普通语言学整合作业 4页

《普通语言学》作业ExerciseOneI.Directions:Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouare.notallowedtochangethelettergiven.1Thedescriptionofalanguageatsometimeisa_____________study.2.Nondistinctivesoundssuchas/l/and/l’/or/ph/and/p/aremembersofthesamephoneme,andareknownasa__________________.3.Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofwordswhile-------morphologystudieswordformation4.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrolestraditionallycalledt______rules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.5.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds_________..6.Thep_________actreferstotheeffectoftheutterance.7.MiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglishunderWilliamtheC------in1066.8.As_______communityreferstoagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunity(whichmayhaveasmembersasafamilyorasmanymembersasacountry),andsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.9.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofanu________isconcreteandcontext-dependent.10.Ar________isoftenseenaspartofaword,butitcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning.II.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.11.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted.12.Thechoiceofanallophoneisinmostcasesrandom.13.Englishwordsareformedatrandom14.Foranynaturallanguage,asetofsyntacticrolesarecapableofyieldinganendlessnumberofsentencesinthatlanguage.15.Themorningstarandtheeveningstarareesameinsense.16.Themeaningofanutterance,unlikethatofasentence,isdecontextualized.17.ThemodernvarietyofEnglishdevelopedfromtheLondondialectofMiddleEnglish.18.Speechvarietyincludesnotonlydialect,pidgin,Creoleetc,butalsostandardlanguage.19.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesamesense.20.Languagereflectssexisminsociety.Languageitselfisnotsexist,justasitisnotobscene;butitcanconnotesexistattitudesaswellasattitudesaboutsocialtaboosorracism.III.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.21.arbitrariness22.phonetics23.boundmorphemes24.maximofquality25.synchroniclinguistics26.diglossia27.TheSapir-WhorfhypothesisIV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.28.Whydowesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructure inanalyzingtheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements?Supportyourstatementwithexamples.\nExerciseTwoI.Direction:Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.Notethatyouaretochangethelettergiven.1.P_________isabranchoflinguisticswhichstudieshowsoundareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.2.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe________ofthatphoneme.3.B________morphemesarethosethatmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordstobeusedindependently.4.Asamajorcomponentofgrammar,s________consistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.5.Observablecontextsrecognizedincontextualismareoftwokinds:thes_______contextandthelinguisticcontext.6.U________isbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.17.Linguisticformshavingthesames_______mayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.8.Whenanindividualspeaks,whatisactuallyproducedisauniquelanguagesystemofthespeaker,expressedwithintheoverallsystemofaparticularlanguage.SuchapersonaldialectisreferredtoasI_________.9.Themostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelostandadditionofa________.10.M________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.II.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.11.Modernlinguisticsaimstolaydownrules“correct’’linguisticbehavior.12.Thethreevoicelessstops/p/t/k/areunaspiratedwhenprecededby/s/andfollowedbyavowel.13.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.14.Treediagramsofconstituentstructurescanbestillustratethehierarchicalorderofsentences.15.Completesynonyms,i.e.synonymsthataremutuallysubstitutableunderallcircumstances,arerareinEnglish.16.Pragmaticsanalysessentencesinisolation.17.Alllanguagechangewithtime.18.BlackEnglishisassyntacticallycomplexandlogicalasStandardEnglish.19.Inviewoflanguageasaneffectivemeansofcommunication,wecansaythatstandardlanguageispurer,morecorrect,ormorelogical,thananyotherdialectofthelanguage.20.TheD-structureandtheS-structureofeverysentencelooksquitedifferentatdifferentlevelsofrepresentation.IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.21.productivity22.voiceless23.morphology24.universalgrammar25.polysemy26.illocutionaryact27.speechcommunityV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.28.AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir–Whorfhypothesis,languagedeterminesspeakers’perceptionsandpatternstheirwayoflife.Howinyourviewdoeslanguagerelatetothoughtandculture?\nExerciseThreeI.Directions:Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.1.Modernlinguistics,whichreferstolinguisticstudycarriedoutincentury,ismostlyd_______.2.Thefeaturesthataphonemepossesses,makingitdifferentfromotherphonemes,areitsd_______features.3.M________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.4.Accordingtotheprinciples–and–parametersframework,UGconsistsofasetofgeneralconditions,orgeneralp_______,thatgeneralphrasesandatthesametimerestrainthepowerofMovea,thuspreventingthisruleapplyingincertaincases.5.Linguisticformshavingthesames_______mayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.6.P_________studieshowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.7.Themostwidely-spreadmorphologicalchangesinthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglisharethelostandadditionofa________.8.R_______variationisspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareaaspeakercomesfrom.9.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.10.ICanalysisemphasizesthe______structureofasentence,seeingitasconsistingofwordgroupsfirst.IIDirections:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.11.ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussure.12.AspirationisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish,becauseitdoesnotdistinguishmeaning.13.Arootbearsclearanddefinitemeaning,soitisafreemorpheme.14.TheD-structureandtheS-structureofeverysentencelooksquitedifferentatdifferentlevelsofrepresentation.15.Inthediagramoftheclassicsemantictriangle,theword"symbol"referstotheobjectintheworldofexperience.16.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.17.Thedouble-negationconstructionusedinOldEnglishisnolongerconsideredacceptablebymosteducatedmiddle-classspeakersofEnglishtoday.18.Completesynonymsi.e.synonymsthataremutuallysubstitutableunderallcircumstances,arerareinEnglish.19.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.20.SyntacticcategoryreferstoallphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNP,VP,andPP,andword-levelsyntacticcategoriesthatserveasheadsofphrasalsyntacticcategoriessuchasNandV.III.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.21.duality22.phonology23.freemorphemes24.X-bartheory25.synonymy26.maximofquantity27.sociolectIV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)28.Considerthefollowingsentence,andthen,answerquestions(1)to(3).Theboysawthemanwiththetelescope.(1)Isthissentenceambiguous?Ifso,describetheambiguitybrieflyinyourownwords.(2)Drawtheconstituentstructuretreesforeachpossibleinterpretation.(3)Whatcanbeknownabouttreediagramsfrom(1)and(2)?\nExerciseFourI.Direction:Filltheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.Notethatyouaretochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)1.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andp_______referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.2.P_________referstothestudyofspeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages.3.ThewayofformingnewwordsinEnglishbythecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordsiscalled_________.4.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.5.B__________representedbyBloomfieldattemptedtodefinedthemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseifcallsforthinthehearer.6.AnI_______actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’intention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.7.Inthehistoricaldevelopmentofalanguage,themostvigorousandon–goingchangeinitsvocabularyisreferredtoasl_______change.8.Modernlinguisticisd_______inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.9.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwitho_______.10.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermedp_______.II.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.putaTfortrueorFfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%x10=20%)11.ThefactthatanEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletouselanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligiblethathumanlanguageisgeneticallytransmitted.12.Minimalpairsarewordformswhichdifferformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.13.Mostprefixesmodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.14.Moveisageneralmovementrulewhichsays“moveanyconstituenttothefront”.15.Whenthesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning,wecallitapolysemicword.16.Allutterancesarecompletesentencesintermsofsyntax.17.TheGreatVowelShiftinthehistoryofEnglishchangedthegeneralformsofthewordsinvolved.18.AllBlackAmericansarefluentspeakersofBlackEnglish.19.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.20.Onemeritofcomponentialanalysisisthatbyspecifyingthesemanticfeaturesofcertainwords,itwillbepossibletoshowhowthesewordsarerelatedinmeaning.III.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%x10=30%)21.language22.complementarydistribution23.morpheme24.syntax25.componentialanalysis26.perlocutionaryact27.historicallinguisticsIV.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%x2=20%)28.Whatistheconceptualistviewofmeaning?Giveanexampletoillustratethis.