."Itishot：isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.20・Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.IILFillintheblanks-(20%)21・canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.22.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnolinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.\n19.meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience・20.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled・21.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalled■22.oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.23.analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents・28・Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalledrestrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.29.A(n)isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentenee.30・Accordingtothetheoryofmeaning,thewordsinalan-guagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfo匚IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31・Entailment32.Proposition33.Componentialanalysis34.ReferenceV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?Dogs,cats,pets,parrots;trunk,branches,tree,roots(青岛海洋大学,1999)36.Whatarethethreekindsofantonymy?(武汉大学，2004)VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesaresharedbythe(a)wordsandthe(b)words,andwhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesdistinguishbetweentheclassesof(a)wordsand(b)words・(1)a.bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,chiefb.bull,rooster,drake,ram(2)a.table,stone,pencil,cup,house,ship,car\nb.milk,alcohol,rice,soup\n(1)a.book,temple,mountain,road,tractorb.idea,love,charity,sincerity,bravery,fear(青岛海洋大学，1999)Key:I.6〜10CACDA16~20TFTTT22.direct24.synonyms26.Relational28.selectional30.naming1~5ABDDBII.11~15FFTFTIII.20.Semantics23・Reference25・homophones27.Componential29.argumentIV.31・Entailment:Itisbasicallyasemanticrelation(orlogicalimplication),anditcanbeclarifiedwiththefollowingsentences:a.TomdivorcedJane.b・JanewasTom'swife.Intermsoftruthvalue,thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweenthesetwosentences:whenAistrue,Bmustbealsotrue;whenBisfalse,Amustalsobefalse.WhenBistrue,Amaybetrueorfalse.ThereforewecansayAentailsB.32.Proposition:Itistheresultoftheabstractionofsentences,whicharedescriptionsofstatesofaffairsandwhichsomewritersseeasabasicelementofsentencemeaning.Forexample,thetwosentences"CaesarinvadedGau「and“GaulwasinvadedbyCaesar^holdthesameproposition.33.Compositionalanalysis:Itdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents,orsemanticfeatures.Forexample,themeaningofthewordboymaybeanalyzedintothreecomponents:HUMAN,YOUNGandMALE・SimilarlygirlmaybeanalyzedintoHUMAN,YOUNGandFEMALE.34.Reference:Itiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.V.35.Hyponymy,metonymyorpart-wholerelationship36.(Omit.)(1)The(a)wordsand(b)wordsaremale.\nThe(a)wordsarehuman,whilethe(b)wordsarenon-human.(2)The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareinanimate.The(a)wordsareinstrumental,whilethe(b)wordsareedible.(3)The(a)wordsand(b)wordsareworldlyorconceptual.The(a)wordsarematerial,whilethe(b)wordsarespiritual・\nChapter7Language,CultureandSociety［注：第六章无测试题］LChoosethebestanswer.(20%)1・isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.PsycholinguisticsB・SociolinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD・Generallinguistics2・Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits・A.useofwordsB.useofstructuresC・accentD.morphemes1.isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.RegionalvariationB・LanguagevariationC・SocialvariationD.Registervariation2.arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.GeographicalbarriersB.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone^nativespeechC.PhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD・Socialbarriers3.meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries・A.LanguageinterferenceB.LanguagechangesC・LanguageplanningD.Languagetransfer4.inaperson'sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.A.RegionalvariationB.ChangesinemotionsC・VariationinconnotationsD.Stylisticvariation5.Aisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds・A.linguafrancaB・register\nC・CreoleD.nationallanguage8・Althougharesimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage・A.vernacularlanguagesB.creolesC・pidginsD・sociolects9.Innormalsituations,speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheircounterpartswiththesamesocialbackground・A.female;maleB.male;femaleC・old;youngD.young;old10.Alinguisticreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A・slangB.euphemismC.jargonD.tabooILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.12.Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.13.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm"speechvariety^cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin.14.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary・15.Aperson'ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.16.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect・17.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds・18.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax・19.Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.20・Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting・\nIII.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21・Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeech・20.Speechreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers・21.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethanavarietyofalanguage・22.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguage.25・Socialvariationgivesrisetowhicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.22.variationinapersorTsspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation・23.Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationalorlanguageofacountry・28・Thestandardlanguageisa,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.29・Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,orlanguages.29.Apidgintypicallylacksinmorphemes.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usin出examples.(20%)30.Linguafranca31.Regionaldialect32.Register33.SociolinguisticsV>Answerthefollowingquestions*(20%)34.IsAmericanEnglishsuperiortoAfricanEnglish?Whyorwhynot?(中国人民大学，2003)35.Ifwetakeitasrulethatlanguageisintimatelyrelatedtoculture,thenhowdothekinshipwords,suchasuncleandaunt,reflecttheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese?(东北师范大学，2004)\nVI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)29.Explainthedifferencesbetweenregistersandregional/socialdialects.Giveexamplesifnecessary.(东北师范大学，2005)Key\n6〜10DACAD1~5BCAACIL11〜15FTFFFIII.21.community23.dialectal25.sociolects27.official29.vemacularIV.16〜20TFTFF22.variety24.planning26.Stylistic28.superposed30.inflectional31.Linguafranca:Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasacommonspeechforsocialcontactamonggroupsofpeoplewhospeaksdifferentnativelanguagesordialects.32・Regionaldialect:Regionaldialect,alsosocialorclassdialect,isaspeechvarietyspokenbythemembersofaparticulargrouporstratumofaspeechcommunity・33.Register:Register,alsosituationaldialect,referstothelanguagevarietyappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituationsonwhichdegreesofformalitydepends・34.Sociolinguistics:Definedinitsbroadestway,sociolinguistics,asubdisciplineoflinguistics,isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Itisconcernedwithlanguagevariation,languageuse,theimpactofextra-linguisticfactorsonlanguageuse,elc.V.35.AmericanEnglishisnotsuperiortoAfricanEnglish.AsdifferentbranchesofEnglish,AfricanEnglishandAmericanEnglishareequal.Similarastheyare,theyareinfluencedbytheirrespectiveculturalcontextandthusformrespectivesystemsofpronunciation,wordsandevengrammar.36.InChina,Chinesehasamorestrictandcomplexrelationshipsystem.SoinChinesetherearealotmorekinshipwordsthaninEnglish・VI.37.(Omit.)Chapter8LanguageinUseLChoosethebestanswer(20%)1.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningisconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context\n1.Asentenceisaconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC・mentalD.conceptual2.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n).A.constativeB・directiveC.utteranceD.expressive3.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B・Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C・Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences・A.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences・5・Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil.A.inthelate50'softhe20thecenturyB.intheearly1950'sC.inthelate1960'sD.intheearly21stcentury6.istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A・AlocutionaryactB・AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact7.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis・A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething'sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs&Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer\nA.intheirillocutionaryactsC・intheirstrengthorforceA.intheirintentionsexpressedD・intheireffectbroughtaboutisadvancedbyPaulGriceB.PolitenessPrincipleA.CooperativePrincipleB.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrinciple10.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,mightarise.A.impolitenessC・mutualunderstandingB.contradictionsD・conversationalimplicaturesILDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11・Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.12・Ilwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered・13.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered・14.Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.15.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.16.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.17.Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences1&SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.19.Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50'softhe20thcentury.20.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21・Thenotionofisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.22.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesan.23・Themeaningofasentenceis,anddecontexualized.\n24.werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable・25.weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable・26・A(n)actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology・27.A(n)actistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.28.A(n)iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.29・A(n)istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.30.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximof，themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanne匚IV・Explainthefollowingterms,iisin^examples.(20%)31•Conversationalimplicature31.Performative33・Locutionaryact34.Q-principle(Horn)V>Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35・Explainthefollowingremarkswithexamplesormakesomecomments."Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsareconcernedwithmeaning,butthedifferencebetweenthemcanbetracedtotwodifferentusesoftheverbmean:(a)WhatdoesXmean?(b)WhatdidyoumeanbyX?"(东北师范大学，2006)36.DoyouthinkBiscooperativeinthefollowingdialogue?SupportyourargumentwithCooperativePrinciple.(南开大学，2004)A:Whenisthebuscoining?B:Therehasbeenanaccidentfurtheruptheroad・VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37・Whatisthefunctionofcontextincommunication?Trytoexplainthefollowingutterancesratherthanjuststatefacts.(1)Theroomismessy.(2)Itwouldbegoodifshehadagreenskirton.\nKey\n11〜15FTTFF16〜20FFFTTIII.21・context22.ullerance23.abstract24.Constatives25.Performatives27・illocutionary29.expressiveIV.26.locutionary28.commissive30.quantity31.Conversationalimplicature:Inourdailylife,speakersandlistenersinvolvedinconversationaregenerallycooperatingwitheachother.Inotherwords,whenpeoplearetalkingwitheachother,theymusttrytoconversesmoothlyandsuccessfully.Inacceptingspeakers9presuppositions,listenershavetoassumethataspeakerisnottryingtomisleadthem・Thissenseofcooperationissimplyoneinwhichpeoplehavingaconversationarenotnormallyassumedtobetryingtoconfuse,trick,orwithholdrelevantinformationfromoneanothe匚However,inrealcommunication,theintentionofthespeakerisoftennottheliteralmeaningofwhatheorshesays・Therealintentionimpliedinthewordsiscalledconversationalimplicature.32.Performative:Inspeechacttheoryanutterancewhichperformsanact,suchasWatchout(=awarning).33.Locutionaryact:Alocutionaryactisthesayingofsomethingwhichismeaningfulandcanbeunderstood.34.HoofsQ-principle:(1)Makeyourcontributionsufficient(cf.quantity);(2)Sayasmuchasyoucan(givenR).35.Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication，particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandthecontextsandsituationsinwhichtheyareused.Pragmaticsincludesthestudyof(1)Howtheinterpretationanduseofutterancesdependsonknowledgeoftherealworld;\nknow”or“Iamnotsure：JustassumethatBisbeing"relevant^and“infoimativelGiventhatB'sanswerconUiinsrelevantinformation,Acanworkoutthat“anaccidentfurtheruptheroad^conventionallyinvolves"trafficjam,"and“trafficjanTpreludes“buscoming：Thus,B'sanswerisnotsimplyastatementof“whenthebuscomes”；itcontainsanimplicatureconcerning“whenthebuscomes."VI.37.Itoccursbeforeand/orafteraword,aphraseorevenalongerutteranceoratext.Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.Thecontextmayalsobethebroadersocialsituationinwhichalinguisticitemisused.(1)a.Amildcriticismofsomeonewhoshouldhavecleanedtheroom.b.Inalanguageclasswhereastudentmadeamistake,forheintendedtosay"tidy;"c.⑵a.Theroomwaswantedforameeting・AmildwaytoexpressdisagreementwithsomeonewhohascomplimentedonaladyMappearance・b.c.Aregretthatthecustomerhadnottakenthedress.Thatsheworearedshirtwasnotinagreementwiththecustomontheoccasion.\nChapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics［注：第九、十、十一章无测试题］LChoosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedas"fatherofmodernlinguistics^is・•A.FirthB.SaussureC.HallidayD.Chomsky2・ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof.A.functionB・meaningC.signsD・system3.TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsis.A.BoasB.SapirC.BloomfieldD.Harris4.Generallyspeaking,thespecifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure・A.SlotB.ClassC.RoleD.Cohesion5.GrammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussingIndo-Europeanlanguages・A.TraditionalB.StructuralC・FunctionalD.Generative6.GrammarstartedfromtheAmericanlinguistSydneyM・Lambinthelate1950sandtheearly1960s.A.StratificationalB.CaseC.RelationalD.Montague7.InHalliday^sview,thefunctionisthefunctionthatthechildusestoknowabouthissurroundings.A.personalB・heuristicC・imaginativeD・informative8.Therhemeinthesentence"OnitstoodJane，，is.A.OnitB.stoodC.OnitstoodD.Jane\n9.Chomskyfollowsinphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.A・empiricismB・behaviorismC・relationahsmD・menlalismTGgrammarhasseenstagesofdevelopment.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)FollowingSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,Trubetzkoyarguedthatphoneticsbelongedtolanguewhereasphonologybelongedtoparole・Thesubject-predicatedistinctionisthesameasthethemeandrhemecontrast・LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.AccordingtoFirth,asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure・AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury・TheStandardTheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar.Americandescriptivelinguisticsisempiricistandfocusesondiversitiesoflanguages.Chomsky'sconceptoflinguisticperformanceissimilartoSaussure\conceptofparole,whilehisuseoflinguisticcompetenceissomewhatdifferentfromSaussure'slangue.Glossematicsemphasizesthenatureandstatusoflinguistictheoryanditsrelationtodescription.Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence・Fillintheblanks.(20%)ThePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleofLinguistics.ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenandphonology.ThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwas.Halliday'sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent,andthetheorybehindhis\nFunctionalGrammaris.25.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisa(n)orientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.26.Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsof・27.InlhehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theperiodbetween1933and1950isalsoknownasAge.28.inlanguagetheoriesischaracteristicofAmerica.29.ThestartingpointofChomsky^TGgrammarishishypothesis・30・ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements,thatisa,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure・IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.FSP32.Cohesion33.LAD34.CaseGrammarV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodemlinguistics?36.Whatisbehaviorism?Whatisbehaviorisminlinguistics?WhatistherelationshipbetweenlinguisticsandbehaviorismaccordingtoBloomfield?Doesbehaviorismhaveanylimitations?Ifyes,whatarethey?VLAnalyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Canyoumakeabriefintroductiontosomeimportantschoolsandtheirinfluentialrepresentativesinmodemlinguistics?Key:I.1~5BACAAII.11-15FFTTFIII.21.synchronic23.J.R.Firth25.sociologically6〜10ABDCC16〜20FTTTF22.phonetics24.systemic26・distribution\n2&Descriptivism30.hypothesis-maker27.Bloomfieldian29・innatenessIV.31・FSP:ItstandsforFunctionalSentencePerspective.1(isatheoryoflinguisticanalysiswhichreferstoananalysisofutterances(ortexts)intermsoftheinformationtheycontain.32.Cohesion:TheCohesionshowswhetheracertaintagmemeisdominatingothertagmemesorisdominatedbyothers.33.LAD:LAD,thatisLanguageAcquisitionDevice,ispositedbyChomskyinthe1960sasadeviceeffectivelypresentinthemindsofchildrenbywhichagrammaroftheirnativelanguageisconstructed・34.CaseGrammar:Itisanapproachthatstressestherelationshipofelementsinasentence・ItisatypeofgenerativegrammardevelopedbyC.J・Fillmoreinthelate1960s・V.VI.Omit.(2)Howspeakersuseandunderstandspeechacts;(3)Howthestructureofsentencesisinfluencedbytherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandtheheare匚Pragmaticsissometimescontrastedwithsemantics,whichdealswithmeaningwithoutreferencetotheusersandcommunicativefunctionsofsentences.36.Yes,Biscooperative・Onthefaceofit,B，sstatementisnotananswertoA23*5squestion.Bdoesn^tsay"when.”However,Awillimmediatelyinterpretthestatementasmeaning"Idon\